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MPW1153 2153 Moral Studies PDF
MPW1153 2153 Moral Studies PDF
MORAL STUDIES
Saharudin Suhaidi
All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced in any form or by any means
without the written permission of the President, Open University Malaysia (OUM).
4.3.1 Islam 44
4.3.2 Christianity 46
4.3.3 Buddhism 47
4.3.4 Hinduism 48
4.3.5 Sikhism 49
4.4 Beliefs 50
4.4.1 Confucianism 50
4.4.2 Taoism 50
4.4.3 Animism 51
4.5 Priority of Values 51
Summary 52
6.2.4 Admiration 81
6.2.5 Trusted Justification 82
6.3 Forms of Morals 83
6.3.1 Principlistic Ethics 84
6.3.2 Situational Ethics 85
6.4 Moral Dimensions 86
Summary 87
Answers 152
INTRODUCTION
MPW1153/2153 Moral Studies is one of the courses offered by the Faculty of
Applied Social Sciences at Open University Malaysia (OUM). This course is
worth 3 credit hours and should be covered within 8 weeks.
COURSE AUDIENCE
This course is offered to all students taking diploma or bachelor programmes at
all institutions of higher learning as required by the Malaysian Qualifications
Agency (MQA). This module aims to impart the basic concepts of ethics and
morality that are commonly practised in the context of Malaysian plural society.
As an open and distance learner, you should be able to learn independently and
optimise the learning modes and environment available to you. Before you begin
this course, please confirm the course material, the course requirements and how
the course is conducted.
STUDY SCHEDULE
It is a standard OUM practice that learners accumulate 40 study hours for every
credit hour. As such, for a three-credit hour course, you are expected to spend
120 study hours. Table 1 gives an estimation of how the 120 study hours could be
accumulated.
STUDY
STUDY ACTIVITIES
HOURS
Online Participation 12
Revision 15
LEARNING OUTCOMES
By the end of this course, you should be able to:
1. Identify basic concepts and various types of moral values;
2. Explain a number of theories on ethics and morality including their
critiques;
3. Appreciate moral values in different religions;
4. Identify traditional and common values among Malaysians;
5. Apply the right decisions involving moral issues;
6. Explain conflicts of moral values; and
7. Practise good moral value as members of the community.
COURSE SYNOPSIS
This course is divided into 10 topics. The synopsis for each topic is presented
below:
Topic 2 discusses the concepts of ethics, values and morals which also relate to
rules, laws, religions and customs. It also touches on how those concepts related
to moral values.
Topic 3 introduces several theories related to moral studies that become the
foundation of good individual formation.
Topic 4 explains the basis and the importance of Moral Principles. It also
discusses religions and morality values that closely linked to each other.
Topic 5 discusses how thought and conduct can influence oneÊs behaviour and
moral values held. It also touches how oneÊs behaviour and actions can be
influenced by attitude and self-awareness. Besides, it also touches how
individual self- esteem can influence the moral values one has.
Topic 6 discusses the formation of society with high morals that has moral rules,
particular forms and dimensions to produce humans with good personality.
Topic 7 describes freedom and justice from the moral perspective, based on the
moral concepts of our country. It also touches on the conflicts that may arise
while practising freedom and justice at the same time.
Topic 8 discusses several types of conflicts of values that can affect the
harmonious relationship in a society. It also discusses the strategies of solving the
conflicts and specifically for solving socio-cultural issues.
Topic 12 discusses issues related to todayÊs social life like euthanasia, murder and
other socio-cultural issues. It also touches on the violence that occurs around us ă
in families, societies and the country as a whole.
Learning Outcomes: This section refers to what you should achieve after you
have completely gone through a topic. As you go through each topic, you should
frequently refer to these learning outcomes. By doing this, you can continuously
gauge your progress of digesting the topic.
Activity: Like Self-Check, activities are also placed at various locations or junctures
throughout the module. Compared to Self-Check, Activity can appear in various
forms such as questions, short case studies or it may even ask you to conduct an
observation or research. Activity may also ask your opinion and evaluation on a
given scenario. When you come across an Activity, you should try to widen what
you have gathered from the module and introduce it to real situations. You should
engage yourself in higher order thinking where you might be required to analyse,
synthesise and evaluate instead of just having to recall and define.
Summary: You can find this component at the end of each topic. This component
helps you to recap the whole topic. By going through the summary, you should
be able to gauge your knowledge retention level. Should you find points inside
the summary that you do not fully understand, it would be a good idea for you
to revisit the details from the module.
Key Terms: This component can be found at the end of each topic. You should go
through this component to remind yourself of important terms or jargons used
throughout the module. Should you find terms here that you are not able to
explain, you should look for the terms from the module.
PRIOR KNOWLEDGE
Students need not have any basic knowledge in a particular area prior to taking
this subject. There are no specific pre-requisites because this is a compulsory
subject, as determined by the MQA.
ASSESSMENT METHOD
Please refer to myVLE.
REFERENCES
Raymond A. S., & John W. J. Jr, (2002). Principles of physics: A calculus-based
text, (3 rd ed.). Harcourt College Publishers.
X INTRODUCTION
This topic discusses the background of moral studies in MalaysiaÊs education
system. Moral Studies was introduced with the aim of producing Malaysians
with good behaviour according to the values of our country. These noble values
encompass values that are accepted by all communities in our country. This is to
accommodate the various races, ethnicities, customs, cultures, religions and
beliefs in Malaysia.
In Malaysia, the development and progress of knowledge and skills are nurtured
well through an education system that balances development and progress of
knowledge with development and progress of noble values. This can be seen
through the National Education Philosophy that states „education in Malaysia is
a continued effort to develop the potential of an individual in a holistic and
integrated manner, so as to produce a human being who is balanced and
harmonious in terms of intellect, spirituality, emotion and physically based on
the beliefs and obedience to God‰. In order to achieve this noble aim, the
education system was shaped to produce individuals who were knowledgeable
and practiced its own formulated set of good values.
The Developed Nation Vision, using our own formula, is a major agenda for the
current generation and is to be carried on by future generations. We desire
development that occurs physically and spiritually. The nine challenges of being
a developed nation in Vision 2020 is to produce citizens who are balanced
intellectually, spiritually, emotionally and physically, that is, an integrated
development of both physical and spiritual aspects for the well-being of the
people. The society does not want to create intelligent individuals who end up as
white-collar criminals. Even though we want development based on high
technology, we are not willing to use it to destroy other humans and the
environment.
authorities and elders. They can be parents, siblings and other members of
society. On the other hand, formal moral recipients are schoolchildren and
university students like you. Informally, however, moral recipients are every
individual in the country. In a nutshell, all human beings are moral agents and
recipients. This ultimately differentiates humans from animals, as humans are
able to deduce rationally and free of feelings and emotions that can influence
their own actions; while logic and morals are two dimensions that are not
prevalent among animals.
ACTIVITY 1.1
Based on this diagram, explain in your own word what you have learned
in this topic. Discuss with your classmate and tutor.
LEARNING OUTCOMES
By the end of this topic, you should be able to:
1. Define ethics, values, morals and laws accurately;
2. Discuss the three types of morals;
3. Differentiate among morals, religions, customs and laws;
4. Differentiate normative and descriptive moral statements; and
5. Discuss the importance of moral values.
INTRODUCTION
In this module, we will discuss the concept of ethics, values, morals and
behaviours. These subjects are very important in our daily lives. The practice and
understanding of ethics, morals, values and behaviours form a bridge to unity
and harmony, not just in a family but also in society and the country.
Our discussions in this topic will also relate to rules and laws, religions and
customs; and the implications of failing to follow them. Read the following topics
and make sure you are able to meet the set objectives.
Firstly, letÊs look at the definition of quantitative value. Quantitative value is the
value of an object in terms of price. This value is stated in numbers. The higher
the number, the better or more valuable the object is. A RM10 item is more
expensive than a RM5 item. Similarly, a student who obtains 90% marks will be
valued more than another student who only obtains 50% marks.
Next are qualitative values. These are values that determine an item based on its
characteristics that are accepted by society. For example, how does one
differentiate between the values of glass and diamonds? Everyone would state
that the value of diamonds is more than glass. How about the value of a
painting? All these are based on qualitative value.
Let us look at the meaning of values from the perspectives of several researchers
related to this word. Suffean Hussin (1993) defined values as the quality, benefit
and importance of a behaviour, principle, activity or object. Alhabshi (1995)
stated that values are respected by individuals or societies. In addition, he said
that values are related to a system of belief based on what is assumed good or
bad by an individual or a society.
Based on the earlier discussion, we can state that values function as a benchmark
of standards. Values serve as a guide for us in making selections and taking
action.
ACTIVITY 2.1
Fill in the blanks.
.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
2.1.1 Ethics
Ethics originated from the Greek word ÂethosÊ meaning customs and usages.
According to Frankena (1973) and Grassian (1981), ethics is moral philosophy of
morals or philosophical thinking on morality, moral ills and moral
considerations. Ethics encompasses both theoretical and philosophical study of
morals or proper conduct. We can say ethics is a philosophical study of morality
which covers proper conduct, obligations, positive attitudes, responsibilities,
social justice and good characteristics for a good life.
2.1.2 Morals
Morals originated from the Latin word ÂmoresÊ which is similar in meaning to
ethics (Ashmore 1987). The Oxford Advanced LearnerÊs Dictionary (6th ed.)
states morals as awareness of proper and improper conduct as well as what
should be followed and discarded. Morals and ethics more or less carry the same
meaning. However, morals relate more to conduct while ethics refer to rules that
are set to improve circumstances. Moral considerations are based on educations
the surrounding social system and religion.
2.1.4 Laws
Laws are rules that are drafted by the authorities to ensure that our conduct leads
to well-being. Any contravention of the law will lead to punishment, provided
the offence can be proven. A part of ethics is not stated in the legal system as
going against ethics does not lead to tangible suffering. If there is a breach of
ethics, punishment cannot be determined clearly through the judiciary.
(a) Humans: Human beings are gifted with intelligence. Therefore, we have the
ability to choose between good and bad.
(b) Instincts: The main instincts in humans are the instincts to eat, wed, love
children, defend oneÊs life and worship divinity. We can use these instincts
at any time for good purposes (good ethics) and bad purposes (bad ethics).
Therefore, we should control our instinctive urges with our minds, not just
with emotions.
(c) Customs and norms: These are values accepted by the majority of society.
Therefore, they have a strong influence in shaping ethics, whether good or
bad. For example, gotong-royong activities can help us form good ethics,
while gambling is unacceptable in society and is treated with contempt.
(d) Descendants: This is an important factor in forming noble ethics, or the lack
of it. For example, children are likely to follow their parentsÊ behaviour.
(e) Environment: The environment that influences ethics is divided into two ă
physical (climate and geographical factors) and spiritual (the essence of the
individual connected to religion or belief). These two factors shape the
conduct of a person.
ACTIVITY 2.2
Generally, there are four parts of the law - Statutes, Common Law, Constitutional
Law and Regulations (directives from the authorities). Laws and ethics
encourage people to not act or behave badly laws state clearly the punishment
for breaching them, while most ethics do not set clear punishments for non-
conformity.
There are many differences between laws and ethics, among which are stated in
Table 2.1.
EXERCISE 2.1
Explain from the point of ethics and laws, when a person is asked to
help a victim of a road accident and refuses to do so.
People have different opinions on values. Some see it from the aspect of
materialism while others see it from a moral point of view. Some place
importance on moral values and some choose immoral values. The implication is
that there are individuals who are willing to forgo moral values for wealth while
some continuously relinquish chances for wealth by preserving moral values.
In Islam, humans are taught to be moderate, seeking and owning material values
by taking into consideration moral values and rejecting unscrupulous material
values. As a conclusion, values arising from ethics and moral are the basis in
forming the attitudes, opinions, motivation, personality, progress and
development of a nation and organisation.
EXERCISE 2.2
However, moral values, that is politeness, is found in all three portions i.e. the
style of dressing. Hence, morals are more universal but customs are practised
only by a certain number of people. Customs are only adhered to at certain
places and time. For example, the proposal customs of the Malays only occurs
during the engagement function with the venue being the home of the bride-to-
be.
Moral rules are obeyed at any place and time as they are universal in nature.
Overall, we can say that in everyday life, customs and morals are closely
interlinked in forming a system of society. However, we also find that there are
customs that go against the moral values in life.
Laws cover rules and punishments for breaching rules, which involve actions
through conduct, speech and writing. These rules are determined by the
authorities. The society under the jurisdiction of the authorities must follow these
laws. They differ from moral rules that involve conduct towards other humans
and the environment.
Laws are enforced by the police and other enforcement officers appointed by the
authorities.
While moral enforcement is based on the feelings of the individual, laws do not
take into account affection and mercy. Each rule and punishment for the
breaching of that rule have already been determined and must be obeyed.
Therefore, it is important that moral aspects are considered when passing a law.
Frankena (1973) states that morals are divided into two ă general and specific.
Normative statements on human acts ă whether good or bad, right or wrong,
obligation or not, and necessary or unnecessary ă are termed moral obligations or
deontic consideration. For example, Âthe public should not buy and sell shares
with the intention to gambleÊ is a deontic consideration because the intention to
gamble is something that is unacceptable in the eyes of religion and law.
Observe that the statement ÂIn Malaysia, Cabinet reshuffle is under the
jurisdiction of the Prime MinisterÊ is a descriptive statement. It explains a logical
fact according to the situation in Malaysia. It is not related to the consideration of
moral values. We can safely say that fact-based descriptive statements do not
consider values or obligations. Descriptive statements can be changed to
normative statements, for example, Âvoter registration is on the declineÊ can be
changed to the normative statement Âgood citizens should register as votersÊ.
EXERCISE 2.3
Why and how can this society with morals be created? Morals are important in
focusing on happiness in this world. A country will be peaceful and prosperous
if its society has high moral standards. The shaping of a society with high moral
standards starts with individuals and families.
Sympathy, hate, sadness, hurt, joy and so on are feelings that cannot be taught
but are part of human nature. Good ethics are important in fulfilling human
nature.
A peaceful life in this world is not possible if the people inhabiting the world do
not play their part in heading towards the direction mentioned. Without ethics,
the inhabitants will live in chaos and their souls will always be miserable. The
calmness of the soul and harmony of life will only exist if every being in this
world possesses high ethics. In other words, ethics can bring about peace,
happiness and well-being in the world.
Good ethics practised by all beings can continue progress in any field. This can
be related to the theory of utilitarianism that stresses upon us to act towards
maximum good for all parties. Thus, the human civilisation will continue to grow
for the well-being of all.
ACTIVITY 2.3
Value can be refer to the estimation of price, rank, quality, status or other
outstanding characteristics.
Ethics means customs and wages.
Morals refer to the awareness of proper and improper conduct as well as
what should be followed and discarded.
Laws are rules that are drafted by the authorities to ensure that our conduct
leads to well-being.
The five factors that influence ethics are: Humans, instincts, customs and
norms, descendants and environment.
Functions of values are: Consistent standards in peopleÊs actions, guide in
solving moral conflicts and limit against actions and conduct by individuals
or society.
Normative statements on human acts ă whether good or bad, right or
wrong, obligation or not, and necessary or unnecessary ă are termed moral
obligations or deontic consideration.
Descriptive statements on morals are statements that mention or explain
the characteristics of a perosn, item, matter and such.
INTRODUCTION
This topic introduces several theories related to moral studies, starting with the
theory of moral development followed by the theory of moral ethics. These
theories are the foundation of the formation of individual with good personality
traits. These moral theories are based on cognitive and social behaviours. You
should understand these theories and able to identify the similarities and
differences. Read further and try to relate the moral development in yourself and
individuals around you.
From his studies, he found out that there is a sequence in the childrenÊs
development. It is divided into three levels and six stages. Every level has two
stages as shown below.
ACTIVITY 3.1
In your opinion, what is the suitable age for every level of KohlbergÊs
Moral Development Theory? Verify your opinion with your tutor.
The second stage of is called „Autonomous Morality.‰ During this stage, children
will create rational ideas about equality as a reversible process in their life. They
try to control the behaviour of other people just as what they have been going
through. For example, they create rules in their games and want other people to
follow them. They also see justice as reversible in their life. They will expect
others especially those under their supervision (such as younger sisters or
brothers and peers) to do things just like they were instructed to do. Children
begin to develop self-concern rather than having other people to stress on certain
behaviour.
Let us now study the four stages of intellect development and their connection
with moral development.
Inhibition and non-inhibition: This method might be suitable for one situation
but not for another. It comes together with penalty and punishment. For
example, the act of cheering in the field is clearly inappropriate for a formal event
in a hall. If cheering is done during a formal speech in the hall, punishment will
be imposed and individuals witnessing this will not imitate the act of cheering
during formal events. But if there is no punishment for the act of cheering during
formal events, it will be imitated and repeated the next time by individuals who
witness it.
Wright (1978) suggested that caregivers created the foundation of their childrenÊs
behaviour by using three methods ă reward, abuse and good examples in their
routine. Caregivers or adults are the strengthening source of good or bad
behaviour. They are best role models for children to adopt honourable
behaviours. Children will show good behaviour if their in caregiver trains and
disciplines them and is a good role model. Negative reinforcement will cause
wariness and prevent them from wrongdoing. Positive strengthening will create
a high possibility for children to repeat good behaviours.
Figure 3.1: In this case, should the students imitate their teacherÊs behaviour?
ACTIVITY 3.2
Refer to Figure 3.1. In your opinion, what kind of preventive measure
can the teacher adopt to avoid this situation? In a group of 2 or 3, discuss
how the school administration can address this issue.
EXERCISE 3.1
It is difficult for a father to fulfil all his childrenÊs desires. Explain how
he could make an exemplary decision that could be imitated by his
children. Give an example.
The theory of social morality relates social rules and culture with the concept of
ethics. A dogmatic set of rules sometimes causes difficulties to members of a
community in adapting to a new situation. The same can be said about unjust
rules and regulation which could be contested. The members of the community
have to obey them against their own wishes. This will result in disastrous side
effects because they end up not feeling guilty although what they do is against
their personal principles (Durkheim, 1968).
ACTIVITY 3.3
EXERCISE 3.2
Explain the meaning of id, ego and super-ego and connect them to
childrenÊs moral development.
Teleologists have different opinions about what is good from a non-moral point
of view. Some think like a hedonist (identify the good with pleasure and the bad
with pain) and some have the opinions of a non-hedonist (identify the good with
power, knowledge, self-awareness, accuracy, etc.). Teleologists also have
different opinions about who receive the good or the bad. Therefore, a lot of
teleological theories have come into view such as Utilitarianism and Egoism.
3.7.1 Utilitarianism
Utilitarianism is derived from the word ÂutilityÊ meaning useful. The term
„utilitarianism‰ means moral behaviour that produces maximum good for the
majority. According to Warnock (in Mills 1964), the pioneer of this theory was
Jeremy Bentaham (1784-1832). He introduced a scientific method to analyse the
quantity of pleasure. He allocates an analysable value to each value.
Even though it is quite difficult to measure the level of pleasure and pain,
Bentham initiated a method called hedonistic calculus. Several elements can be
used to identify the level of pleasure and pain.
(ii) Duration: This element determines how long the pleasure or pain lasts.
Getting a dividend/profit from an investment is a pleasurable experience
(+10) especially if the entire dividend was spent. The pleasure makes the
investors greedy and invest more (investing 50% more).
This is a (-5) pain because half of the dividend that could be spent is
reinvested. After being balanced the investors only gets +5. Kevin will feel
extreme pleasure because the investors reinvested, meaning more profit for
him.
(iii) Certainty: The initial pleasure changes to pain when the investors lose their
assets and investments (-10). Kevin suffers a loss when the investors
constantly ask about the investment and dividend promised (-7).
(iv) Propinquity: The investors will suffer pain when investing their his money
(-10) whereas Kevin will get pleasure (+10) when he gains profit just by
coaxing the investors to invest.
(v) Fecundity: The investors feel pleasure when they receive the dividend. But
that will soon change to pain when they lose all their investments (-10).
Kevin will also feel less pleasure (-8) because the investors will constantly
chase him.
(vi) Purity: The investors will suffer pain not only because they did not get the
profit but also because they lost all of their investments so the pain level is -
10. Kevin will feel guilty because he would not be able to give profits to the
investors and the activity will come to a halt because the company goes
bankrupt. However, the feeling might not be as bad as that of the investors
because Kevin gains profit at the initial stage.
(vii) Extent: Both investors and Kevin will feel pain in case he gets arrested by
the police (-10) because the investors lose their investments while Kevin
will be prosecuted. Both the investors and KevinÊs family will suffer
indirect pain because of the loss and prosecution. The level of pain for them
is -3.
The level of pleasure and pain could be measured as shown in Table 3.2.
The level of pain is higher (-52) compared to the level of pleasure (+7). It is
obvious that the act of coaxing the investors is immoral because the level of pain
is much higher than that of pleasure.
3.7.2 Egoism
There are two types of egoism:
(i) Physiological egoism ă a descriptive theory connecting how people behave.
(ii) Ethical egoism ă tells people how they should behave.
It is interpreted as a theory that regards good value as self-interest and bad
value as wasteful.
ACTIVITY 3.4
Academicians have been debating about theories that we have discussed
in this topic. Refer to: Eow Boon Hin (2000), Moral Education, Pearson
Education Sdn. Bhd.: Petaling Jaya. Compare and discusss your findings
from this book with your classmates and tutor.
EXERCISE 3.3
1. One day, Mrs. Pruma was walking home from work when a man
tries to snatch her handbag. While Mrs. Pruma is trying to defend
herself she accidentally stabs the man. Explain Mrs. PrumaÊs
action based on the Theory of Deontology
2. Explain this statement: humans should be respected, not used.
There are more than five theories discussed in this topic so you could
compare and build your understanding about Moral Education.
The discussions are based on several aspects such as cognitive, social and
behaviour.
The exposures to these theories enable you to understand and practise them
in your daily life.
Most of the theories are universal, accepted by the public as a guide
towards cultivating ethics and good morals.
Complete the following table:
Honourable
Theory Cognitive Behaviour Social Psychoanalysis Teleology Deontology
Personality
Important
characteristics
LEARNING OUTCOMES
By the end of the topic, you should be able to:
1. Explain 10 moral principles;
2. Explain the importance of two moral principles;
3. Explain briefly the five main religions in Malaysia;
4. Compare the three major beliefs in Malaysia; and
5. Compare religion and beliefs in developing a person with morals.
INTRODUCTION
One principle of life that we will always encounter is: "I will not do something I
am not able to do or like." A person's action or behaviour is based on his beliefs
of his abilities.
In this topic, you will learn 10 moral principles that could guide you to be a
person with high morality. We will also discuss the importance of moral
principles in daily life.
has rules recorded in holy books while moral is a sense of awareness of oneÊs self
which is not found in any holy book or record of rules to be followed.
People with morals hold fast to religious teachings as religion is the basis of
moral values. On the surface, everything contained in moral values and rules are
found in all religions, but not all moral rules and values are found in religious
teachings. It also discuss the values in religion and beliefs that form the basis of
people with morals.
The Principle of Total Command means a command that exists with exemptions
or conditions. It consists of three primary principles ă it must be generally
accepted; it must respect humans; and the responsible party must be willing to be
treated in the same way as the victim if he/she happens to be in the victimÊs
shoes.
Human beings are assumed to have been born without direction or equipment.
Whatever happens is the individualÊs own responsibility. He will shape his own
self. The principle maintains that the environment does not influence a personÊs
needs and desires. Human needs and behaviour will form individual morals,
totally and absolutely. Education and its objectives will mould an individual and
raise awareness of honourable behaviour.
According to this principle, children are lazy, stupid, immoral and indisciplined.
Teachers have to discipline their students so they can be good and useful. Among
the weaknesses of this principle is the assertion that humans are inferior and
Copyright © Open University Malaysia (OUM)
TOPIC 4 MORAL PRINCIPLES AND VALUES IN RELIGION AND BELIEFS 41
placed at the lowest level, that of animals. Human beings have to obey the
authorities, against their feelings and thoughts. Some human beings, when
bestowed with power, social status and wealth, might use others for evil
intentions.
EXERCISE 4.1
Your business is experiencing a decline. To turn it around, you need a
large amount of capital which you do not have. If your siblings are
willing to invest in your company by selling the family land, your
business will recover and prosper.
ACTIVITY 4.1
Charles Darwin is an important figure in Human Evolution Theory
studies. Surf the net for the details and discuss this theory in your tutorial.
Therefore, burdening the employee with more work than what he/she gets in
return, is opposed by Islamic principles. Prophet Muhammad said: „An
employer should pay wages due to his employee before the sweat on his
forehead gets dry‰.
an economic crisis, and was willing to justly manage the division of food supply.
He offered his service and the Egyptian government accepted.
If you have a life principle and practise it consistently, you will have a strong
belief. It means you will be consistent even if you face external obstacles. For
example, even though you befriend a gang of thieves, you will never steal ·
your moral principle will make you aware that stealing is despicable and would
not allow you to commit such an act.
EXERCISE 4.2
4.3 RELIGION
Religion is a principle or guide related to beliefs about the existence of God and
activities that glorify God. All religions teach and require worshippers to spread
goodwill among mankind, whether to worshippers of the same faith or other
faiths.
The relationship among humans, and between humans and God, is a noble
relationship and always creates good.
No religion in the world preaches violence. Actually, evil acts are the work of
individuals. These cannot be linked to any religion. If a person practises a
religion, it will make him a noble and better person. Such, a person possesses a
noble personality and morals. On the other hand, a person who does not practise
his religion is likely to behave in a manner that is considered inappropriate by his
religion, society and nation. Therefore, in discussing moral aspects, it is beneficial
to know something about the five main religions in the country.
4.3.1 Islam
Islam started in Mecca more than 1400 years ago. IslamÊs teachings are most
influential in explaining human development. According to Islam, humans
originated from the lineage of Adam. Human beings were formed from the
merger between spirit and being. Human were created to worship Allah. They
were also given intelligence to understand the real truth. However, human
personality has the potential to be a battlefield between two opposing tendencies
ă the angel element (good) and the devil element (evil) ă to fulfil lifeÊs goals.
According to Islam, humans were appointed by Allah as the caliph on Earth. The
caliph is tasked with preserving the religion and practising it in administering
the world. Therefore, human beings are obligated to uphold truth and peace, and
eradicate ignorance and deviation to achieve success in the world and hereafter.
The QurÊan and Hadith are guides in organising the lives of individuals, family,
society and country. Islamic teachings encompass three main components ă
belief, deeds and behaviour.
Belief · This is the basis of IslamÊs teachings related to faith and
confidence in Allah. Piety requires belief and confidence in
oneÊs heart. A pious person will hold strong to the six articles
of faith: Belief in Allah, belief in the Angels of Allah, belief in
the messengers of Allah, belief in the QurÊan, belief in the Day
of Judgement and belief in qadaÊ and qadar. A faithful person
is one who has strong beliefs.
Deeds · These function as proof of faith and belief in Allah. A truly
faithful person will hold to the principle of the unity of Allah,
and practise the principles of knowledge and devotion to
Allah. This means obeying all of AllahÊs wishes and staying
away from anything forbidden by Allah.
Behaviour · A human being who is noble applies his faith and beliefs in his
daily life. A person with noble behaviour is one who practises
moral values and does not go against AllahÊs wishes. The
behaviour of Prophet Muhammad is an example of noble
behaviour that should be followed and practised by mankind.
The ethics of the Messengers of Allah were pioneered by Prophet Adam a.s.
These are the oldest ethics on Earth and were followed by other messengers. All
messengers carried the same scriptures on unity of Allah, and the scripture on
ethics, which preached worship of Allah and doing good and staying away from
evil on Earth. This matter is explained in verse 25 of Surah al-Hadid: „We have
tasked Our Messengers with bringing real proof and miracles and We have sent
down with them the holy book and explanation that are the scales of justice, so
Man may carry out justice‰.
ACTIVITY 4.2
After the events of 11 September 2001 in the United States of America,
prejudice against Muslims increased as they were accused of being
terrorists. Can you prove that Islamic teachings contain elements of
violence? Discuss with your classmates and tutor.
EXERCISE 4.3
Why should the ethics of the Messengers of Allah be the reference point
for pure values at all times?
4.3.2 Christianity
This religion is based on the life and teachings of Jesus Chirst. The holy book of
the Christians is called the Bible. There are various denominations in
Christianity:
1. Orthodox ă Most Orthodox churches are found in Eastern Europe and
Russia.
2. Roman Catholicism ă Most widely followed denomination of Christianity.
3. Lutheranism ă Followers and supporters of Martin Luther. Member of the
Protestant Church in Germany.
4. Calvinism ă Followers of John Calvin from the Protestant denomination.
Followers originated from the English-speaking sphere, such as
Presbyterian, Congregationalist and Baptist.
5. Anglicanism ă Church of England or allied churches like the Methodist.
The Bible contains two parts: the Old Testament which was written before the
birth of Jesus Christ, and the New Testament which was written by the followers
of Christ. Among the good values and ethics in the Bible are justice and equality.
Christians are urged to uphold justice and equality in all circumstances. Honesty
is also emphasised and is deemed capable of upholding justice, especially in
matters that can save lives. Christians are also taught to do good by helping those
in need. In the Old Testament, there are 10 Commandments which were revealed
to Prophet Moses:
3. You shall not misuse the name of the Lord, your God.
4. Remember the Sabbath day by keeping it holy.
5. Honour your father and mother.
6. You shall not murder.
7. You shall not commit adultery.
8. You shall not steal.
9. You shall not give false testimony.
10. You shall not covet.
Several ethical values in Christianity are also written in the Book of Proverbs, in
line with the Ten Commandments to provide guidance on human morality.
These values are obedience towards parents, avoiding sin, loyalty and honesty,
being rational, avoiding adultery, refraining from being lazy and generosity.
4.3.3 Buddhism
Buddhism stresses upon its followers to achieve nirvana as their goal in life.
Nirvana is the concept of liberation from rebirth. Buddhist teachings that have
been compiled are called „Dharma‰. The fundamentals of these teachings are
related to morality, that is, the middle path (moderation) or Eightfold Path and
Four Noble Truths. Each individual needs to live in moderation and not exceed
self-limits as this would lead to hardship. Moderation in life will lead a person to
the following eight paths:
1. Right view or Samma-sitthi: Related to views or focus in life for happiness
by avoiding wrongdoing.
2. Right speech or Samma-vaca: Related to truthful and honest speech,
refraining from telling lies and empty chatter that can lead to pride and
arrogance.
3. Right action or Samma-kammanta: Related to good actions and behaviour
and avoiding doing negative things.
4. Right livelihood or Samma-ajiva: Related to having a good livelihood in a
proper occupation to live happily.
5. Right effort or Samma-vayama: Efforts to forge a noble life through hard
work and diligence without negative values.
6. Right thought or Samma-sankappa: Good actions are based on good
intentions, thus rightful thoughts can prevent actions stemming from
negative deeds.
4.3.4 Hinduism
Ethics in Hinduism is aimed at uniting „Athman‰ and „Brahman‰. This is
possible by following the teachings of the religion to cleanse the soul
(Athrnansiddhi). When a person acts ethically, he will possess happiness of soul
and spirit. Ethics in Hinduism depends on the principles of „Brahma‰ (organised
and purposeful norms) ă justice, good, purity, truth (satyam), moderation
(shivam) and beauty (sundram). These must be followed according to the class
and status of a person. Hindu ethics are influenced by the oldest known source of
Hindu laws, the dharmasutras. There are three categories of Dharma ă respect for
elders; common rituals and rites; and rules that must be followed by a person.
Hindu ethics were taken from the Vedas (1500BC). The Vedas contain teachings
on ethics and the concept of God. Among the teachings of ethics extolled are
encouraging worshippers to be disciplined in carrying out Hindu religious duties
and performing rituals for their gods. Both these matters are considered noble
ethics. Disobeying either element is considered unethical and despicable. Among
the signs of an ethical person are liberation, health, wealth and happiness which
can be achieved if the person undertakes what is required in Hinduism. In other
words, Hinduism is considered the source of noble ethics and prioritises dharma,
ahimsa, dhruthi, kahamaa, damo, stheyam, showcha, mindriya, nigharam and
dheer.
4.3.5 Sikhism
Elements of morality are contained in the Sikh holy book, Guru Granth Sahib.
This book was written in prose form with three main components ă the need for
development of the being, relationship among people and standardising the
existence of the spirit that is deemed to be the final purpose.
Sikhism advises its followers to eliminate five aspects that are morally bad:
lustful desire (Kam), greed (Lobh), desire of material possessions (Moh), anger
(Krodh) and arrogance (Ahankar). These five things are said to disrupt the inner
calm of a person and result in immoral actions.
A Sikh is required to possess five symbols, which are uncut hair, wooden comb,
iron bangle, small sword (as shown in Figure 4.1) and clothes that protect oneÊs
dignity. All these items have a practical purpose in a SikhÊs life.
EXERCISE 4.4
Is a religion unethical if its followers do not practise ethical traits?
4.4 BELIEFS
In this section, we will discuss three main beliefs:
1. Confucianism
2. Taoism
3. Animism
4.4.1 Confucianism
Confucianism is not a religion but the teaching of moral values. It teaches about
proper conduct in relationships between people. It stresses on the importance of
living as a family and a society. The „way‰ (Tao) doctrine touches on good
conduct and manners, etiquette, politeness, moderation and nobleness. This
teaching does not reject belief in God but instead, places importance on the real
world rather than the afterlife. Cleanliness and a healthy body will show the
capability (Ti concept) of a person. The teachings of Confucius are contained in
the following four books:
1. The Analects;
2. The Great Learning;
3. The Doctrine of the Mean; and
4. The writings of the philosopher Mencius.
4.4.2 Taoism
According to Laozi, author of the „Tao-te ching (Dao-de jing)‰, dao is the first
source of all problems and matter in this environment. Dao is the path that
produces all things. It cannot be heard or seen and is not concrete. LaoziÊs
teachings encompass four concepts: Dao gives birth to one (Dao sheng yi), one
gives birth to two (Yi sheng er), two give birth to three (Er sheng san) and three
give birth to all beings (San sheng wan wu).
From this concept, it is clear that Taoism gives priority to the balance between
two extremes, materialism and spirituality. Taoism also places importance on
meditation and reflection in life. It believes that the physical shape can be altered
into an immortal being through knowledge of chemistry. It creates chemical pills
that can enable humans to live forever. Dao is also a code of ethics in Taoism.
4.4.3 Animism
Animism refers to belief in supernatural beings, and is prevalent among
aborigines. In Malaysia, the aborigines are called Orang Asli. This term was
given by the British during the colonial era. The three biggest groups of Orang
Asli are Negritos, Senoi and Melayu Asli (Original Malays). Generally, they
practise animism which is the belief that every object (stone, wood, cave, mound
and such) has a spirit (Kamus Dewan, 1989).
Most Negritos believe that all objects have energy and that the world is inhabited
by many gods and powerful beings (Jasman Ahmad and Rosnah Ramli, 1997).
There are gods who give rain, ripen crops, create typhoons and more. The Senoi
have four main gods ă Engku, Karei, Hilok and Hiwoh. Nowadays almost 85% of
Melayu Asli are Muslims. Despite being Muslims, taboos still have a strong
influence in their lives as they live in the jungle. To a certain extent, they still
maintain various tribal customs in certain occassions like weddings and funerals.
SELF-CHECK 4.1
ACTIVITY 4.3
Politics is one of the branches in Islam and serves to formulate ethics for
citizens. For an explanation of Islamic politics in the administration of a
country, refer to Mustafa Hj Daud. (1994) Pengantar Politik Islam, DBP.
Islam is the official religion of Malaysia. However, other religions are freely and
peacefully practised in the country, as enshrined in the Constitution. Therefore,
in discussing noble and moral values, references are taken from Islam and other
religions practised by Malaysians to form the standard for moral values in
Malaysia.
EXERCISE 4.5
hats who do not practise the religion fully. Religion is good and noble, only
the followers fall short.
Anyone who practises religion wholeheartedly would surely be a noble
individual with high ethics, and thus receive good consequences. Those
who do not practise wholeheartedly would perform evil acts in the world.
They will receive their just reward.
INTRODUCTION
Awareness of the importance of morals in life will ensure that an individual
obeys and practises moral values. The awareness and practise of moral values by
an individual can be judged through speech, good behaviour and proper action.
A moral human being should have positive perceptions and thoughts towards
ethics and morals.
Although there are moral conflicts and contradictions, a moral individual would
be able to overcome them through the best possible means in accordance with the
moral values practised. The discussion in this topic encompasses moral thoughts
like naturalism, emotivism, intuitional and rationalism. You will also be exposed
to characteristics and the effects of each type of moral thought discussed in this
topic.
Strong virtues can make a person affirm his or her principles in life. The conduct
and personality of this person will not be easily influenced by any external
forces. Identity is important because something that is good can easily be
corrupted into something bad. In this topic, we will discuss matters that can
influence the change in traits of a person and how moral consistency can be
achieved.
In daily life, we often face problems that require us to act and react in a particular
situation. Whatever your action or reaction, it is linked to your thoughts on
appropriate moral values as well as your personal moral values. The conduct and
lifestyle of an individual are greatly influenced by the development of moral
values received from a very young age and how the development is accepted and
strengthened within the individual. Environment and experiences also alter and
shape an individualÊs conduct. However, this situation contradicts several moral
development theories discussed in previous topics. A personÊs actions towards a
problem will be supported by the intellectual aspect and maturity of thought that
are largely ignored by several theories on moral development. Derek Wright
(1979) stated that inner feelings function to pressure, weaken and shift instinctive
powers that can breach the moral rules of society. Values cultivated through
intellectual aspects can control inner feelings and change views and conduct
towards certain matters.
The conclusion is that a personÊs conduct and actions can be influenced by how
he or she thinks and evaluates his/her actions, and the consequences of such
actions, as explained in the theories of deontology and teleology. Thomas
Lickona (1980), in his discussion in the psychoanalysis theory stated that
consideration has to be given to the development of moral thought, feelings and
moral conduct. Hence, actions and reactions towards a problem may differ
between individuals due to different trends in moral thought.
1. Parental/guardian guidance;
2. Influence by peers;
3. Experiences; and
4. Level of education.
EXERCISE 5.1
ACTIVITY 5.1
Rationalism
Emotivism
5.2.1 Naturalism
Naturalism focuses on thoughts that picture an actual situation. This trend is
straight and honest in evaluating something. A person following this trend will
view something objectively in the actual situation. In conduct, a naturalist always
believes that a custom must be preserved at all costs. This group will accept
things as they are and will not question the facts or reasons that influence the
occurrence of an issue or what is around them.
In other words, they are able to, in reality, view a situation as right or
wrong but their thoughts are stifled by what is obvious versus the hidden
meaning. Thus, they accept the fact as it is and submit without much
questioning.
Mother, I want to
have my wedding on
top of the building.
EXERCISE 5.2
5.2.2 Emotivism
The trend of thought that is based on feelings is appropriately called emotivism.
The word emotivism originated from the word „emotion‰. Any object or
situation stirs up feelings in an individual. These feelings may be of joy or
sadness, hate or love, and so on. Happiness refers to matters that are pleasant,
likeable and agreeable and provide self-satisfaction. On the flipside, anger or
hatred refers to situations that are unpleasant or stir up feelings of jealousy and
envy.
The groups in this trend of thought are quite sensitive towards pleasant or
unpleasant things. Usually, a person practising this trend of thought is easily
touched as feelings always precede thought in actions or reactions towards his or
her circumstances.
On the other hand, this group can be easily angered when faced with unpleasant
situations, even if the situation occurred forcibly. Like naturalism, emotivism
often disregards hidden moral values in a moral event or situation.
When their emotions are stirred up, these individuals act uncertainly. Their
actions are influenced by the circumstances of the moment and are based
on their feelings or emotions at the time.
EXERCISE 5.3
5.2.3 Intuitional
The third trend in moral thought is known as intuitional thoughts. The word
intuitional originated from the Latin word „intueor‰ which meant looking
exactly at something. Intuitional is a process of viewing or understanding
something intellectually.
Past experiences and focused thoughts are the shortcuts to knowledge that will
be created by reflective thoughts. Hence, individuals with many experiences will
have better intuition and will act appropriately when faced with a problem.
These individuals are also generally well-behaved and possess high morals.
Through past experiences, a person will possess knowledge that is different from
that which is obtained intellectually. In other words, experience matures the
thought functions and knowledge of a person.
Hence, when individuals with intuitional thoughts view a matter, they act more
appropriately if they have been through many experiences, coupled with
knowledge learnt.
5.2.4 Rationalism
Rationalists believe in the logical practicality of things. They are naturally quite
opposed to naturalists who view matters according to what they see.
Rationalism, on the other hand, questions the existence of a situation.
Rationalists believe that interpretations through the senses such as sight, touch,
sound, smell and taste are just mental knowledge or images. Real knowledge is
gained from concepts and laws.
Senses alone are not capable of identifying the various truths of an event or
nature. This group interprets an event, a situation, an issue, a truth or deceit
through the appropriateness of it occurring. Therefore, one cannot deal with the
event, situation, issue, truth or deceit by only looking at the active picture. The
reasons and logic behind these need to be considered.
Which group do you think you belong to? In conclusion, every individual has a
way or trend of thought that differs in moral concepts. These trends will drive or
determine the way an individual acts towards a moral issue. The trend of
thought in a person can be observed through the way he or she interprets and
acts towards a certain moral issue. This means that trends of moral thought
decide the conduct of a person.
EXERCISE 5.4
1. Explain the logic in rationalism.
2. How does an individual with rationalist thoughts act to solve moral
issues?
ACTIVITY 5.2
„Gymnasts who go out after midnight will be suspended from
participating in international events.‰
ACTIVITY 5.3
How do the trends shown below are able to mould a moral human?
Discuss this in your tutorial.
Attitudes are gifts from God. Positive or negative attitudes can be felt by oneÊs
self. We can also judge our attitude whether it is right or wrong. We are entirely
responsible for changing our negative attitudes and maintaining or strengthening
our positive ones.
Awareness of our attitudes can shape us into individuals with morals and noble
manners. If we know our positive attitudes and preserve them, we will be
respected by others. The same applies if we change our negative attitudes into
positive ones. For example, if a person who has committed a wrongdoing is
aware of it and feels regret and remorse for his deeds, he will be respected by
those around him. Such is the role of the awareness of positive and negative
attitudes in a person.
Attributes of an Individual
Those who were born deformed should be patient with their deficiency and be
grateful for other gifts from God to them. There are many examples of the less
fortunate who are successful in life. In fact, realising these shortcomings spurs
them to achieve fulfilment.
unaware of the concept of positive intellect will show conduct that is morally
inappropriate.
The same applies to those with vast knowledge but who are unaware of negative
intellectual concepts; they will display morally negative behaviour. If an
individual realises that his intellectual concept is not so positive, his actions
would then have to be suited to the knowledge possessed.
Individuals who are not capable of interacting and socialising with others, and
are quiet and gloomy, display negative social attributes. There are also those who
are aware of their negative social attributes. Though unpopular, they may
actually have noble morals. Awareness of these negative social attributes will
make an individual careful when socialising so as to not violate any moral values
while interacting with others.
What do you understand about attitudes and self-awareness? Can you answer
the following questions?
EXERCISE 5.5
Describe how the following can prevent someone from breaching moral
values:
(a) Awareness of emotions
(b) Awareness of intellect
(c) Awareness of sociability
5.4 SELF-ESTEEM
Who do you love the most? Generally, the answer would be your parents,
children or others who are the closest to you.
When we look in the mirror and see a pimple, we try to remove it. Why do we
try to remove the pimple from our face? It is because we love our face. What
about seeing a pimple on the face of our loved ones? Would you try to remove
that pimple? Ask yourself.
The conclusion that we may draw is that we love ourselves more than anybody
else. However, there are those who feel disappointed when their looks are not as
good as that of their friends. But we should be proud of what is gifted to us.
Loving ourselves means that we know our positive characteristics and we are not
ashamed of them. When we love and respect ourselves, people will love us for it.
How do we create self-esteem? Our actions and speech are among the ways that
can show off our self-esteem. Self-confidence in what we have are expressions of
our high self-esteem. Likewise, low self-esteem will be expressed through our
acts and language.
The following are signs of high self-esteem which can develop good morals in a
person.
1. Physical
Our physical being is determined by God since the beginning of time. An
individual with morals will preserve himself in the best possible way.
Moral human beings appear neat and clean; and will strive to be liked by
others. Noble values to preserve oneÊs self from deplorable acts will live on
when there exists self-esteem and pride in the positive sense. The change to
negative attitudes, as a result of external influences, such as improper attire
and appearance, would not occur if people with good morals have self-
esteem and are proud of GodÊs gifts to them. Therefore, moral people
refrain from things opposed to their self-esteem and pride.
2. Emotions
Emotions influence the character of a person. Emotions that are not at ease
will be displayed through anxiety, nervousness and such. Anger is
expressed through fierce actions, while calm emotions are expressed
through gentle, polite and noble conduct. Every person desires peace and
refrains from hurtful things. Therefore, emotions stirred from something
hurtful need to be rejected or shunned, whereas emotions that arise from
pleasant experiences should be respected. In short, emotions that give rise
to good acts should be respected and emotions that cause immoral acts
should be avoided. Calm emotions are cultivated through virtues like
patience, which creates hard work, diligence, effort and so on.
3. Intellectual
Intellect refers to the wisdom possessed by an individual. Intellect has to be
respected and wisdom loved. How do we respect and love our wisdom?
The wisdom we possess should be used and spread as well. Wisdom
should not be abused. For example, knowledge in computing should be
used to develop technology and not used to taint technology or for personal
gain through cyber crimes. Respecting and being proud of our wisdom
within are through utilisation of such pearls of wisdom, and spreading
them for the well-being and benefit of others.
necessities render us easily influenced. People who can influence us are those
who can identify our needs.
According to MaslowÊs hierarchy, basic necessities are needs that must be fulfiled
before an individual shifts to the next level. The need for self-achievement is at
the top of the hierarchy, i.e. an individual will act without influence from his
surroundings. The needs in the self-achievement level is for a more comfortable
life, broad-mindedness and creativity, mature thoughts, more open emotions and
other values.
SELF-CHECK 5.1
Why is it, when we are confident, we can complete a task that we once thought
was impossible? Motivation from others often helps us to maintain our
performance or develop ourselves.
become moral humans who hold noble values tightly and practices them as a
way of life.
5.5.1 Self-image
Our self-image is often influenced by others. Our self-image is linked to our
culture and religion. This self image changes as a person matures.
Teenagers, for example, sometimes imitate the style of popular artistes. At times,
they imitate the clothes, hairstyle, speech, behaviour or actions of the artistes
without regard for appropriateness. But, it is only worth imitating a star, if the
self-image is neat, pleasant and noble. Indecent behaviour should not be
followed.
are acceptable to society. When we strive to achieve these aims, motivation from
other people will boost us, while others will not be able to divert us from our
aims. We should also identify our aims realistically. Sometimes, our aims are too
high and idealistic, but we should be aware of our capabilities. We want to excel
every time, but we are sometimes restricted by our own capabilities.
We should not look for mistakes in others but instead, seek opportunities to
improve ourselves. Interacting with others in a positive manner indirectly
increases our efforts to improve ourselves. This is because interaction with others
by supporting, agreeing, cooperating and appreciating them, encourages them to
motivate, accept and like us. Acceptance and affection from others is an
important factor in increasing our morals.
There are five factors that can determine the change of our attitudes.
„We must donate to the victims of famine in Africa as the children there are
emaciated, starving and suffering from various diseases due to lack of food.
Every day, dozens of children die due to the lack of food‰, then only will
we be compelled to help, because without our help, more would surely die.
Also, imagine if we were in their place. We would surely ask for help from
others. This complete information would motivate us to change our attitude
and donate sincerely.
In conclusion, our moral values will be consistent and not change unless there is
compulsion to do so. As normal human beings, we are easily influenced by
strong motivation from our surroundings. We must have the strength to
implement only positive changes in our attitude. For this, we must have the
EXERCISE 5.6
1. Explain how our self-image can show that we practise noble values.
2. Elaborate on what is meant by „our lifeÊs moral aims can create a
being with morals‰.
Figure 5.7: Factors and elements involved in determining the consistency of morals
Humans
LEARNING OUTCOMES
By the end of this topic, you should be able to:
1. Identify the concept of societal rules;
2. List down 10 societal rules that influence the shaping of morals;
humans;
3. Discuss five examples of noble personalities;
4. Differentiate between two forms of moral ethics; and
5. Explain how all three moral dimensions interact with each other.
OBJECTIVES
INTRODUCTION
MAN
Man is not valued by his property,
Celebrated for his beauty,
Respected for his courage,
His worth is not due to his status,
For Man is valued for his goodness,
Admired for his diligence and charity,
Respected for his wisdom,
Remembered for his wealth of knowledge,
He is renowned for his culture,
Only with knowledge can man be differentiated with anything at all.
(Ee Ah Meng, 1996)
This topic will discuss the forming of a moral society, encompassing rules for
society, human personality, moral forms and moral dimensions.
For Muslims, the rules governing their lives stem from the QurÊan and Hadith.
The Hadith describe the meanings in the QurÊan that cannot be understood by
human. Because Allah created man, it is Allah who is the most qualified to
determine the rules that govern life, for it is He who knows best the needs, wants
and habits humans. When there are rules that govern life, one is able to save time
making choices and decisions because there are already rules available as a
reference.
From a religious point of view, all religious rules are not allowed to be broken by
their followers. A breach of religious rules is a sin against God and sinners will
receive retribution and punishment accordingly. Within the rules of society, there
are two types of moralities:
(a) Moralities in Customs (Kemoralan Adat)
(b) Reflective Moralities (Kemoralan Reflektif)
From the statement above, we can deduce that within a moral system, an
individualÊs actions are rule-governed, meaning that all actions of the same
nature are considered in the same way. Consistency and reciprocity point the
attitude of a moral agent towards his own actions as well as those of others, i.e.
he will use „moral language‰ like justice, honour, benevolence and temperance.
His moral system will also encompass both general and specific norms. For
example, the needs and welfare of others are things that are given attention by a
moral agent. He regards himself to be the same as others and will be sympathetic
with their plight. Individuals like these will create awareness of the need for a
community to shape the criteria for coordinating interactions between one
another. An agreement will be reached based on shared tendencies of their
needs.
Among the rules governing society that are involved in the forming of a moral
human are:
1. Increasing the quality of life;
2. Widening intellect so that it can function effectively;
3. Protecting lives and allowing them to live;
4. Preserving the welfare and rights of humans;
5. Preventing the decline of conduct and moral system in society;
6. Stabilising the situations and environment of society;
7. Preserving peace within society;
8. Creating and maintaining social order;
9. Maintaining peace in an environment of harmony; and
10. Saving societyÊs time and effort when taking action or making decisions for
oneÊs self and others.
ACTIVITY 6.1
Do you feel that the societal rules stated are complete? Form your own
reflections on the list above. Discuss this with your classmates.
However, it is difficult for people to follow all societal rules, and we also cannot
force a person to do so. Therefore, when there are a few who disobey or object to
a certain societal rule, we hope they would immediately seek a solution and form
new societal rules agreeable to all. If not, chaos would ensue as the functions of
the societal rules listed earlier will be challenged and the moral system will
crumble drastically.
In Malaysia, the racial riot that occured on 13 May 1969 is a clear example. When
societal rules and laws of the country are challenged, conflict between groups of
people occurs and riots that cost lives and property take place. The incident is a
black mark in our nationÊs history. Therefore, tolerance, cooperation, unity and
other positive qualities are important values that need to be absorbed into
societal rules to guarantee the safety of MalaysiaÊs citizens.
In conclusion, the reason for having societal rules is to preserve human nobleness
and peace in society. As moral humans, people should not disregard this
statement.
EXERCISE 6.1
1. How can rules in society be strengthened by the members of the
society?
2. What is the importance of rules in social living?
Wallace (1978), who widely discussed virtues and vice, provided proof that a
noble personality is an important attribute for humans and for peace to prevail in
society.
Brandt (1979), in his book, A Theory of the Good and the Right, stated that most
societies have a system of control over human conduct that differs from set laws.
Brandt called this system the moral code or code of ethics of an individual or a
certain society. The code of ethics of an individual is the individualÊs conscience,
and not everyone has a code of ethics. According to Brandt, infants and children
do not have a code of ethics as this code is not naturally possessed, but needs to
be learnt by an individual, much like a noble personality.
ACTIVITY 6.2
According to AristotleÊs Theory of Virtues, a noble personality is not
naturally possessed. However, this opinion received opposition from
several parties. Follow the discussion in this book: Tam Yeow Kwai
(1996). Pendidikan Moral 1: Konsep dan Program Pendidikan Moral.
Kuala Lumpur: Kump. Budiman Sdn Bhd. Share your findings with your
classmates.
The same applies to an individual who dislikes people who disagree with his
actions or behaviour. If he knows that others disagree with him, he would feel
uneasy and guilty. However, disagreement of others will improve his code of
ethics or increase the effectiveness of the code so that it will be a deterrent of
dislikeable actions or behaviour.
6.2.4 Admiration
Do you admire or look up to somebody? Why? May be it is because that person
does something one step higher than what is required by basic moral motivation.
For example, a person who would do something very good that was never
thought of by others, or a soldier who sacrifices himself to save his fellow
soldiers from the blast of a hand grenade. In these cases, the individuals act
beyond what is expected by basic motivation. This act or behaviour is sometimes
called „act of supererogation‰.
It is logical that an individual has intrinsic motivation, or guilt and such but lacks
the command of linguistics to express an action. We use terms like morally ought
to, morally reprehensible, moral obligation and so on. It is difficult for the code of
ethics to control the behaviour between individuals if an individual does not
know how to communicate motivation, actions and feelings.
The code of ethics also requires a complex structure of concept. Only by knowing
special terms for motivation and moral actions can an individual understand and
appreciate this complex concept of morals.
According to Brandt, if a person has all the attributes above, that person has a
code of ethics. However, this depends on the personÊs ability to view and judge
it. Other than Brandt, several other educators have argued on the importance of
noble virtues in increasing the quality of morality in society. Among them is
Warnock (1976), who emphasised justice, affection and aversion to hurting others
physically and mentally. Ashmore (1987) said that a doctor who disregards his
skills and talents in performing his duties or uses his knowledge for immoral acts
is not using his expertise with the proper attitude and means.
ACTIVITY 6.3
Why are virtues important in shaping a moral human? How can it help
someone lead a more meaningful and dignified life?
For example, in our society, there are people who are well-behaved in the front of
others. However, behind the backs of others, they commit negative acts.
Unhealthy business competition, white-collar crime, jealousy at the workplace
and so on exist as a result of human nature that disregards virtues.
As a conclusion, an individual who has virtues will benefit himself and those
around him. Only by obeying rules of social living can we live in a comfortable
and complete situation and environment. The well-being and welfare of
members of society depend on virtues that should be possessed by all beings in
this world.
ACTIVITY 6.4
Each society has its own laws, rules, code of ethics, customs, cultures and system
of administration. The individuals in every society cannot run away from
questions of morality and moral problems. Although an individual lives in a
modern society, he is still influenced by the rules of customs and cultures of his
society. Most probably, he might not be able to solve his modern-life problems
with the outdated rules that are still influential in the society.
ACTIVITY 6.5
You have been offered a high position in a company that practises corrupt
acts. Is it right for you to accept the position and work within the corrupt
system, yet strive to do your best? Can you do it?
When faced with a moral dilemma, what should you do? How would you do it?
What are the consequences? What are your feelings? According to Wesserstrom
(1979), it is only through virtues that an individual can overcome moral
problems. Virtues can be a basic guide for the individual in making decisions and
taking actions.
Virtues are the moral content of an individual. Virtues are not basic tools to
determine what should or should not be done; in fact, they can create doubt and
put an individual in a more blurred and complex situation. The individual would
finally seek help by asking „What and how should I do? What? How?‰. If such,
how can we solve moral dilemmas or conflicts?
Figure 6.1 shows the process of solving moral dilemmas or conflicts according to
Grassian (1981). He suggested two forms of ethics, principlistic and situational.
Justice originated from the Latin word justus which means law or right. Now,
justice refers to righteousness, rectitude, impartiality and fairness. According to
other sources, justice means suitable and appropriate attributes (people, acts,
actions, decisions, laws, punishment, etc); impartial to any side (when deciding
something and such).
Therefore, the concept of justice involves any fair actions and behaviour towards
oneÊs self and others, not detrimental to self and others, as well as treats every
one equally without regard for status, race and so on.
The question of justice leads to the issue of human rights and autonomy. A
person is entitled to human rights and is free to make his own choices and
decisions. However, any action is still subject to the limits of the laws in the
country and societal rules. The important question is, are the laws and rules that
restrict actions fair or unjust? We can see many protests by certain parties
(factory workers, students, supporters, political leaders) in the world today.
Social justice is a tool for preserving the welfare of members of society. Therefore,
when judging the justice of a society, we compare its quality with that of other
societies, in aspects like wealth, effectiveness, military strength or educational
standards.
According to Nagel (1970), the book, The Possibility of Altruism, explains the
word ÂaltruismÊ as an attitude or act that pleases others, benefits and is
considerate of others.
In contrast, altruists believe that humans only desire to perform actions that
benefit others. Although justice and altruism are the main principles in ethics,
there are differences between them; justice is a rational thing (acts, behaviour and
actions), while altruism is an extraordinary human attribute.
However, these two principles are the basis of other moral values, like honesty,
hard work and soon. It is these values that enable a person to act more efficiently
and effectively when facing an extraordinary situation, like in a moral dilemma.
Ethical maxims here mean ethical rules or principles used to overcome problems
based on certain situations. However, Fletcher did not explain further on the
rules or principles used in certain situations, like the example given in his book.
The example was about an abortion case in the early 1960s.
Most moral educators favour the use of the ethics of principles to the ethics of
situations. They claim that making decisions based on ethics of situation is too
desperate and there is a risk of making inaccurate and controversial decisions.
However, we can summarise here that a person can make decisions and take
moral actions in a moral problem by considering the situation that causes the
problems and based on basic principles and moral values within himself.
ACTIVITY 6.6
Can you list the differences between principlistic morals and situational
morals?
Kupperman (1983) reported that people who carry out immoral acts are not
necessarily smarter or more foolish than ordinary people. However, immoral
individuals are usually insensitive towards the misery of their victims as they
face difficulty in gaining moral values.
When an individual can reason rationally and freely, the character of the
individual in conduct and actions will be expressed. This character will be
influenced by the emotions and feelings of the individuals. At the same time, this
behaviour is moral in nature, does not only follow instructions from reasoning,
and this reasoning might be controlled by external authorities.
On the other hand, reasoning without rationale, freedom and moral emotions
and feelings will produce a character that is not autonomous and possibly
immoral.
Exercise 8.3
Therefore, the three dimensions must interact and influence one another to build
an individual with morals. Generally, a moral human is autonomous, rational
and free in the three dimensions of ethics · reasoning, behaviour and feelings.
EXERCISE 6.2
How does the concept of developing moral values in the world village
work?
LEARNING OUTCOMES
By the end of this topic, you should be able to:
1. Explain spiritual freedom and obtaining rights in life;
2. Explain freedom from slavery among men and freedom from the
slavery of societal values and norms;
3. Discuss the five concepts of freedom in Malaysia; and
4. Explain the concept of justice in freedom.
INTRODUCTION
Moral conflicts sometimes arise among those who are ignorant of abuse their
rights of freedom and justice. Freedom and justice cannot be separated. What is
the use of our freedom if we commit mischief? Therefore, freedom should be
accompanied with justice. According to the Oxford Advanced Learner's
Dictionary, freedom is a situation of doing or saying something without
restriction from any party.
In this topic, we will elaborate on freedom from the moral perspective, based on
the moral concepts of our country. Freedom from a moral point of view is doing
something good and saying proper things without restrictions from any party in
society. This topic will also touch on justice so that you could link freedom and
justice in everyday life. As the citizens of an independent country, we have the
freedom to elect and be elected. We should use freedom fairly in the community
and society.
The realisation of our freedom will be supported as long as it does not cross the
boundaries of moral values in the Malaysian society. This freedom has enabled
many Malaysians to achieve success in many aspects like sports and education.
This freedom allows us to compete based on our capabilities and indomitable
spirit.
There are two types of freedom that need to be possessed by humans · spiritual
freedom and freedom from slavery (obtain various rights).
ACTIVITY 7.1
LetÊs say AÊs parents forced her to end her relationship with B. A accuses
her parents of depriving her of spiritual freedom. Is this appropriate? In a
group of three or four, discuss this scenario from the freedom and justice
point of view.
Rules and laws have been drafted to ban slavery among humans. But it still exists
in some places.
In conclusion, slavery is not legal in any country. But indirect slavery still
exists in some places.
In this matter, Islam reminds humans of the nature of wealth and children.
This reminder makes faithful humans always wary about that nature.
In life, there are many instances where humans can be defeated through
wealth and children. Man always needs something in life, like food for his
family and him. The necessity might drive a man to accept insults and
humble himself as his hungry stomach does not recognise noble values.
Even his dignity is shattered. To resolve this problem, moral humans
should work hard and diligent in improving their economic status. It is
obligatory for Muslims to pay zakat (alms tax). Zakat is collected from
groups that can afford to give to the needy as a right and not a gift of
generosity. Islam expects humans to preserve their dignity. Humans are
forbidden from begging and seeking the pity of others.
Our conduct is not just restricted by societal rules and practices. Wealth,
lineage and glory cannot be used to separate moral values. People with
wealth and illustrious lineage should not be given priority in gaining moral
rights, as every individual has the same freedom.
For example, in freedom to gain education, entry to higher levels are based
on academic achievement, not on wealth and status. The same applies to
business, where business opportunities should be explored by all levels of
society. It is not exclusive to wealthy people only. As long as humans
remain a slave to societal values and norms like property, glory, ancestry
and so on, they would not be able to gain complete freedom in life.
Do we realise that there is indirect slavery in the world today? The slavery
occurs when the freedom and justice of a country is restricted, allegedly for
security reasons. Imagine if we cannot enjoy freedom and justice in
handling our countryÊs own natural resources. This is happening to some
countries which are being controlled by bigger countries.
EXERCISE 7.1
Discuss indirect slavery from the point of its causes, effects and solutions.
ACTIVITY 7.2
MalaysiaÊs formula in creating a free society is contained in Vision 2020,
explained by the fourth Prime Minister of Malaysia. Gather two
challenges in Vision 2020 that stress on the aspects of free spirit and
ethics in an independent Malaysia. You can get more information about
this on the Internet. Discuss whether these two challenges can be
addressed by 2020.
would definitely act without taking into account the concept of responsibility.
For example, if a man does not have freedom in life, all his actions would be
stifled and controlled to the point where he would not be able to differentiate
needs and responsibilities from his inner feelings. The awareness that we have
the freedom to choose drives us to be responsible for what we do. We do
something thinking about the objectives and purpose that we want to achieve. To
achieve an objective, we must evaluate the situation and the consequences of our
actions.
There are several definitions of responsibility. Two of the definitions are as the
following:
(a) Individual responsibility is where one is not just responsible for intentions,
planning and actions, but also any event. On the condition that intent in
acting consciously and knowingly, as well as able to look at the possibilities
that might occur principally.
(b) A person is responsible for a wrongdoing if he or she:
(i) Is aware of it but does not prevent it from occurring;
(ii) Does not want to consider something because he or she does not want
to be held responsible; and
(iii) Fails to take necessary steps to announce a danger.
Moral responsibility requires freedom. Humans cannot control the unknown but
conscious carelessness is not acceptable. The freedom to choose to do something
is our right. Therefore, there is no reason that can exempt us from responsibility
for our actions. If a person does not have the freedom to choose due to
powerlessness or pressure, only then he is exempted from expected
responsibilities.
EXERCISE 7.2
Humans are commanded to act fairly in all dealings in life. For example, humans
should be fair in:
(a) Words and dealings;
(b) Solving misunderstanding; and
(c) Dealing with enemies and passing down payment.
ACTIVITY 7.3
State the importance of obtaining justice in an independent country. Do
you feel that the freedom and justice that you have is adequate? Describe
your personal view on this.
Moral humans should use the freedom and preserve the justice in any
situation to guarantee well-being in everyday life.
INTRODUCTION
Conflicts of values occurs when there is a difference of needs, demands, beliefs,
values and opinions. These conflicts can affect the comfort and peace of a
person's soul. There are many types or forms of moral conflicts that can occur in
daily life. This topic will reveal several forms of conflicts that cause a person's
relationship with another to turn tense. Subsequently, you will given suggestions
for solving these conflicts.
ACTIVITY 8.1
What were the scientific discoveries that influenced the views of whites
towards Negroes? Gather theories, experiments and proof to
substantiate your information. Present your findings in tutorial.
To bridge this divide, the government has created various methods such as the
New Economic Policy, study loans, welfare-aided institutions and others. What is
important is that these students should strive to further their education through
the proper channels.
ACTIVITY 8.2
In Malaysia, although Islam is the official religion of the Federation, other
worshippers are free to practise their faiths. However, there are several
teachings that are banned by the government. List down these teachings.
Discuss with your classmates.
The prosecutor then offers them an incentive to plead guilty, separately. If one
prisoner pleads guilty while the other does not, the prosecutor will release the
former and use his confession to charge the latter with a higher offence. If they
both plead guilty, then they will receive a moderate sentence. If they do not, they
will receive a heavier penalty.
EXERCISE 8.1
ACTIVITY 8.3
The citizens of Kubula are facing a conflict between social stability and justice
for their lower classes. The social structure that has benefited the Pola tribe
shows that the Xoro tribe is being oppressed by the Polo tribe through fair
means. The threat by the Xoro to continue their struggle is due to their
decision to consider social stability and societal utilities to be less important
than correcting the injustice plaguing them.
The tension between values cannot be solved. If it could be solved, and all
valuable things achieved and undesirables avoided, then there would be no use
for a compromise that would usually accept what has been reduced. Therefore,
the strategy of compromise is the last strategy utilised when both the strategy of
hierarchy and strategy of diluting problems fail resolve conflict.
ACTIVITY 8.4
Many theories, hypotheses and studies conducted by Western thinkers are
used by us. But why is it that up to today, these theories have failed to be
used in conflicts like in West Asia (Israel-Palestine), international violence
and so on? State your opinions.
EXERCISE 8.2
List down steps on how the strategy of diluting problems can solve a
power struggle within an organisation.
cannot be denied that the prevalence of social ills and moral decline, especially
among youths, is due in some part to problems in the family.
Parents should teach their children good morals and responsibility towards
family, race and country. The noble values of filial piety, politeness, proper
manners and speech should be cultivated in children to guarantee the well-being
of the family.
Good parents are those who successfully cultivate noble and family values in
their children.
The progress in development today has led to working parents not having
sufficient time to pay attention to their children. Good relationship, affection and
respect between family members indirectly continue the existence of a
harmonious society free of ill, regardless of race and creed.
ACTIVITY 8.5
One factor leading to moral decline is parents who are caught up in
chasing material wealth. What are your views?
8.3.3 Education
The aim of the National Education Philosophy to produce pure individuals of
quality and beneficial for the progress and development of Malaysia seems to
have fallen short. This was emphasised by Mohd Mansur Abdullah (1986), who
stated that it was the wishes of the government that the aim of education in the
country was to produce disciplined individuals, with hopes of creating a well-
mannered, integrated, democratic, just, liberal and progressive society.
Mohd Tajuddin Abdul Rahman (1995) stated that unless malpractices are
stopped the country is bound to face high risks. A disciplined society is vital in
stimulating the development of race and nation.
This situation will lead to the failure of teachers and schools to function
efficiently to mould good behaviour and high morals in their students. In other
words, students should be their primary focus.
Society also needs to play a role in curbing negative activities, especially among
youths. The social system has to be observed to avoid disarray, so that
appropriate action can be taken when something negative occurs. Entertainment
Copyright © Open University Malaysia (OUM)
TOPIC 8 TYPES OF MORAL CONFLICTS AND ITS SOLUTIONS 105
outlets like nightclubs, discos, pubs and video game centres should be reduced
and monitored at all times.
From the explanations given, it can be said that the misconduct and crime
plaguing society recently need drastic preventive actions. Most criminal
behaviours are related to seeking fun and escaping pressure parents, peers,
school and cramped environment.
To reshape the personality of the youths which has hardened would take a lot of
effort. Therefore, parents should educate their children as best as possible from
young. Think of their benefits and do not let them live alone, for the sake of the
family and society.
ACTIVITY 8.6
EXERCISE 8.3
INTRODUCTION
We start the discussion on moral issues with economic issues. A nation is
considered developed if its economy is strong. The strength of a nationÊs
economy is closely linked with its business community. In business, the main
aim is to attain as much profits as possible. Consequently, traders often disregard
social values. In this topic, we will delve into economic issues from the aspects of
profit-seeking, corruption and ethics. This will enable us to evaluate what is good
and bad in the workings of society in order to strengthen the economy.
profit taxes. Traders also have the social responsibility of ensuring the well-being
of the society.
Hence, companies will seek profits that will provide dividends for their
shareholders. The aims of business are easily achievable theoretically, but
difficult in their implementation.
Conflict arises when some traders sacrifice the interests of society to gain as
much profit as possible. The traders engage in fraud, breach of ethics, breach of
business laws and so on. Traders, irrespective of where they trade, are subject to
business ethics. These business ethics ensure healthy profit-seeking, guarantee
the well-being of society and develop the country. Among the fraudulent
wrongdoings is evasion of taxes by companies or traders. This largely occurs
through the manipulation of financial or income statements and declaration of
company profits.
SELF-CHECK 9.1
Ethical policies of companies are those that guard the welfare of, and are
responsible towards, the employees. Employee rights have to be maintained so
that workers not only carry out their tasks more diligently but also feel a sense of
belonging to the company. A companyÊs policies should also stress on its social
responsibilities by contributing to the welfare of the society. Members of society
and traders depend on one another, where the company provides the necessary
products wanted by the customers (members of society) and the members of
society purchase these products. In other words, the company creates supply and
the members of society create demand.
Higher management officers often face problems relating to work ethics where
they cannot communicate well, especially with their subordinates. For example,
they do not meet lower-ranked staff directly without an appointment, or they
give out orders as though the lower-ranked workers are robots. Although this is
a bureaucracy practised by organisations, there are sometimes moral issues
where higher management officers are not friendly towards their subordinates.
Ego and pride are usual flaws found in these officers. This opposes the moral
ethics that oblige a good working relationship between the higher management
officers and the lower ranks. Strictly speaking, higher management cannot stand
on its own without the support of the rank-and-file staff. In other words, a
company or business is sustained by every employee.
9.2.3 Employees
Employees are the core of the success of a business or company. The moral issue
that always arises among employees of a business or company involves their
moral values. Among the issues are how much effort they put in to develop the
business and the sense of belonging they feel towards the company. Or are
employees motivated by salary alone?
Ethical employees will consider their employerÊs business as their own. Thus,
they will work hard and strive to increase the companyÊs profits. They will be
willing to work overtime, not just for rewards, but because they realise that by
doing so, they are helping to improve the capability and profits of their company.
When the company progresses, they will also reap the benefits such as high
bonuses, or at the very least, enable the company to continue operations and
maintain their jobs. Therefore, what is your role in developing the company and
how far do you feel a sense of belonging towards your workplace?
SELF-CHECK 9.2
Explain how the management of a company can be involved in breach
of business laws.
ACTIVITY 9.1
Rewards and recognition should be given to workers and managers who display
excellent performance. This will provide higher motivation for other employees.
However, what often happens is that rewards and recognition are given to
undeserving recipients. As a normal person, we are always influenced by what
we see. An employee might show hard work and effort in front of the employer
or manager only.
EXERCISE 9.1
1. How can business ethics and laws assure maximum profits in a
business?
2. Why should the slogan „This is our company‰ be appreciated and
practised by every member of a business or company?
9.3 CORRUPTION
Let us touch on a heated matter related to the economy today. Corruption
involves giving bribes to someone to allow for a wrongdoing to occur or to cancel
something that is correct. Corruption is unethical and brings more bad than
good.
The consequences of corruption not only affect an individual, but also his or her
family, society and country. Bribes are not just property or money but also other
gift. Among them are services like sexual favours, membership to a club or an
organisation and so on.
the rich and famous, dress expensively and indulge in over the top
entertainment. These things require high expenses and only wealthy people
can afford them. All these things are linked to external and internal factors,
which are determined by purchasing power.
ACTIVITY 9.2
By using search engines on the Internet, gather the following
information:
(i) Types of common corrupt acts
(ii) Procedures on filing a report
(iii) Laws and penalties imposed
The laws and regulations set by the authorities will not be enforced, due to
corruption. There will be no punishment handed down to offenders of these laws
and regulations as long as the offenders are able to bribe the authorities. This is a
precarious situation as murder, slander and so on can occur rampantly. Jealousy
will be widely spread in a society that practises corruption. Corrupt persons will
be free to commit crime, if not stopped by the authorities. In a nutshell, family,
society and country will plunge into chaos and unrest; and there will be no peace
of mind and body, if corruption is rampant.
ACTIVITY 9.3
Should authorities be given high salaries to prevent corruption? Are
there other ways that you can suggest to prevent corruption?
Discuss.
EXERCISE 9.2
X INTRODUCTION
In this topic, we will touch on the relationship between technology and morals.
Technology is rapidly developing each day, and no one can deny the necessity
and importance of technological advancements in our everyday life. However, if
technology is not managed well, it would lead to the detriment of the world's
population. We will discuss several issues related to current technology. This is
so that we realise and consider the advantages and disadvantages of technology
management and its consequences on human lives.
However, it has become customary that whatever brings good has its
weaknesses. As mentioned earlier, the abuse of technology can lead to detriment
or disaster. For example, enemies or irresponsible parties who hack into a system
may pose a threat to national security. A hacked finance system can lead the
country into bankruptcy. Companies may face the risk of closing down if the
confidential systems of the companies are hacked.
ACTIVITY 10.1
Have you ever used services such as e-Pay, Easyway or telephone
banking? How far do you benefit from these in terms of physical,
emotional, spiritual and intellectual development? Discuss with your
classmates.
What is cloning? Could you have a twin who is 100% similar to you?
ACTIVITY 10.3
The same technique to clones sheep could be used to clone humans. How could
cloning be done on humans? We know that every organism on Earth is made up
of units of cells and each cell contains deoxyribulose acid (DNA) molecules in the
nucleus. This DNA contains information relating to the genes, like height, colour
of hair, intelligence and such. When cloning is done, a somatic cell is removed
from the human body, for example, the skin cell. The cell nucleus, which contains
the DNA, is extracted and inserted into the femaleÊs ovum, whose nucleus had
been earlier removed. With the help of special chemical liquids and electric
pulses, the nucleus of the skin cell and the ovum are fused. Then, cell growth
occurs once the fused cells are planted in the femaleÊs womb. The baby ÂproductÊ
formed will have a genetic code identical to and resembling the parent cell, i.e.
the person who provided the somatic cell.
Due to the possibilities that might occur, the British government banned any
form of embryo cloning for research purposes, as well as human reproduction
through cloning. The Human Fertility and Embryology Act 1990 was formally
gazetted as law. Thus, a conflict of morals arose between freedom and the
gazetted Act. However, human attitudes and perceptions towards cloning issues
change from day to day.
ACTIVITY 10.4
EXERCISE 10.1
1. List down ways to control the advances in information technology in
order to prevent it being abused by the spread of negative
information among the people in our country.
2. Explain from the moral aspect, the issues that arise when a baby is
cloned using someoneÊs genetic material and is conceived by a
woman who is not its biological mother.
What differs among these countries is the quantity of chemicals used. For
developed nations that are agriculture-based, the use of chemicals is more
intensive, starting from land treatment to the preservation of export-bound
The use of chemicals in the agricultural industry has two main effects · positive
and negative. The positive effects are the increase in agricultural output and
lengthening the shelf life of agricultural products, especially those which are to
be exported. There are four negative effects ă on human health, insect or pest
reaction, effects on the environment and analysis of the cost benefits the use of
chemicals.
For discussion purposes, focus will be given to the negative effects of the use of
chemicals as effects seen as positive are only visible in the early stage. In the long
term, the use of chemicals will have negative effects, especially on the
surrounding ecosystem.
The uncontrolled use of chemicals as poisons can cause food poisoning. For
example, in 1988, there were 100 people in a neighbouring country who suffered
from food poisoning after consuming kailan and mustard which contained
residues of Methamidophos. The Agriculture Department of Malaysia discovered
that the kailan and mustard green exported to the particular country contained
the insecticide Methamidophos. Seven of the ten kailan tested contained more
than 1 mg/kg Organophosphorous and some even contained more than 30
mg/kg. The mustard green was found to have contained the highest content, at
100 mg/kg (Cheah et al. 1993). This discovery jeopardised the export of
Malaysian vegetables to the country.
Chemicals also have a negative effect when the user of the chemicals or poisons
does not use sufficient protective gear, when using dangerous compounds like
Organophosphorous and Chlorinated Hydrocarbons. Without the use of gloves,
breathing equipment and other apparatus, users of these chemicals will be
exposed to health problems like skin diseases and problems related to internal
organs like cancer.
EXERCISE 10.2
1. The use of chemicals in agriculture can reap high profits. State the
profits and side effects on the values of life in society.
2. What are the roles of the non-governmental organisations in
controlling the advances in nuclear energy that can bring harm to
society? Give one example of such an NGO and its roles.
INTRODUCTION
The environment does not belong to us, it is we who belong to the environment.
The environment is a dynamic system and humans are one of its components.
The changes done towards the environment should be limited and controlled to
guarantee the wellbeing of humanity. Generally, humans depend on the
environment to obtain raw materials like metals, shared common elements like
gases, and many more. The environment is also the outlet to air, water and earth.
ACTIVITY 11.1
Find out what is meant by greenhouse effect. Then, discuss and try to
relate greenhouse effect with moral values and ethics.
Studies show that 1200km2 or 0.8% of the coastal land along the coasts of
Peninsular Malaysia are expected to be submerged if sea levels keep rising at a
rate of 0.9cm per year due to global warming. In fact, thousands of hectares of
agricultural land and mangroves will be destroyed and thousands of people
displaced. Global warming will also jeopardise crops and lead to the breeding of
several disease-causing insects. Knowing the terrible consequences of global
warming, we should delve into the origin of this destructive phenomenon.
Figure 11.1: Among the factors causing global warming are industries,
transportation and logging
(i) Industries
Industries are the main cause of the rise in temperature. This is due to
factories emitting smoke, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide and poisonous
gases that cause the greenhouse effect. The use of CFCs
(chlorofluorocarbons) in aerosols and air-conditioners causes thinning of
the ozone layer and the rise of the earthÊs temperature. The moral conflict
here is, should factories be shut down?
(ii) Transportation
Transportation can increase the world temperature as the burning of fossil
fuels, like petrol from vehicles that can contribute to the greenhouse effect,
which, in turn, raises the global temperature. The increase in the number of
vehicles on land, water and air will lead to increased emissions of carbon
dioxide, methane and other gases.
Will the same moral issue rise? Should we destroy all forms of vehicles and
walk to our destinations instead? In this case, methods to reduce the
number of vehicles must be thought of. Examples include restricting
vehicles with individual occupants and inventing eco-friendly vehicles.
ACTIVITY 11.2
Solar energy is an alternative to fossil fuels in vehicles. In your opinion, can
solar energy completely replace fossil fuels in vehicles? Discuss other
measures that we can take to minimise greenhouse effects caused by
industries and transporation.
(iii) Logging
The timber industry has also contributed to the increase in global
temperature. Unplanned logging exposes the land to the sunÊs rays.
Logging also reduces the rate of photosynthesis. Photosynthesis balances
the gas content in the air as oxygen is released during the process.
The moral issue over logging is due to human greed in raking in excessive
profits, to the point of disregarding noble values needed to preserve the
environment. Logging should be carried out in a planned manner, by only
cutting down permitted trees of certain sizes. If this ethic is followed, it
would, at the very least, reduce the effects of global warming.
These are among the indirect consequences of ManÊs actions towards Nature.
Therefore, every individual in the world community is involved, to a certain
degree, in creating these unpleasant situations on Earth.
EXERCISE 11.1
1. How does global warming affect the difference in water quality on Earth?
2. Explain three steps to overcome global warming.
In the face of development and innovation, various new technologies have been
introduced to make life more comfortable and pleasant. However, humans are
often caught between progress and preserving water resources. Positive steps are
not taken to ensure the continual cleanliness of water supplies and canals. Water
pollution encompasses pollution in rivers, lakes and seas. At the moment, water
pollution is a serious issue that must be overcome effectively to ensure current
and future generations continue to enjoy clean and fresh water. There have been
many issues in water pollution that have been highlighted by the media but what
are the solutions? Who should be held responsible? Can this issue be put to rest?
ACTIVITY 11.3
Do you know how some countries develop eco-friendly towns? Follow the
planning of these projects on www.midrand-ecocity.co.za/pp-5.htm.
Then, use the search engine and find other websites which can give you
more information about this. Discuss whether Malaysia can one day have
eco-friendly towns.
Floods arise from several basic factors like the climate. However, there are
several other factors that can alleviate the intensity of floods like sedimentation
at the bottom of rivers and such. Floods pose a serious problem as they cause
loss of lives and property. Flash floods that often occur in urban areas are due
to human activities that favour development while disregarding the
cleanliness of the environment. Floods occur naturally or due to unplanned
development and human activities that disrupt water channels. At the same
time, the flood waters carry along dissolved substances and suspended
particles that are not usually found in clean water supplies.
(b) Logging
The activity of cutting down forest trees for development purposes causes
water pollution. Logging accelerates erosion. Trees are generally a medium
of water filtration. Unplanned and uncontrolled logging causes disruptions
to water containment sources. Water will flow and erosion will occur. Soil
erosion, resulting from logging activities, pollutes the water with
suspended and dissolved substances that contaminate the water content.
Widespread logging in several areas in Peninsular and East Malaysia has
worsened the problem of sedimentation in rivers.
Water is very precious to living things. However, the human attitude of placing
importance on profits and disregarding water conservation can lead to loss of
drinkable water and life forms in water. Development activities like widespread,
uncontrolled logging will hasten the destruction of water sources.
Therefore, in chasing development, noble values and love for Nature should not
be pushed aside. Every stage in the development process should have an
appropriate role. In other words, all involved parties, from the planning officers
to the labourers, should cooperate in guarding, preserving and conserving our
water sources and practise noble moral values.
EXERCISE 11.2
Explain how the moral values of visitors can help preserve the beauty of
waterfalls.
Noise is defined as Âexcessive sound that can deafen the ear. It occurs when
sound is produced in inappropriate areas or locations and disturbs the comfort
and hearing healthÊ. (Jasman Ahmad et al 1996).
Scientifically, noise is defined as Âany sound that exceeds 80 decibels (dB)Ê. (Noor
Hassan Ismail, 1993). This scientific definition changes from time to time as
humans are always trying to obtain lower volumes of sounds for common good.
This common good encompasses aspects of comfort and health as noise pollution
involves more of mental than physical health.
peak and drop rapidly. The sound intensity exceeds 80dB. The wave
vibrations drop but the intensity is still high as the loud sound gives a
longer effect on the vibrations.
(ii) Settlements
The higher the population in an area, the higher the rate of noise pollution.
A highly dense population needs a large number of residential areas.
Therefore, many settlements like condominiums, private houses and flats
are set up to accommodate the increasing demand for housing. These
numerous settlements are a source of noise pollution. Daily activities like
listening to loud music and talking loudly further increase the noise
pollution in a settlement with a large population.
(iii) Vehicles
Sounds from private and public vehicles are one of the sources of noise
pollution. The increasing number of vehicles contributes to congestion,
which, in turn, causes noise pollution. This adds to the attitude of drivers
who honk excessively and the use of loud exhaust pipes.
Dr Ali Abd Rahman (1995) estimated that in a day, 50000 vehicles are
involved in traffic jams in Kuala Lumpur. This causes noise pollution.
Jasman Ahmad et al. (1996) found that noise pollution from vehicles in the
Klang Valley, Johor Bahru and Penang exceeded the limits set by the World
Health Organisation (WHO).
(iv) Quarries
Blasting rocks with explosives or drilling produces very loud noise. The
continued tremors from rock blasting can cause serious noise pollution.
Sound waves will vibrate loudly and continuously. As a result, the noise
produced also takes a long time to subside.
Noise pollution speeds up the process of suffering from some medical problems,
like insomnia or lack of sleep, disturbance in communicating, disturbance of rest
and mental tension. Cook (1989) identified three diseases affecting industrial
workers. The first is loss of hearing, either temporary or permanent. The second
is psychological effects like emotional stress and the third is extreme tiredness
and anger. Noor Hassan Ismail (1993) discovered that the physiological changes
caused by exposure to noise pollution are an increase in blood pressure, muscle
contraction, deterioration of eyesight and increased perspiration.
SELF-CHECK 11.1
Try to gather information on acoustic trauma. Make short notes on it
and relate it to noise pollution. How is this related to moral values and
ethics?
EXERCISE 11.3
Sound can occur anywhere. How do you classify a sound as being
polluted or not? Observe your workplace, home and surroundings. Are
you exposed to sound pollution?
UMMARY
Generally, moral issues related to the environment arise from pollution that
occurs naturally or through human actions.
Unplanned management of the environment will make Earth inhospitable
in the future.
Where will our future generations live then? Remember that management
of the environment starts with you.
Having good moral values and ethics should enable us to control
environmental issues.
LEARNING OUTCOMES
By the end of this topic, you should be able to:
1. Discuss the concept of euthanasia and its practice;
2. Classify forms of murder that could occur;
3. Explain socio-cultural issues in our society today;
4. Discuss the concept of violence;
5. Classify three types of violence that occur;
6. Describe examples of violence in our society today; and
7. Identify our role in preventing and combating violence if it occurs
around us.
INTRODUCTION
This topic will discuss moral issues related to today's social life. Among the
issues that will be discussed are euthanasia, murder and socio-cultural issues.
Moral issues in social life are becoming more prominent these days. We have to
be sensitive to these issues as they could occur in our lives. It is hoped that the
information conveyed can build our character to make us moral humans who
help one another. This can contribute to the shaping of a moral and dignified
individual, family and society that live united in this multi-racial country.
The discussion in this topic will concentrate on the violence that occurs around
us. We will start by discussing violence in families and society, and subsequently,
international violence. In discussing these issues, you should examine the
Copyright © Open University Malaysia (OUM)
138 TOPIC 12 MORAL ISSUES IN SOCIAL LIFE AND VIOLENCE
violence that occurs all around. Sensitivity towards issues in violence will help us
overcome this problem or at least, increase our knowledge. This is important as
by being aware of these issues, we can be wary and well-informed so that they
do not occur to us, our family, society and our country.
Euthanasia originates from the Greek word 'eu' which means good and 'thanos'
which means death. Hence, euthanasia means "good death" or "better dying".
Generally, euthanasia can be divided into several types.
1. Voluntary euthanasia: When the victim's life is taken upon his or her
request.
2. Non-voluntary euthanasia: When the victimÊs life is taken without his or
her permission or willingness but with permission from the next of kin.
3. Involuntary euthanasia: When the victimÊs life is taken against his or her
wishes.
4. Assisted euthanasia: When a victimÊs life is taken upon the advice and
views of an authoritative figure, due to certain reasons for the good of the
patient. For example, the views and advice of a doctor.
Islam and Christianity state that suicide and euthanasia are against the wishes of
human life. It is a prejudice that should be avoided as life is a gift from God.
Therefore, only God has the right to retract that gift.
In Cambodia, euthanasia is allowed for those suffering from critical and terminal
illnesses and permission has been obtained from the next of kin. However, now
legislation has made euthanasia illegal in many countries such as Japan,
Cambodia, the Netherlands, Australia and the United States.
The question is whether the government of a country can reject the wishes of a
terminally ill patient to end his or her life. Can a terminally ill patient gain
something equal to a healthy person?
Religions vehemently believe that God gives life and only He can end it.
However, can this be a belief shared by all parties? Most religions believe that
sickness absolves past sins. Can this belief be the basis to reject euthanasia by
those opposing this act? Some patients are overcome with grief when they find
out that they do not have long to live. Can this situation be the basis to carry out
euthanasia?
ACTIVITY 12.1
Say an elderly member of your family is kept alive on a life-support
system in the hospital. It is the only machine left and it is also needed by
an infant. According to the doctor, the chances of the infant surviving are
higher compared with your family member, if given the machine. Would
you be willing to give up use of the machine for the infant? Give your
comments.
EXERCISE 12.1
12.2 MURDER
Murder occurs in almost all societies. Generally, there are three forms of murder:
(i) Legalised;
(ii) Illicit; and
(iii) Necessary.
12.2.1 Suicide
The liberal outlook on euthanasia is opposed and rejected by Judaism, Islam and
Christianity, which also consider suicide as a dreadful sin. However, there are
some religions and societies that consider suicide as brave and honourable.
Ancient Romans and Greeks agreed on this matter, as did several religions in the
East. One example is the old Hindu practice of ÂsutteeÊ whereby the wife of a
deceased husband would throw herself into his funeral pyre. Another is the
Japanese practice of Âhara-kiriÊ whereby defeated soldiers would commit suicide
by their swords.
12.2.2 Abortion
Historical background and laws on abortion show that there were many societies
that considered abortion and the killing of babies as morally appropriate. For
example, the ancient Greeks and Romans left deformed or female babies to die.
Today, there are many abortion cases. Modern living has led to many individuals
getting pregnant before or out of marriage. When pregnancy occurs out of
wedlock, a sense of shame and regret overcomes them. Hence, the shortcut is to
abort the unborn child. At this stage, the individual has committed two immoral
acts that contravene the law. The first is adultery and the second is aborting the
innocent unborn baby.
Some favour abortion, as they feel the welfare of the mother is more important
than the foetus. In other words, if there are complications during pregnancy or at
birth where there exists a choice of saving either the mother or baby, selecting the
former is permissible.
In Malaysia, laws forbidding abortion are contained in the Penal Code under
sections 312, 313 and 312. Any person convicted under these sections will be
jailed not more than 20 years. However, leeway is given on certain cases like
abortion for the reason of saving the motherÊs life, based on advice from a
gynaecologist.
Opponents of the death penalty claim that it is inhumane, not fairly used,
susceptible to killing innocent lives, incapable of preventing crime and has a
disturbing effect on the administration of justice.
ACTIVITY 12.2
The Black Metal issue first drew attention due to the actions of certain followers
who stepped on and burned the QurÊan. This behaviour is linked to anti-God and
anti-social sentiments and devil worship. They are immersed in Black Metal
music which is synonymous with the use of drugs, the Woodstock Festival,
alcohol consumption, wild sexual activities and devil worship. Those involved in
this genre often dress fully in black, display the five-pointed star symbol and
wear inverted Christian crosses (as a sign of opposition to religion). During the
shows, they tear up Bibles, behave violently with sharp weapons and skulls and
display frightening Satanic images. It is these kinds of negative elements that are
easily followed by the younger generation today, due to their weak faith.
These forms of pornographic media greatly influence the minds of the younger
generation. This influence, in turn, has led to crimes such as rape, incest,
abandoning babies and so on.
Liberal moralists, however, believe a person should be free to have more than
one sexual partner. Extreme liberal moralists go further in not only advocating
premarital sex but that sex should not be linked with love. For them, sex is a
physical enjoyment, similar to how a person should be able to enjoy delicious
food without the moral guilt. They suggest that sex can be done with anyone, as
long as there is no force or coercion involved.
12.3.4 Incest
Sexual morality is always under scrutiny to differentiate appropriate and correct
sexual behaviour from inappropriate and wrong behaviour. Generally, sexual
acts other than those between husband and wife are inappropriate and against
the rules of society. However, there are many who believe that sexual behaviour
which does not produce offspring and has consent to have sex discrectly should
be beyond moral criticism or laws. This view greatly differs from the view of
those who see sexual morality through the eyes of religion. According to Section
376A, incest means „a man or woman having intercourse with a partner who is
related by family ties and this act is forbidden by law, religion and customs‰.
Anyone found committing this offence can be punished by a jail term between 6
and 20 years, and caning.
12.3.5 Gangsterism
Gangsterism is becoming widespread these days. Gangsterism involves crimes
like fighting, extortion and assault. This issue should be given close attention,
especially by the government, politicians, police, school authorities and local
society in order to prevent it from spreading further. Gangsterism usually
involves school students.
The Education Ministry reported that there were gangsters actively recruiting
schoolchildren. It is vital that parents, the authorities and society play their part
in stopping this menace. Parents and society cannot place the responsibility to
overcome this problem solely on the school authorities.
12.3.6 Amok
Stress, unstable emotion and mental illness are among conditions linked to a
person going amok. Such a person is usually beyond control. He will kill anyone,
destroy property and act violently. At the moment, incidences of amok
frequently happen due to unstable judgement of the individuals as well as the
lack of moral values due to ignorance or not having a definite goal in life.
Incidences of amok among family members will usually end with the tragic
deaths of the parents and children. Pressures of life such as poverty, jealousy and
external pressures like threats from Ah Longs are also factors causing people to
run amok. Amok is also due to deviant practices.
Snatch theft cases occur due to the carelessness of the victims and their tendency
to keep money or wallets/ purses pockets, exposed. Secondly, some wear
jewellery in an obvious manner, clearly visible. Thirdly, there are those who
jostle to board public transportation or in crowded places, carrying handbags
and purses in ways that make it easy for a thief to snatch them. These snatch
thefts often occur on lonely sidewalks and lanes, and in crowded places. The
thieves often walk or ride motorcycles in deserted and lonely locations. Snatch
thieves and pickpockets also operate in busy areas and they often target areas
near a bank or car parks. The snatch thieves often observe and strike when the
victims exit the bank or alight from the car.
ACTIVITY 12.3
The government has spent thousands of ringgit and drafted various laws to
combat social ills. However, these ills show no signs of abating. What other
steps can be taken to overcome them.
EXERCISE 12.2
If any of the acts mentioned above occurs to us or our family members, the
appropriate actions that should be taken are:
(i) Make a police report as soon as possible;
(ii) Do not wash or bathe after the act has occurred;
(iii) Try to identify the assailant;
(iv) Identify the details of the vehicle (if possible); and
(v) Get any statement that can aid the investigation.
We have the right to defend ourselves against the assailant. This right is
contained in Section 100 of the Penal Code: the right to self-defence, meaning we
are entitled to defend ourselves in the following situations:
(i) The assault is deemed capable of causing death;
(ii) The assault is deemed capable of causing grievous injuries;
(iii) Assault with the intention to commit rape;
(iv) Assault with the intention to satisfy unnatural desires;
(v) Assault with the intention to kidnap; and
(vi) Assault with the intention to wrongful confinement.
12.5.2 Rape
Rape is the act of forcing a woman to submit to sexual intercourse, and outraging
her modesty. According to Section 375 of the Penal Code, rape is the act of
having intercourse with a woman against her will; without her consent; with her
consent but under duress (fear of death/harm to child, relatives etc); wrong
assumption of facts (e.g. a shaman says that intercourse can cure a disease);
giving consent in the belief that the perpetrator is her husband (and the man
knows otherwise); with consent without knowledge/understanding of the type
and consequences of the consent given (ignorance, insane, unconscious, mentally
ill, etc); or with or without the consent of a woman below 16 years of age; by the
penetration of the manÊs penis into the womanÊs vagina.
Rape cases are more often than not unreported, due to the shame felt by the
victim, more so if the victim knows the perpetrator. Threats made by the
petrators also prevent the victim from filing a report. There are also rape cases
that carry on for years and are only detected when the victim gives birth. Sexual
violence involving excessive rape often leads to the murder of the victim. If the
perpetrator is convicted and found guilty by the court, the sentence applicable
under Section 376 is a jail term of not less than five years and not exceeding 20
years, with the possibility of caning.
ACTIVITY 12.4
Is it appropriate for a rape case to be reported to the police by a woman
abandoned by her lover, considering that she voluntarily and
consensually had sex with her lover? Discuss
(iii) Forcing or threatening the victim to engage in any sexual act, which the
victim has the right to abstain from;
(iv) Holding a victim in captivity against his or her will; and
(v) Committing sabotage or destruction or damage to property with the
intention of causing, or knowing that it would make the victim sad or
distraught.
In Malaysia, the law related to domestic violence is Domestic Violence Act 1994.
The purpose of the Act is to provide protection to victims of domestic violence.
The victims, according to this Act, include the wife. This Act classifies domestic
violence as:
(i) The wife or her husband, de facto wife or husband (persons who have
undergone some form of ceremony recognised as a marriage ritual
according to religion or related parties even though the marriage is not
registered or cannot be registered under any written law on marriage
ceremony and registration) or ex-husband or ex-wife;
(ii) Children (aged below 18 years who reside as family members);
(iii) Handicapped adults (who reside as family members); or
(iv) Adult son or daughter, mother, father, brother, sister or any relative who, in
the view of the court, have to be included in this Act for their protection.
Victims of domestic violence can file a police report and obtain protection, help
and guidance from the police. They can also seek help or guidance from welfare
officers, and from lawyers or officers in the Legal Aid Bureau. Finally, the victims
can file a complaint with the court and obtain certain rulings, such as a ruling for
protection, compensation, psychotherapy rehabilitation, counselling, settlement
and so on.
Road bullying is a serious crime that can lead to a jail term, caning or even the
death penalty. Examples of road bullying cases in Malaysia are the case of person
who was murdered by a road bully in January 2005 and the MAS engineer who
was slashed with a parang by a road bully in February 2005. Among the factors
that lead to road bullying is traffic congestion. Due to traffic jams, drivers become
impatient, short-tempered, aggressive and unable to control their feelings when
an accident occurs, even minor ones.
Traffic accidents cannot be avoided as they are not just due to driver attitudes.
Accidents also occur due to technical problems like faulty brakes, punctured
tyres and others. However, the proper attitude of road users, especially drivers,
can contribute to the eradication of road bullying. Among the viable solutions are
education and legislation. The cultivation of proper driving manners can be
implemented through moral studies in schools and driving schools for those
who want to take their driverÊs licence, and education through the mass media
like campaigns on television, radio and so on. Legislation-wise, road bullying can
be reduced by drafting laws on misconduct on the roads. These laws should be
accompanied by strict enforcement and stiff penalties. These will educate road
users to be always cautious and to control their emotions when involved in road
accidents.
Road bullying is linked to the attitudes of road users. In terms of ethics, road
bullying results from road users who have poor character and do not practise
noble values when on the road. To overcome this problem, road users, especially
drivers, should be more considerate and courteous when on the road.
In war, there are limits, as stated above. But these limits are still being broken in
todayÊs modern and sophisticated civilisation. For example, the violence
committed by the United States of America and her allies during the invasion of
Iraq, and the Israel army which attacked Palestine and Lebanon. If invading Iraq
was not enough, they proclaim to be the worldÊs police and yet commit violence
by killing civilians, the elderly, women and children. They commit degrading
acts like torture, abuse and rape of women and teenaged girls. The bottom line is
violence committed by these immoral parties should be condemned and stopped
immediately.
ACTIVITY 12.5
EXERCISE 12.3
International violence is becoming increasingly worrying. Describe the
three steps that should be taken to overcome it and the effects these steps
will have on international violence.
Exercise 2.2
1. This is an example of objective values or valuable qualities, free from
personal choices.
2. Heavy punishment for illicit sex is an example of absolute values or values
related to belief and religion of a person.
3. Hariyah cried due to her own intrinsic values or inner values when
witnessing the suffering of ManÊs family.
Exercise 2.3
1. Customs are practised by a portion of society. The design of customs can be
identified by looking at the related portion of the society. Moral values on
the other hand are more universal. Usually customs and moral rules are
interlinked but there are customs that go against moral values. For
example, in the West it is common to wear shoes in the house. Whereas in
the Asian community, this custom is often considered rude or immoral. On
the other hand, in the West especially in the American society, burping at
the dinner table is considered rude. However, in the Asian community this
behaviour is acceptable.
In order to overcome this problem, the people from various customs should
discuss the differences of their customs and moral values. Since moral
values are universal in nature they are easily understood and obeyed.
2. Moral values can restrict a personÊs conduct because the value functions as:
(a) A consistent standard of human behaviour. This function enables a
person to become a moral guardian.
(b) Limits the action of a person because he or she knows that the action
would be judged by others (parents, teachers, friends and so on).
Hence, the person is cautious of his or her behaviour so that he or she
will be accepted by the society.
Exercise 3.2
Id means an instinctive reaction to fulfil satisfaction. While ego is related to the
reality world outside the individual himself. While Super-ego explains and
interpret intuition or individual social behaviour norms.
moral rules and controlling desires. Super ego usually develops when a child has
younger siblings and the parents have given him or her responsibility to take care
of them.
Exercise 3.3
1. Under the law, Mrs. Pruma has a valid defence known as self-defence. She
stabbed the person because based on Theory of Deontology she had the
duty to protect her property.
2. Man has been created by God as the best of creations. In order to preserve
dignity and self-respect, they should respect themselves as well respect
others. Without respect, some people will unconsciously be victims of other
ruthless people and be used or manipulated for their self-gain. Slavery is an
example of using people. Slaves often have to work for their masters and
yet receive no compensation and have to live in harsh conditions. Humans
are not objects. They have a mind and needs of their own. We should
respect other peopleÊs rights and do unto others as we want others to do
unto us.
Exercise 4.2
A good understanding of moral principles can help a person to become a leader
in the community. An effective leader must be able to control his behaviour and
strive for the improvement of the community. The principle of trust ensures that
the leader is always honest and reliable when dealing with people. As a result,
the people would want to be led by a trustworthy leader. In addition to this the
principle of duty with the combination of freedom, justice, wisdom and choice
would be a useful knowledge to a leader because people in general are
Exercise 4.3
The ethics of the messengers of Allah began since Adam was created. These
ethical behaviours have been bestowed by God for all mankind. All messengers
have good ethics so that they can become good role models for all the followers.
This can be seen in Al Hadid verse 25:
We sent before this our messengers with Clear Signs and sent down with them
the Book and the Balance (of Right and Wrong), that men may stand forth in
justice.
Therefore the ethics of the messengers are indeed excellent and should be
followed by mankind and be the reference point for pure values at all times. For
instance, the trustworthiness of Prophet Muhammad. If everybody is as
trustworthy and honest like him then there will be goodness and peace in this
world.
Exercise 4.4
Religion and followers are two different aspects altogether. The behaviours of the
followers of a particular religion will either reflect positively or negatively on the
religion itself. All religions ask the followers to abide by good ethical behaviour.
A good religious follower will always follow his religious teachings, while there
will be another follower who will constantly go against his religious teachings. If
a follower is unethical, then it is wrong to blame the religion and regard the
religion as being unethical as well.
Exercise 4.5
Religions, beliefs and moral values are all aimed towards promoting a righteous
way of life. All religions ask their followers to do good deeds and avoid evil
deeds. Religious teachings can bring peace and tranquillity to the followers and
the environment. A good belief will ensure that people be good to himself and
others. Good morals if practiced will benefit the entire society. On the other hand,
a negative belief, a deviant religion and negative morals will bring harm to the
society. Thus a noble individual can be shaped if he or she practises all the
excellent values laid down by religions, beliefs and moral values.
Exercise 5.2
An individual who practises naturalism is one who leads a very restricted life
and is subject to tight rules and regulations. This individual believes that a
custom must be preserved at all costs. Therefore he or she will not question these
rules and regulations because the person knows that there is no excuse for
breaking a rule or regulation.
Exercise 5.3
There are many reasons why emotion is dangerous when dealing with moral
issues. Emotivism prioritises feelings when making decisions. This can be seen
through ones facial expression, mannerism and speech. Inability to control
emotions can lead to moral problems. The person can be suspicious, paranoid,
angry, depressed, and frustrated. Subsequently the person will make an irrational
decision which may worsen the situation. Therefore the proper way to deal with
moral issues is through wisdom and rational opinions.
Exercise 5.4
1. A rationalist always finds the rationale behind anything or any behaviour.
This group tends to be very creative and is also creative in dealing with any
issues. Sometimes however their actions are deemed to go against social
norms but to them the reality is their action is the most rational thing to do.
A rationalist will always find the reasons why an event occurs, its impact
and the best way to deal with it. Therefore rationality is given priority in
dealing with an action or reacting to a particular situation.
Exercise 5.5
(a) Awareness of emotions: If a person is aware of his or her own emotions
then he or she can do a self-evaluation. As a result, the person can always
keep the emotions in check and practise good behaviour as well as avoid
negative behaviour. A person who is aware of his or her own negative
emotions such as arrogant, envious, hot-tempered and so on will take
proactive actions to control these emotions. On the other hand, if they are
unaware of their negative emotions then they will always be subject to their
emotions and be inclined to commit immoral acts.
Exercise 5.6
1. Displaying self-image means being you without imitating others. As a
person, one is taught at a very young age about the importance of noble
values especially Asian values. However, during adolescence the person
may be influenced by many foreign cultures which may go against Asian
values. Western and Asian values differ in many ways such as the way
children greet their parents, style of clothing and lifestyle in general.
Teenagers usually mimic what they see on television or movies and imitate
other people, while those who have their own self-image and practise Asian
values are considered as backwards or not modern. However, every
individual should be proud of his or her self-image and continue to practise
noble values.
Exercise 6.2
1. Oftentimes we are in a dilemma when we do things yet realise that it is
wrong or sinful. For instance when we hide the truth to protect our friends
by signing Âon his behalfÊ on the attendance sheet when he is absent from
classes. Here, we sincerely want to help or friend but at the same time feel
guilty for being dishonest and aiding him to commit to commit a wrongful
act as well as encouraging him to miss classes. Even if our friend may have
a valid reason for being absent, we should always be honest in our daily
life.
Exercise 6.3
Basically, the formation of moral values begins from a family for instance the
parents have inculcated moral values to their children and eventually the values
have been practised in the entire society. However, these values may differ from
one society to another. For example in a Japanese society, they greet their guest
by bowing to them while in other societies a simple handshake will be enough.
However, we must realise that despite the different ways, we must respect our
guests.
Due to this indirect slavery, the individual will not become free ă physically,
mentally and emotionally. Physically the person may be physically punished for
being a slave to debt, if he or she fails to pay the debt on time. In terms of
mentally, a person may be weak and lazy, leaving it all to fate. While in terms of
emotion, the person may be constantly harassed both physically and mentally,
until it affects his emotional stability and he finally resorts to unreasonable acts
such as committing suicide.
Among the ways to overcome it are by equipping oneself with proper knowledge
and practising noble values. When a person has enough knowledge, he knows
how to differentiate right and wrong. In addition to this, knowledge will also
help him manage his finance better. While, noble values will teach him not to
always ask people to lend money and be a slave of debt.
Exercise 7.2
1. Everyone is free to do business in this world but must be subject to certain
laws and regulations. By-laws by municipal authorities are necessary to
ensure that roadside hawkers follow certain business guidelines such as
operate in prescribed zones and business hours, maintain cleanliness and
hygiene and so on. By-laws are also necessary to ensure that people do not
sell illegal goods such as pirated VCDs or DVDs, smuggled goods or even
stolen goods. Traders must understand that they are other people in this
world as well. For instance if they were to operate illegally in a residential
area, it will disturb those living in the neighbourhood. Therefore the rules
of a municipal authority are meant to maintain peace and harmony within
the community. So even if a trader should be free to make a living, it should
be limited to the rules and regulations. If there were to abide by the rules
and regulations such as having a valid trading license, then they can carry
out their business with peace of mind.
Another issue is education. The democratisation of education for all races has
benefited all Malaysians. Now almost everyone from different races and religions
has access to education and good educational facilities.
Exercise 8.2
Power struggle within an organisation often occurs between two or more
individuals. Here, the strategy of diluting problems can help solve a problem by
breaking up the problem into a few compartments and subsequently discovering
alternatives that can benefit all the conflicting parties.
By increasing the alternatives, we can reduce and eventually resolve the conflict.
Exercise 8.3
A family usually plays a leading role in resolving conflict, especially in the East
where they are respected and appreciated. Conflict is amicably settled because
the family member does not want to smear the familyÊs name by going against
the norms of the society. This is the importance of having a close-knit family.
If a businessperson abides by business law, then the public will respect the
company for its integrity. Even if in the short-run following the law may
affect the businessÊ profits ă for example trade within prescribed hours,
refrain from cheating customers and so on ă ultimately people will have
more confidence in a law-abiding business. The business proprietor can
also have peace of mind and not be constantly harassed by law enforcers.
In addition to this, violating business law can be very costly and this will
erode profits.
Exercise 9.2
1. People who participate in bribery will only benefit in the short-run.
However, in the long-run widespread bribery and corruption will only
bring misery to the person committing it as well as his family, society and
nation. The practise of giving and receiving bribery will bring many
problems. Among others, it reduces productivity, increases crime and
immoral acts and so on. In fact, it can even weaken a nation because a
corrupted person is willing to ÂsellÊ his country to another foreign country
including an enemy state. Here a corrupted person may sell vital
information such as defence strategies or official secrets to other countries.
Worse than that, a corrupted person may spark a rebellion to overthrow the
government and this may lead to internal strife and bloodshed. Therefore
bribery and corruption must be stopped.
2. We can fight corruption through early education. It can start from the
family, and the parents should teach their children about the dangers of
bribing people. For instance in a family, the elder brother should not ask
money or gifts from his siblings whenever they commit a wrongful act such
as breaking a plate or so on. Instead, children should learn to tell the truth,
however difficult it may be. Even the society must play its role to eradicate
corruption and not give bribes. Law enforcers must carry out their duties
and enforce the law without any self-interest.
2. In this case it is submitted that the cloned baby was conceived by a woman
who is not his or her biological mother. Generally, almost all parties are
against the cloning of babies because it is unethical and may bring discord
in the world. Among others the real mother may claim rights of custody,
the cloned child may later claim rights to property and so on. Cloning can
also cause confusion in terms of inheritance and lineage.
Exercise 10.2
1. Indeed, it is undeniable that the use of chemicals has increased the world's
agricultural output and brought many other benefits as well. Pesticides for
instance can make plants more resistant to diseases. Therefore, farmers can
harvest more crops and make profits. In addition to this, some chemicals
can increase the size of the produce and this too can increase the farmerÊs
profits. Chemicals can also lengthen the shelf life of some produce, and thus
prevent wastage and increase their profits.
Yet, the excessive use of chemicals beyond the permitted level, can affect
the quality of our lives. There should be a harmonious balance between
agricultural production and quality of life. The excessive use of pesticides
may bring many harmful side-effects to the consumers. Sometimes there
seem to be no side effects but in the long-run it will manifest in the form of
cancer and other critical illnesses. Chemicals not only affect the food that
we eat; indirectly they cause other forms of population such as air pollution
and also water pollution.
Excessive use of chemicals may also affect the farmerÊs profit. For example,
a few years ago, a neigbouring country refused the entry of a shipload of
cabbages from Malaysia because it contains chemicals beyond the
permitted level.
2. There are many roles that a non-governmental organisation (NGO) can play
in controlling the advances of nuclear energy that can bring harm in the
society. One NGO that is dedicated to saving the environment is
Greenpeace International. Among the goals of this NGO is the elimination
of nuclear weapons. The members consist of people who love the
environment and their role is to prevent the widespread use of nuclear
energy. They will usually petition the government against the use of
nuclear and nuclear testing. If this fails, they will demonstrate against the
users of nuclear energy and sometimes even form human shields to get the
message across. The members also disseminate information to the public on
the dangers of nuclear energy to the world population.
Exercise 11.2
Recreational areas such as waterfalls can bring peace and tranquillity to
everyone. Therefore, whenever we visit these places we should behave and
maintain good morality in order to preserve the environment. Among the good
conduct are: avoid throwing rubbish indiscriminately around the surrounding
area, cutting down trees, damaging public facilities and so on. In addition to this
unmarried couples should avoid immoral behaviours that may be offensive to
other people visiting the waterfall. These moral values can help preserve the
beauty of waterfalls and their natural surroundings.
Exercise 11.3
Noise pollution is the presence of unwanted noise that can bring negative
consequences to the listener. Hence, soothing sound meant to calm the soul is not
considered as noise pollution. The source of noise can be divided into two:
natural and artificial. Natural sounds include the chirping of crickets and
unavoidable noises like the sound of thunder. Natural sounds are usually
acceptable and not considered as noise pollutions. However, most noise
pollutions come from artificial or man-made objects such as vehicles, blasting of
rocks, heavy industry and so on. These continuous, fluctuating and alternating
noises are all noise pollutants because they are disruptive and affect quality of life
such as sleep patterns and so on. Since these noises are man-made the level of
noise can be reduced to an acceptable level. For instance, now there are trains that
move almost silently.
2. Prof Dr Omar Hassan Kasule Sr in his writing states that euthanasia as „an
easy way of dying or a painless death‰. While, Aris Wabudi concurs with
him saying euthanasia as „a good way to die‰. According to Prof Omar
there are three religions that accepts the practise of euthanasia: Buddhism,
Shinto and Confucianism; while the three main religions: Islam,
Christianity and Judaism, are against this practise. Prof Omar categorises
death as a situation whereby respiration ceases completely or all or a major
part of the brain processes stop to function. Meanwhile, Aris divides death
into somatic and biological ă arguments similar to the death of brain
activities as mentioned by Prof Omar. Therefore, euthanasia is done to
those who are suffering in pain when life-support equipment is no longer
effective. Morally, they agree that euthanasia is at the request of the patient
or the patientÊs family in order to end the patient's pain and suffering. This
is done by discontinuing medical aid.
Exercise 12.2
Pre-marital sex is an immoral behaviour that can damage the family institution. If
a child is born out of wedlock, this will create many social problems such as the
killing or abandonment of babies and so on. Some women are unprepared to be
mothers and resort to abortion.
Exercise 12.3
Basically, international violence involves terrorist attacks committed by an
international organisation that aim to destabilise a nation.
There are a few steps to overcome international violence and among them are:
Should you have any comment or feedback, you are welcomed to:
OR
Thank you.