TAP 2020-21 - Day 2 Sessions - PT's IAS ACADEMY PDF

Fundamentals
of Geography – 2
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TODAY’S
SYLLABUS CONCEPT
Fundamentals
of Geography
–2
Relevant for
Prelims, GS Paper I and III
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Fundamentals of Geography
DES AND LONGITUDES–2
Quick Revision
of earlier session
 Lines of latitude or Circles of latitude


Called ‘parallels’
Run from East to West
LATITUDES
 Are parallel to equator & one another,
never meet
 Cross prime meridian at right angles
 Lie in planes crossing the Earth’s axis
at right angles
 Equator is a great circle, longest
latitude
 Get shorter toward the poles
 Called ‘meridians’
 Run from North to South
 Measure distance east or west of LONGITUDES
PM (prime meridian)
 PM is line of 0°longitude passing
through Greenwich in London
 Longitudes cross equator at right
angles
 Lie in planes passing through Earth’s
axis
 Farthest apart at Equator, meet at
poles, equal in length
 Are half of great circles
MERIDIANS OF LONGITUDE PARALLELS OF LATITUDE

INDIA LAT LONG
 LATITUDES
8°4′ N to 37°6′ N
 LONGITUDES
68°7′ E to 97°25′ E
New Delhi –
28°36′50″N 77°12′30″E
Mumbai –
18°58′30″N 72°49′33″E
IDENTIFY THE FIVE MAJOR CIRCLES OF LATITUDE

DES66°33′47.9″
AND
उत्तरी ध्रु ववृत्त –ARCTIC
LONGITUDES
N 1 CIRCLE
ककक रे खा 23°26′12.1″ N TROPIC OF CANCER

भू मध्य रे खा 0° Latitude EQUATOR
मकर रे खा 23°26′12.1″ S TROPIC OF CAPRICORN
दक्षिण ध्रु ववृत्त 66°33′47.9″ S ANTARCTIC CIRCLE
These values are not fixed, and keep changing

 The five main latitude regions comprise geographical
zones. Differences between them relate to climate.
 They are :
1. The North frigid zone, (66.5°N Arctic Circle and 90° N North
Pole). It covers 4.12% of Earth's surface.
2. The North temperate zone (23.5°N Tropic of Cancer and
66.5°N Arctic Circle). It covers 25.99% of Earth's surface.
3. The Torrid zone (between Tropic of Cancer 23.5°N and
Tropic of Capricorn 23.5°S). It covers 39.78% of Earth's
surface.
4. The South temperate zone (between Tropic of Capricorn
23.5° S and Antarctic Circle 66.5° S). It covers 25.99% of
Earth's surface.
5. The South frigid zone (between Antarctic Circle 66.5° S and
the South Pole 90° S). It covers 4.12% of surface.
 The equator is the great circle that is equidistant from the
North Pole and South Pole. It divides the Earth into the Northern
and Southern hemispheres.
 The Arctic Circle is the southernmost latitude in the Northern
Hemisphere at which the sun can remain continuously above or
below the horizon for 24 hours (at the June and December
solstices respectively).
 The Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of Capricorn mark the
northernmost and southernmost latitudes at which the sun may
be seen directly overhead (at the June solstice and December
solstice respectively).
 The Antarctic Circle is the northernmost latitude in the
Southern Hemisphere at which the sun can remain continuously
above or below the horizon for 24 hours (at the December and
June Solstices respectively).
 The position of the Equator is fixed (90 degrees
from Earth's axis of rotation)
 The latitudes of the other circles depend on the tilt of
this axis relative to the plane of Earth's orbit, and so
are not perfectly fixed.
 These circles of latitude, excluding the Equator, mark
the divisions between the five principal geographical
zones.
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 The subtropics are geographic
and climate zones located
roughly between the tropics at
latitude 23.5°(the Tropic of
Cancer and Tropic of
Capricorn) and temperate
zones (normally referring to
latitudes 35–66.5°) north and
south of the Equator.
At the Arctic, the
Sun is above the
horizon for 24
continuous hours at
least once per year (and
so visible at midnight) and
below the horizon for 24
continuous hours at least
once per year (and
therefore not visible at
noon).
This is also true in the
Antarctic region, south of
the equivalent Antarctic
Circle.
The tilted
Earth
But why is
the Earth
tilted at all?
Revolution
परिक्रमर्
घूर्णन
 The Earth rotates around its own axis, from west to

east, once fully in 24 hours, causing days and nights
 The Earth revolves around the sun in an orbit, fully in
365 days, causing seasons
Revolution
From a vantage point above the north pole of either

the Sun or Earth, Earth would appear to revolve in a
counterclockwise direction around the Sun. Both the
Earth and the Sun would appear to rotate also in a
counterclockwise direction about their axes.
Revolution
Earth's axis remains tilted in the same

direction with reference to the background
stars throughout a year (regardless of where it
is in its orbit).
A sense of curvature
A sense of curvature
ALL CONTINENTAL REGIONS AND LATITUDES
ALL HEMISPHERES
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No land lies on 60th parallel S, only water!
38th parallel N = border between North and
South Korea prior to the Korean War
A prime meridian is a longitude defined to be 0°. A prime meridian and its anti-
meridian (the 180th meridian in a 360°system) form a great circle, which divides
the Earth, into two hemispheres. This is an imaginary line, unlike the Latitude 0
(Equator) which is linked to axis of rotation. The most widely used modern
meridian is the IERS Reference Meridian, derived from but deviating a bit from
the Greenwich Meridian, used as international standard since 1884.
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WHAT NEXT
 Get single PDF of all 3 sessions
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 Learning resources – DCA-CS, Audio lectures, MCQ tests
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Fundamentals
of Geography – 2
Fertilizer Subsidy
programmes,
Pradhan Mantri Jan
Aushadhi Pariyojana
TODAY’S
GOVT. SCHEMES
MINISTRY OF
CHEMICALS AND
FERTILIZERS
1. Fertilizer Subsidy
programmes
2. Pradhan Mantri Jan
Aushadhi Pariyojana
MINISTRY OF CHEMICALS AND FERTILIZERS
Fertilizer
Subsidy
programmes
Fertilizer Subsidy programmes
 Fertilizer subsidies: The Government of India provides
Fertilizers Subsidies on a huge scale, and there is no
plan to cut it.
 Cost of subsidy: The government bears over Rs.
70,000 crore annually as subsidy to provide cheaper
farm nutrient to farmers. It is working on giving
fertiliser subsidy directly to farmers under the second
phase of implementation of direct benefit transfer
(DBT) scheme.
(a) In October 2017, the first phase of fertiliser DBT
was rolled out, under which subsidy is being
transferred to companies after checking retail
sales data captured through the Point of Sale
(PoS) machines.
(b) The transfer of fertiliser subsidy directly into
farmers’ bank accounts was to be taken up in the
second phase.
 Scale: There are 2.25 lakh fertiliser retailers in India,
and there were hiccups in implementing the DBT.
 Urea story: Urea is being provided to the farmers at a
statutorily notified Maximum Retail Price (MRP).
(a) The MRP of 45 kg bag of Urea is Rs. 242 per bag
(exclusive of charges towards neem coating and
taxes as applicable) and the MRP of 50 kg bag of
Urea is Rs. 268 per bag (exclusive of charges
towards neem coating and taxes as applicable).
(b) The difference between the delivered cost of
fertilizers at farm gate and net market
realization by the urea units is given as subsidy
to the urea manufacturer / importer by the
Government of India.
 Phosphatic and Potassic (P&K) fertilizers: For these,
the Government is implementing Nutrient Based
Subsidy (NBS) Scheme w.e.f 1.4.2010.
(a) Under it, a fixed amount of subsidy decided on
annual basis, is provided on each grade of
subsidized Phosphatic and Potassic (P&K)
fertilizers depending upon its nutrient content.
(b) Subsidy is given by Goverment to the P&K fertilizer
companies which provide P&K fertilizers to the
farmers at a subsidized MRP, which is lower than
otherwise. Farmers across the country avail of
this.
 Subsidy amounts paid by the Govt. have been
Go
Pradhan
Mantri
Jan Aushadhi
Pariyojana
Pradhan Mantri Jan Aushadhi Pariyojana
 What it is: It is a direct market intervention
scheme of the Department of Pharmaceuticals,
Ministry of Chemicals & Fert., to make medicines
available to common masses.
 Objective: To make available quality generic
medicines at affordable prices to all, including the
poor, throughout India, through outlets known as
Jan Aushadhi Stores (JASs)
 Process and details:
(a) It encourages doctors to prescribe generic
medicines (and not branded ones) to reduce
unit cost of treatment per person.
(b) State Governments are required to provide
space in Government Hospital premises or any
other suitable locations for the running of the
JAS.
(c) Any Civil Society with experience of minimum
3 years of successful operation in welfare
activities can also open the JAS outside the
hospital premises.
(d) PM Bhartiya Janaushadhi Pariyojana Kendras
(PM BJP!) may also be opened by any
Government agencies in any Government
building owned by Government bodies like
Railways/ State Transport Department/ Urban
Local Bodies/Panchayati Raj Institutions/
Post Offices/ Defense/ PSUs etc.
(e) Individual Entrepreneurs/Pharmacist/Doctor can also
open the Jan Aushadhi Kendra at outside of the
hospital premises or any other suitable place.
(f) Bureau of Pharma PSUs of India (BPPI) is the
implementing agency which will provide one-
time assistance in furnishing and establishment costs
of the outlet.
(g) It is a self-sustaining business model not dependent
on continuous government subsidies or assistance.
 Change: Earlier, only medicines manufactured by
Central Public Sector Undertakings (CPSU) were
being supplied to Kendra. Then, medicines not
made by CPSUs were supplied from private
manufacturers.
 Celebration: 07th March 2019 was celebrated as
‘Janaushadhi Diwas’ across India. Over 5050
Janaushadhi stores were functional across 652
districts in India.
 Employment: The PMBJP is also providing a good
source of self-employment with self-sustainable
and regular earnings. Average sales per store per
month has grown to Rs 1.50 lakhs (including OTC
& other products).
 Products: A wide range of affordable quality health
products already launched included Jan Aushadhi
Suvidha Oxo-Biodegradable Sanitary Napkins at Rs.
2.50 per piece; Jan Aushahi Swabhiman at Rs. 140 for
a pack of 5 Adult Diapers; Jan Aushadhii Bachpan at
Rs 20 only for a pack of 5 baby diapers; Jan Aushadhi
Ankur pregnancy test kits at Rs 20; Jan Aushadhi Urja
Energy Drink at Rs. 35 for a 300 gm pack, among
others.
WHAT NEXT
 Learning resources – DCA-CS, Audio lectures
WHAT NEXT
 Learning resources – DCA-CS, Audio lectures, MCQ tests
Fertilizer Subsidy
programmes,
Pradhan Mantri Jan
Aushadhi Pariyojana
Ten Super
Questions
TODAY’S
PRELIMS MCQs
Ten super
questions
with insights
TODAY’S PRELIMS MCQs
1. In what way(s) can Indian Parliament ensure that
democracy in India remains vibrant and reflective of social
diversity, and does not fall prey to majoritarian impulses?
1. By having a netural speaker in Lok Sabaha
2. By having a robust Committee culture (standing and
select)
3. By ensuring adequate time for studying Bills in
advance
4. By not utilising brute majority power to push
contentious proposals
(a) 1, 2 and 4 (b) All of these
(c) Only 2 (d) 2, 3 and 4
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Answer is (b).
All four statements are absolutely right. St. 1 indicates the need
to have a Speaker who does not belong to any party loyalty. St.
2 indicates the need to have Committees to vet and check
legislative proposals, to avoid later inconsistencies. St. 3 shows
the need to have all stakeholders properly consulted. St. 4
speaks of avoiding anything done today that we may come to
regret later.

2. Hong Kong (HK) is a leading business centre for mainland
China. Which of the following is/are right about it?
1. When China took HK over, its economy was quite large

as a per cent of mainland Chinese economy (GDP), but
now it is a smaller fraction it
2. China's port container throughout capacity elsewhere
(other than HK) too grew rapidly after 1999, and now
HK is a much smaller per cent of overall port capacity
(a) Only 1 (b) Only 2
(c) Both 1 and 2 (d) None of these
Answer is (c).
In 1998, HK economy (GDP) was more than 15%
of overall China GDP. But today, it is less than 3%.
So statement 1 is correct. Similarly, in 1998, HK
accounted for more than the entire Chinese
mainland port container capability. But now, it is
a small fraction of it. So statement 2 is also right.

3. The war in Yemen has created an unprecedented crisis.
Which of the following is true about it?
1. The Houthi rebels are Shia, and are Syria-backed
2. The Saudi-led coalition has failed in securing a total
victory
3. The internationally-backed govt. of Mr. Hadi operates
out of Saudi Arabia
4. The UAE is normally a foreign policy bulwark for Saudi
Arabia's adventures, but not so in Yemen
(a) 1, 2, 3 and 4 (b) 1, 2 and 4
(c) 2, 3 and 4 (d) Both 2 and 4
Answer is (c).
Statement 1 is wrong as the Shia Houthi rebels are
Iran-backed. Statements 2, 3 and 4 are indeed
correct. The internationally-backed govt. of
Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi operated out of Saudi
Arabia. UAE allowed the STC to attack targets in
Aden, thereby indicating a clear break from coalition
norms.
4. The WTO offers a multilateral platform to nations for
world trade. Which of the following is correct aboutit?
1. All major policy decisions have to be with consensus

only
2. The WTO covers trade in goods, services and
intellectual property
3. Issues related to the Agreement of Agriculture (AoA) is
the biggest bone of contention for India, as on date
(a) Both 1 and 3 (b) Both 2 and 3
(c) 1, 2 and 3 (d) Only 2
Answer is (c).
All statements are correct. Statement 1 is true as no
decision is possible in the Ministerial Conference (MC)
unless all agree. St. 2 is correct as WTO covers all three -
GATT, GATS and TRIPS. St. 3 is correct as Indian agri
subsidies have been attacked by the rich nations as being
trade distortionary. India has resisted that giving proper
explanations. The case drags on.
5. The first nuclear weapons were used in 1945 by US
against Japan. What has been the situation in the world
ever since?
1. Today, 9 nations have nuclear weapons.

2. Two nations in the world have a No First Use policy -
India and Israel.
3. US and Russia both have at least 1000 nuclear
warheads deployed for attack.
(a) 1, 2 and 3 (b) Both 2 and 3
(c) Both 1 and 3 (d) Only 1
Answer is (c).
Statement 1 is correct. Today the nations having

nuclear weapons are - US, Russia, France, China,
Britain, Pakistan, India, Israel, and North Korea.
Statement 2 is wrong and India and China have that
policy. Statement 3 is correct.

6. India has had a no-first-use policy regarding nuclear
weapons. Which of the following is correct in that
context?
1. It assumes that the deterrence created by the fear of
total destruction promised by the no-first-use will lead
to no use of nuclear weapons by any adversary.
2. It ensured / ensures that India's reputation on the
international stage was that of a responsible nuclear
power, and not a rogue nuclear state given to wild
change in temperament.
(a) Only 1 (b) None of these
(c) Only 2 (d) Both 1 and 2
Answer is (d).
Both statements are correct. St. 1 means that the
promise of massive retaliatory damage will scare any
adversary to not try any misadventure with India
(while India remains committed to no-first-use). St. 2
is factually correct.

7. The Chief of Defence Staff (CDS) post will be a
"gamechanger" in Indian defence. Which of the following,
if executed properly (by the CDS), will actually lead to the
game being changed?
1. Long term defence planning
2. Officer education
3. Creation of a Indian National Defence University
4. Jointness of services
5. Inter-services prioritization
(a) 1, 4 and 5 (b) 2, 3, 4 and 5
(c) 1, 2, 4 and 5 (d) All of these
Answer is (d).
All five are correct. If the CDS can pull through all
these, a total transformation of Indian defence is
guaranteed.

8. Which of the following was impacted - temporarily or
permanently - by the process of demonetisation carried
out in 2016?
1. Aggregate of investments by corporates
2. Net profits of public sector firms
3. Currency in circulation
4. Cash to GDP ratio
5. GDP growth rate
6. Slowdown in Indian economy
(a) All of these except 2 (b) 1, 3, 5, 6
(c) 2, 3, 4 and 5 (d) 1, 2, 3 and 5
Answer is (a).
Statement 2 is wrong. All others are indeed the

affected parameters.

9. Which of the following would technically and legally
constitute a violation of right to privacy of Indians, in light
of the 2017 Supreme Court verdict?
1. Govt. monetising citizen data in its subsidy databases

2. Private firms accessing govt.-held citizen data and
monetising it
3. Govt. accessing private data after judicial approval, on
a case-to-case basis
(a) Both 1 and 2 (b) Both 2 and 3
(c) Both 1 and 3 (d) 1, 2 and 3
Answer is (a).
Statement 3 is a situation where the prescribed

route is followed. St. 1 and 2 are not. They
indicate a clear violation of right to privacy of
citizens.

10. In 2019, the strengthening dollar became a headache for US President
Trump. Which of the following correctly explains the cause and effect
chain that led to it?
(a) US launches trade war - Tariffs on Chinese imports raised - Business
uncertainty in China and elsewhere - Investors put in more investments -
Growth accelerates - Currency of China devalues - Central Banks ease
monetary policy to boost growth - Dollar rises in strength - US exports suffer
(b) US launches trade war - Tariffs on Chinese imports raised - Business
uncertainty in China and elsewhere - Investors hold back their investments -
Growth suffers - Currency of China devalues - Central Banks ease monetary
policy to boost growth - Dollar rises in strength - US exports suffer
(c) US launches trade war - Tariffs on Chinese imports raised - Business
uncertainty in China and elsewhere - Investors hold back their investments -
Growth suffers - Currency of China appreciates - Central Banks ease
monetary policy to boost growth - Dollar rises in strength - US exports suffer
(d) None of the above
Answer is (b).
The cause and effect chain mentioned is the perfectly correct
sequence. You should study it carefully note it down, and
remember it. Will help in answer writing.

WHAT NEXT
 Learning resources – DCA-CS, Audio lectures
Go
Ten Super
Questions

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Fundamentals

MERIDIANS OF LONGITUDE PARALLELS OF LATITUDE

IDENTIFY THE FIVE MAJOR CIRCLES OF LATITUDE

ककक रे खा 23°26′12.1″ N TROPIC OF CANCER

मकर रे खा 23°26′12.1″ S TROPIC OF CAPRICORN

दक्षिण ध्रु ववृत्त 66°33′47.9″ S ANTARCTIC CIRCLE

These values are not fixed, and keep changing

 The Earth rotates around its own axis, from west to

From a vantage point above the north pole of either

Earth's axis remains tilted in the same

Enrol free – http://bit.ly/tap21

1. When China took HK over, its economy was quite large

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1. All major policy decisions have to be with consensus

1. Today, 9 nations have nuclear weapons.

Statement 1 is correct. Today the nations having

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Statement 2 is wrong. All others are indeed the

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1. Govt. monetising citizen data in its subsidy databases

Statement 3 is a situation where the prescribed

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