23-Oct-18

L-T-P-C

ME403 3-0-0-3

Advanced Energy Engineering

Module - III

Prepared by:
Dr. Rejeesh C R, Asst. Professor,
Dept. of Mechanical Engineering
https://sites.google.com/site/rejeeshcrfisat Federal Institute of Science and Technology
1 4

Renewable Energy use in U.S.

KTUStudents.in
2 5

Course Outcomes Energy from the wind

After successful completion of this course, students will be able to
Sl. PO Wind = air in motion;
NO
DESCRIPTION
MAPPING
Discuss and compare the layout and working principles of steam,
-caused by the uneven heating of the earth‘s surface by the sun;
1 PO1
hydro, nuclear, gas turbine and diesel power plants.
The large atmospheric winds that circle the earth are created
Describe the use of solar energy and the various components used in the
2
energy production.
PO1 because the land near the earth's equator is heated more by the sun
Appreciate the need of wind energy and the various components than the land near the North and South Poles.
3 PO1
used in energy generation and know the classifications.
Acquire knowledge about the concept of power generation from Today, wind energy is mainly used to generate electricity.
4 PO1
biomass energy resources and their future prospects and economics.
Describe the principles and applications of power generation from
Wind is called a renewable energy source because the wind will
5 PO1 blow as long as the sun shines.
various sources and Hydrogen energy conversion systems.
Understand energy scenario and the environmental effects of energy
6 conversion and become aware of different renewable energy sources PO1
and choose sustainable energy for future.

For more study materials: WWW.KTUSTUDENTS.IN

1
 23-Oct-18

What Makes Wind?

Heat from sun causes convection in the
atmosphere, i.e., the heated air rises, which
create zones of high and low air pressure
within the atmosphere.
As the heated air rises, it creates a low pressure
zone near the ground. Air from surrounding
cooler areas rushes in to balance the pressure.
These horizontal pressure difference accounts for ambient wind and the more
intense storm wind
Wind Power Plant
➢ Wind flow is created as an effect of solar heat, which creates
low and high-pressure regions on the earth due to heating.
➢ Thus wind energy is rightly an indirect form of solar energy.
The flowing wind is used to rotate the wind turbine, which is
also known as windmill.
➢ Wind turbines are usually located at the sea shore or in the
sea where there is availability of wind.
➢ For electric power generation, the average wind speed
required is 5 m/s.
10

Coriolis Force Sources of Wind

Winds are natural phenomena in the atmosphere and have two different
Wind doesn't follow a straight path from high pressure systems to origins viz., planetary winds and local winds.

KTUStudents.in
low pressure systems.
1. Planetary winds – Planetary winds are caused by solar heating of the
When you stand with your back to the wind direction, wind is earth's surface near the equator than near the north or south poles.
deflected to the right on the Northern Hemisphere, and to the left on
This causes warm tropical air to rise and flow through the upper
the Southern Hemisphere. atmosphere towards the poles and cold air from the poles to flow back
to the equator nearer to the earth's surface.
This phenomenon is caused by the
rotation of the earth and is called the The direction of motion of the planetary winds is affected by the
Coriolis force, after the Frenchman rotation of the earth.
Gustave-Gaspard de Coriolis (1792- 2. Local winds – Local winds are caused by un-equal heating and cooling
1843) who discovered it in 1835 and of land and water, and also by hills and mountain sides.
can be better explained through the
figure. During the day warmer air over land rises upwards and colder air from
lakes, ocean, forest areas, flows towards warmer zones.
8 11

What is Wind Energy? Why Wind Energy?

Differential heating of the Earth’s surface and atmosphere causes Wind is the renewable energy resource/technology of choice
vertical/horizontal air currents known as WIND.
“Free” resource
A wind turbine then produces electricity by converting the force of
the wind ultimately charging a generator through the rotation of the A “clean” resource due to:
wind turbine’s rotor blades. ➢ Replacement of a “dirty” energy source (coal) and,
➢ No emissions associated with its use

➢ Wind pushes blades

Can be utilized on underutilized land or on lands currently in
➢ Blades attached to a hub commodity crop production (“harvest” on the surface and
‒ together called the rotor “harvest” above the surface)
➢ Rotor spins drive shaft
➢ Gearbox makes shaft faster
➢ Drive shaft turns generator to Will primarily be used for electricity generation for
make energy immediate end-use or as a “driver” for hydrogen production.
9 12

For more study materials: WWW.KTUSTUDENTS.IN

2
 23-Oct-18

History of Wind Energy

Why Wind Energy? • 5000 BC - The history of wind energy is certainly long, beginning thousands of
years ago. It is estimated that as early as 5000 B.C. sail boats were in use on the
• Clean, zero emissions Nile as boatmen realized the power of the wind.
– NOx, SO2, CO, CO2 • 500-900 AD - The first windmills were developed in Persia for pumping water and
grinding grain.
– Air quality, water quality • About 1300 - The first horizontal-axis windmills appeared in Western Europe.
– Climate change • 1850s - Daniel Halladay and John Burnham worked to build and sell the Halladay
Windmill, which was designed for the American West. It had an open tower design
• Reduce fossil fuel dependence and thin wooden blades. They also started the U.S. Wind Engine Company.
– Energy independence • Late 1880s - Thomas O. Perry conducted over 5,000 wind experiments trying to
– Domestic energy— build a better windmill. He invented the mathematical windmill, which used gears
to reduce the rotational speed of the blades. This design had greater lifting power,
national security smoother pumping action, and could operate in lighter winds. Perry started the
• Renewable Aermotor Company with LaVerne Noyes.
• The development of steel blades made windmills more efficient. 6 million
– No fuel-price volatility windmills sprang up across America as settlers moved west. Homesteaders
purchased windmills from traveling salesman, or they built their own. Mills were
used to pump water, shell corn, saw wood, and mill grain.

• 1888 - Charles F. Brush used the 1st large windmill to generate electricity in Cleveland,
Wind usage evolution Ohio. Windmills that produce electricity started to be called wind turbines. Later, General
Electric acquired Brush's company, Brush Electric Co.
• 1893 - In Chicago, the World's Columbian Exposition (aka the Chicago World Fair)
Over 5,000 years ago, the ancient Egyptians used wind to sail highlighted 15 windmill companies who showcased their goods.

KTUStudents.in
ships on the Nile River. Later, people built windmills to grind wheat
and other grains.
The earliest known windmills were in Persia (Iran); they looked
like large paddle wheels. Centuries later, the people of Holland
improved the basic design of the windmill; they gave it propeller-
type blades, still made with sails.
American colonists used windmills to grind wheat and corn, to
pump water and to cut wood at sawmills;
the oil shortages of the 1970s created an interest in alternative
energy sources, such as windmill to generate electricity.
14
• Early 1900s – California windmills pumped saltwater to evaporate ponds to produce salt
• 1941 - On a hilltop in Rutland, Vermont, "Grandpa's Knob" wind turbine supplied power
to the local community for several months during World War II. It had 53-meter blades
and was the Smith-Putnam wind turbine.
• 1979 - The 1st wind turbine rated over 1 MW began operation. The cost of electricity from
wind generation was about 40 cents per kilowatt-hour.
• 1985 - Many wind turbines were installed in California in the early 1980s to help meet
growing electricity needs and take advantage of government incentives. By 1985,
California wind capacity exceeded 1000 megawatts, enough power to supply 250000
homes. These wind turbines were inefficient compared to today’s turbines.
• 1993 - U.S. WindPower developed one of the first commercially available variable-speed
wind turbines, the 33M-VS. The final prototype tests were completed in 1992.
• 2004 - Electricity from wind generation cost 3 - 4.5 cents per kilowatt-hour.
• 2011 - Wind power provided 12.8% of the renewable energy consumed in U.S. i.e., wind
power produced average electricity to power the equivalent of over 10 million homes.

History of Wind Energy Why Such Growth? …costs are low!

• Increased Turbine Size
5000 BC 500-900 AD 1300 AD 1850s Late 1880s
Sailboats used on First windmills First horizontal- Daniel Halladay and Thomas O. Perry • R&D Advances
the Nile indicate developed in axis John Burnham build conducted 5,000
the power of wind Persia windmills in Halladay Windmill; wind experiments; • Manufacturing Improvements
Europe start US Wind starts Aermotor
Engine Company Company
The rapid growth in wind power can be
attributed to two things.
1888 Early 1900s 1941 1979 ➢reduction in cost of electricity produced
Charles F. Brush Windmills in CA In VT, Grandpa’s First wind turbine
used windmill to pumped saltwater Knob turbine rated over 1 MW ➢more interest in renewable technologies.
generate electricity to evaporate ponds supplies power to began operating
in Cleveland, OH town during WWII
Between 2004 to 2011, an increase in price can be attributed to higher
1985 1993 2004 2013 rates of demand than supply of turbines and rising commodity prices
CA wind capacity US WindPower developed Electricity from Wind power provided including a rise in the price of steel.
exceeded 1,000 MW first commercial variable-speed wind generation over 17% of renewable
wind turbine costs 3 to 4.5 cents energy used in US 1979 2000 2004 2011
per kWh 40 cents/kWh 4-6 cents/kWh 3-4.5 cents/kWh < 5 cents/kWh

For more study materials: WWW.KTUSTUDENTS.IN

3
 23-Oct-18

Is Wind Energy Truly Sustainable? Advantages of Wind Energy

• Wind blows day and night, which gives wind turbines the ability to produce
electricity at all hours of the day.
• Yes
• Wind energy is a domestic source of energy, produced in the United States and
– All you need is wind! the nation’s wind supply is abundant.
• There is no use for any fossil fuels to power a wind turbine. • Clean
– Wind energy is a renewable source of energy that generates no pollution.
– Unlike: fossil fuels such coal/natural gas
Lifespan of New Wind Farms – Does not produce atmospheric emissions that cause acid rain or
greenhouse gasses.
➢ Industry predictions: 20-25 years • Cheaper
– Wind energy is one of the lowest-prices renewable energy technologies
➢ Actual findings: No more than 12-15 years available today, costing between 4 and 6 cents per KWH
The machinery needs to be replaced; there is wear and tear of • As of 2013, farmers who host wind turbines are typically paid at least $10,000
the turbines over time. per turbine per year by companies that run wind farms.
• Farmers can also still continue to use the land due to the turbines only taking
up a fraction of the land.
19 22

Wind production Disadvantages of Wind Energy

• Efficiency of a wind turbine depends on the wind speed.
United States ranks third in the world in wind power capacity, • Noise Problems

KTUStudents.in
behind Germany and Spain and before India;
Denmark ranks number five in the world in wind power
capacity but generates 20% of its electricity from wind.
The amount of electricity generated from wind
has been growing fast in recent years, tripling
since 1998.
Most of the wind power plants in the world are
located in Europe and in the United States
where government programs have supported
wind power development.
– Some people find it annoying, and if it is close to a house, it may lead to
sleeplessness and on to anxiety and stress for some individuals which could
lead to health issues.
• Even though the cost of wind power has decreased dramatically in the past 10
years, the technology requires a higher initial investment than fossil-fueled
generators.
• Power density is very low.
- Needs a very large number of wind mills to produce modest amounts of power.
• Cannot meet large scale and transportation energy needs.
• Environmental Problems
– Wind turbines kill birds and bats
– Destruction of native vegetation
– Erosion problems
– Fires in wind turbines, while very rare, are extremely difficult to fight
23

Merits and demerits of wind turbines

Advantages of wind power
1. Wind turbines can be used for both distributed generation or grid interactive power
generation using on-shore or off shore technologies.
2. Ranges of power producing turbines are available. Micro-turbines are capable of producing
300 W to 1MW and large wind turbines have typical size of 35 kW–3 MW.
3. It can be made available easily in many off-shore, on-shore and remote areas; thus, helpful
in supplying electric power to remote and rural areas.
4. It is a non-polluting and environment friendly source of energy.
5. It is an important renewable and sustainable source of energy, available free of cost.
6. The scope of wind resource, globally, is enormous and is less dependent on latitude than
other solar based renewable energy technologies.
7. Power generation is cheaper as there is no shortage of input cost and recurring expenses
are almost nil.
Disadvantages of wind power

Environmental benefits No fuel to mine, transport, or 1. It has low energy density.

2. Electricity production depends on- wind speed, location, season and air temperature.
No air emissions store Hence various monitoring systems are needed and may cost expensive.
3. High percentage of the hardware cost (for large wind turbine) is spent on the tower
designed to support the turbine
No fuel needed No cooling water 4. It is variable, unsteady, irregular, intermittent, erratic and sometimes dangerous.
5. Wind turbine design, manufacture and installation have proved to be complex due to
Distributed power No water pollution widely varying atmospheric conditions in which they have to operate.
6. Wind farms can be located only in vast open areas in locations of favourable wind.
No wastes Generally, such locations are away from load centres.
Remote locations 7. The appearance of wind turbines on the landscape and their continual whirling and
21 whistling can be irritating. 24

For more study materials: WWW.KTUSTUDENTS.IN

4
 23-Oct-18

Impacts of Wind Power: Noise Installation of Wind Turbines

In the past, turbines have been perceived as noisy machines. While modern day
turbines do produce some noise, when sited at a proper distance from homes and
businesses, the noise level is less than many household appliances.
Large scale turbines are brought to the
construction site in multiple pieces and
assembled on site.
Specialized trucks transport the components to
these often remote locations because, even
though the turbine is disassembled, individual
pieces are still very large.
Towers are transported in 65 to 100-foot long
sections. Blades are transported one or two
blades per truck.
Prior to erecting the tower, concrete foundations
are poured to hold the turbine securely in place.
Large cranes are used to assemble the pieces,
stacking the tower and nacelle first. The blades
are attached to the hub on the ground and lifted
on to the front of the nacelle.
Note the size comparison to the barn in the upper
right hand corner.

The Future of Wind Energy Wind Turbine Perspective

Workers Blade
Offshore wind energy is the best 112’ long

KTUStudents.in
alternative to fulfill the requirement
as the amount of energy generated
Nacelle
from these is good enough and there 56 tons
is more aspect of increment in the
number of offshore wind farms.

▪ Wind energy will be more in use in the near future as the requirement of energy is Tower
increasing diurnal. So to fulfill this requirement more and better resources are 3 sections
required.
▪ Future of wind energy can be bright if government policies subsidize and
encourage its use.
▪ Technology improvements unlikely to have a major impact. Large turbines have ladders or lift systems inside the tower so technicians can
access the nacelle and perform maintenance. When work must be performed on the
▪ Can become cost competitive for electricity generation if fossil energy costs
outside of the nacelle, safety harnesses are worn.
skyrocket. 26

Offshore Wind Farms Common Misunderstandings

Wind turbines are only
generating electricity
about one third of the
time.

Wind turbines generate

electricity essentially all the
time, but only at their rated
capacity about 30-40% of the
time.
Many developers would like to move wind farms offshore because wind is faster,
smoother and can be close to major population centers on the coast.

For more study materials: WWW.KTUSTUDENTS.IN

5
 23-Oct-18

Turbines: Different sizes & Applications

Small (10 kW) Intermediate
• Homes (Grid-connected)
• Farms (10-500 kW)
• Remote Applications • Village Power
(e.g. battery charging, water • Hybrid Systems
pumping, telecom sites)
• Distributed Power

Large (500 kW – 5 MW)

•Require 13-mph average wind sites
•Central Station Wind Farms
• Distributed Power
• Offshore Wind
34
31

Typical Turbine Size Different Types of Wind Turbines

1.3 to 1.8 MW rated capacity • Windmills

KTUStudents.in
Rotor diameter 60 to 80 meters – If the mechanical energy is used directly by machinery,
Tower height 60 to 80 meters such as a pump or grinding stones, the machine is usually
Turbine footprint 10 m x 10 m called a windmill.
245-330 ft. TIP

Lowest ground clearance is at least

165-220 ft TOWER

100 ft.
Apx. 100 ft.

32 35

Modern Wind Turbines Different Types of Wind Turbines

Turbines can be categorized into two classes based on the – Wind Turbines
orientation of the rotor. • If the mechanical energy is then converted to electricity,
the machine is called a wind generator.

33 36

For more study materials: WWW.KTUSTUDENTS.IN

6
 23-Oct-18

General Types of Wind Turbines Wind Energy Conversion

Vertical Axis Wind Turbine – Uncommon Principle of wind energy conversion
(i) Drag is in the direction of air flow

Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine – More Common

37 40

Wind Turbine Power Aerodynamic principle of wind

For measurement of wind speed, the basic sensors used are
anemometers and for measurement of direction, wind vanes are used.
turbines

KTUStudents.in
The most commonly used anemometer is rotating cup anemometer. In this Lift
All the wind turbines work on two
type, a vertical shaft supports a cup assembly. The cup rotates about the
vertical axis in proportion with the incoming wind speed. physical principles (or combination of
Drag
these two) in blade designs by which Wind
The calculation of the power of the Wind vane energy is extracted from the wind. These
wind energy (Pt) is based on the kinetic Cup anemometer principles are either (i) drag principle or
energy of moving air molecules. (ii) lift principle. Blade designs operate on
According to Betz' law, wind power, either the principle of drag or lift.
Lift and drag forces acting on a blade
1 1. Drag principle – Drag devices are simple wind machines that use flat, curved or cup-
Pt = ρAV 3 N E
shaped (unlike aerodynamic shapes of the lift devices) blades to run the rotor. In the drag
2 blade design, the wind pushes the blades out of the way. Drag powered wind turbines are
W S characterized by slower rotational speeds and high torque capabilities.
Anemometer and wind vane
2. Lift principle – The lift devices employs the same principle that enables airplanes, kites
and birds to fly. The blade is essentially an airfoil, or wing. The top surface of a blade
Therefore, wind speed (V) is the most important parameter, as wind energy
aerofoil is more curved than the bottom surface. When air flows past the blade, a wind
(Pt) is proportional to the cube of wind speed.
38 speed and pressure differential is created between the upper and lower blade surfaces. 41

Wind Turbine Power

P = 0.5 × rho × A × Cp × V3 × Ng × Nb
P = power in watts (746 watts = 1 hp)
rho = air density (about 1.225 kg/m3 at sea level, less higher up)
A = rotor swept area, exposed to the wind (m2)
Cp = Coefficient of performance
(0.59 {Betz limit} is the maximum theoretically possible, 0.35 for a
good design)
V = wind speed in meters/sec (20 mph = 9 m/s)
Ng = generator efficiency
(50% for car alternator, 80% or possibly more for a permanent
magnet generator or grid-connected induction generator)
Nb = gearbox/bearings efficiency (could be as high as 95% if good)
39 42

For more study materials: WWW.KTUSTUDENTS.IN

7
 23-Oct-18

Aerodynamics of wind turbines

43 46

How wind machines work?

Like old fashioned windmills, today’s wind
machines use blades to collect the wind’s kinetic

KTUStudents.in
energy.
Windmills work because they slow down the
speed of the wind. The wind flows over the airfoil
shaped blades causing lift, like the effect on airplane
wings, causing them to turn.
The blades are connected to a drive shaft that
turns an electric generator to produce electricity.

With the new wind machines, there is

still the problem of what to do when the wind isn’t
blowing. At those times, other types of power
plants must be used to make electricity.
44 47

How a Wind Turbine Operates Components of wind turbine

1. Hub – The blades are attached to the hub.
Blade Nacelle
2. Rotor – Blades and hub together is called Gear box
the rotor. Rotor is attached to the slow
speed shaft.
3. Nacelle – Nacelle is the cover housing that
houses all of the generating components in Hub Generator
a wind turbine, including the generator,
gearbox, drive train, and brake assembly. Tower

4. Tower– The tower of the wind turbine

carries the nacelle and the rotor. Towers Horizontal axis wind power plant
may be made from steel or concrete. (Propeller type)

5. Gears– Gears connect the low-speed shaft attached to the hub to the high-
speed shaft attached to the generator and increase the rotational speed.

48

For more study materials: WWW.KTUSTUDENTS.IN

8
 23-Oct-18

Upwind and downwind machines Vertical axis wind turbines

(VAWT)
The basic vertical axis designs are the Darrieus type, which has curved
blades and efficiency of 35%, and the Savonius type having the efficiency
of 30%.
Wind direction
Tail vane sensor

Shadow area

Upwind with tail vane Upwind with active yaw control Downwind with free yaw
(passive yaw control) (active yaw for large turbines)
Yaw control in upwind and downwind machines

➢ Upwind machines are those machines that have rotor facing the Savonius type
wind. In these machines the wind meets the rotor first and then
Savonius type uses drag forces to
leaves from the direction in which the nacelle is located. create rotation of the shaft. Savonius
➢ In a downwind machine, the rotor is located downwind of (behind) windmill consists of a hollow circular
the tower as shown in the figure. This means the nacelle comes first cylinder sliced in half, the two halves
in the path of the wind and then the blades. being fixed to a vertical axis with a
49 gap in between
Darrieus type
Darrieus type uses lift forces to
create the rotation of the shaft.
Darrieus type requires much less
surface area. It is shaped like an egg
beater and has two or three blades
shaped like aerofoils. 52

Classification of wind turbines Vertical-Axis Turbines

Wind turbines

Advantages Disadvantages

KTUStudents.in
Horizontal axis type Vertical axis type • Omni-directional • Rotors generally near ground where wind
– accepts wind from any direction is poorer
• Components can be mounted at • Centrifugal force stresses blades
Multi-blade type Sail type Propeller type Savonius type Darrieus type
ground level • Poor self-starting capabilities
Horizontal axis wind turbine (HAWT) –The horizontal axis machines have
to face the direction of the wind in order to generate power. In addition to – ease of service • Requires support at top of turbine rotor
being parallel to the ground, the axis of blade rotation is parallel to the wind – lighter weight towers • Requires entire rotor to be removed to
flow. replace bearings
• Can theoretically use less materials to
Vertical axis wind turbine (VAWT) – In vertical-axis wind turbines, the capture the same amount of wind • Overall poor performance and reliability
orientation of the spin axis is perpendicular to the ground. A vertical axis
wind turbine can catch wind in all directions. So, a vertical axis machine
need not be oriented with respect to wind direction. This means that unlike a Vertical-axis machines have blades that go from top to bottom and the most
HAWT, no yawing mechanism (adjusting the nacelle about the vertical axis common type, the Darrieus wind turbine, looks like a giant, two-bladed
to bring the rotor facing the wind) is needed for a VAWT. Because the shaft eggbeater. This type of vertical wind turbine typically is 100 feet tall and 50 feet
is vertical, the transmission and generator can be mounted at ground level wide. New design concepts come to market on a regular basis. They make up
allowing easier servicing and a lighter weight, lower cost tower. only a very small percent of the wind turbines used today.
50
53

Horizontal axis wind turbines Comparing HWT and VWT

(HAWT)
Parameter HWT VWT
Commonly found horizontal axis wind turbines are multi-blade
type, sail type and propeller type. Both the multi-blade and sail- Tip speed ratio High and hence noisy. Low and hence less noisy.
type wind turbines run at low speeds of 60 to 80 rpm. The
propeller type has two or three aerofoil blades and run at speeds of Application
Large scale electricity
Small scale electricity generation.
generation.
300 to 400 rpm.
Yawing is required, as Yawing is not required, as HWTs
Yawing HWTs are dependent of are independent of wind direction,
wind direction. but are affected by wind speed.

Torque Low. More at lower wind speeds.

Easier, as heavy components can

Maintenance Difficult.
be located at the ground level.

More stable and hence

Stability large sized turbines can be Less stable.
constructed.
Multi blade type Sail type
51 54

For more study materials: WWW.KTUSTUDENTS.IN

9
 23-Oct-18

Performance of wind turbines

0.6
The tip-speed ratio is the ratio of
Propeller (2 blade)
the rotational speed of the blade Cp 0.5
to the wind speed. The larger this Ideal rotor
0.4
ratio, the faster the rotation of
the wind turbine rotor at a given Multi-blade
0.3 Darrieus
wind speed. Lift-type wind Savonius (3 blade)
turbines have maximum tip- 0.2
speed ratios of around 10, while 0.1
drag-type ratios are
approximately 1. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Tip speed ratio
The coefficient of performance is defined as the ratio of the power
delivered by the rotor, P, to the maximum power available, Pt, in the
wind and is given by the following expression. P P
Cp = =
Pt 1
ρAV 3
2
It is seen that the values of tip speed for the multi-blade and Savonius
types are much lower than the values for the propeller and the Darrieus
types. It is also seen that the highest values of Cp are obtained with the
propeller type. 55 58

Solar Wind Hybrid Energy

Systems DC Load

KTUStudents.in
Solar/Wind
Battery
controller
Solar panel
Inverter AC Load
(PV array)

Rectifier
Wind turbine
Solar-Wind hybrid energy systems

➢ Solar-wind hybrid energy system is the combined power

generating system consisting of wind turbines and solar energy
panel. It also includes a battery which is used to store the energy
generated from both the sources.
➢ Using this system, power generation by wind turbines when wind
source is available and generation from PV module when light
radiation is available can be achieved. Both units can be
generated power when both sources are available. 56 59

57 60

For more study materials: WWW.KTUSTUDENTS.IN

10
 23-Oct-18

61

KTUStudents.in

For more study materials: WWW.KTUSTUDENTS.IN

11