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Investigating Logarithms
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IB Pre-Calculus

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Tobe

Period 4

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Hypothesis: rules of logarithms are a restated form of exponent rules.

1) Adding Logarithms

Log 2 + Log 3 0.7782

Log 6 0.7782
Log 3 + Log 7 1.3222
Log 21 1.3222
Log 4 + Log 20 1.9031
Log 80 1.9031
Log 0.2 + Log 11 0.3424
Log 2.2 0.3424
Log 0.3 + Log 0.4 -0.9208
Log 0.12 -0.9208
When adding logarithms, the two numbers are multiplied.

Log 5 + Log 4 Log 20 1.3010

Log 9 + Log 10 Log 90 1.9542
Log 3 + Log 11 Log 33 1.5185
1 1 Log ¼ -0.6021
Log + Log
2 2
1 Log 3.5 0.5441
Log 7 + Log
2
Log 8 + Log 4 Log 32 1.5051
From the table you can conclude that log a x + log a y = log a ( xy ) . Since logs are a shortcut to
exponents, log rules are similar to exponent rules. When multiplying exponent numbers, you
add the exponents. For example: 53*55= 5(3+5) = 58 it’s the same idea with logs. Like exponents,
the bases have to be the same in order to apply the rule. Let’s consider another example:

Log 9 = 10.9542 (from table) and Log 10 = 101 therefore

10.9542*101 = 101.9542 (.9542 + 1 = 1.9542). This shows that the log rule is just a restated form of the
existing exponent rule.

2) Subtracting Logarithms

Log 12 - Log 3 0.6021

Log 4 0.6021
Log 50 - Log 2 1.3979
Log 25 1.3979
Log 7 - Log 5 0.1461
Log 1.4 0.1461
Log 3 - Log 4 -0.1249
Log 0.75 -0.1249
Log 20 - Log 40 -0.3010
 1 -0.3010
Log
2
When subtracting logarithms, the two numbers are divided.

Log 6 - Log 2 Log 3 0.4771

Log 20 - Log 10 Log 2 0.3010
Log 100 - Log 20 Log 5 0.6990
Log 13 - Log 3 Log 4⅓ 0.6368
Log 11 - Log 22 1 -0.3010
Log
2
Log 8 - Log 40 1 -0.6990
Log
5
x
We see that a general pattern is log a x - log a y = log a . When dividing exponents, it is
y
subtracted. For example: 610/63 = 610-3 = 67. The same is true for logarithms.

log 6 - log 2 = log 3= 0.4771

100.7782(log 6) – 100.3010(log 2) = 10(0.7782-0.3010) = 3 (log 3)

This shows that log rules are similar to exponent rules.

3) Logarithms of exponents

4 L og 2 1.2041
Log 24 1.2041
5 Log 6 3.8908
Log 65 3.8908
1/2 Log 4 0.3010
Log 41/2 0.3010
2/5Log 7 0.3380
Log 72/5 0.3380
-3 Log 5 -2.0969
Log 5-3 -2.0969
A logarithm of a number with an exponent can be brought to the front of the equation.

3 Log 6 Log 63 2.3345

4
4 Log 5 Log 5 2.7959
1/2 Log 10 Log 101/2 1/2
2 Log 3 Log 32 0.9542
3 Log 4 Log 43 1.8062
10
10 Log 10 Log 10 10
n
A general pattern is n log x n
a =log a x . Since n is an exponent, x = n times the x .

For example: 53 = 5*5*5 the same is true for logarithms. Log 63 = log 6*Log 6*Log 6 or 3 Log 6

4) y=log x
When x = 1, y = 0 meaning that the x-intercept is (1,0).
X cannot equal zero and it must be greater than 0. The domain restriction is that x>0 and x≠0.

x 0.000001 0.00001 0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1 1

y=log x -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0
The y-axis is the element of all reals.

x 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
y=log x 0 0.3010 0.4771 0.6021 0.6990 0.7782 0.8451 0.9031 0.9540 1

y = log x
1.2

0.8
y = log x
0.6

0.4

0.2

0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

The graph of a logarithmic function is the inverse of an exponential function and vice versa. They
follow the same rules.

Each of these investigations show that logarithmic rules and exponential rules are similar and
that they originate from the same idea. Our hypothesis was correct.