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NUMERICAL RELAY TESTING AND VALIDATION IN RELAY LIFE CYCLE

Conference Paper · December 2018

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NUMERICAL RELAY TESTING AND VALIDATION IN RELAY LIFE CYCLE

PATKI SANJAY DAVE KAMIN KULKARNI SUYASH

Tata Power-Adviser Ashida Ashida
India India India

SUMMARY:
Modern Integrated Protection and Automation system have large number of integrated functions which impose
additional test requirements as compared to conventional scheme based on static and electromechanical relays.
Numerical relays have protection, control, metering, recording and communication functions that must work
properly according to requirements, specification and dynamic power system operating conditions. While the
performance of traditional schemes in terms of operating time was more or less fix, the total time taken for
completing an operation is now dependent on several factors related to hardware, software/firmware and data
communication network configuration. This makes the performance testing of the scheme a complex affair in
Factory as well as at Site. This paper discusses tests at various stages in the life cycle viz design, production,
FAT, SAT, and during service. Routine test are carried out on each manufactured device as part of the production
process to ensure the quality, functionality and performance. Type Tests are carried out as part of the R&D
process and to prove design and the quality and functionality of all hardware and software components. Tests to
be conducted during production stage include Protection function accuracy & calibration, Verifications of
ancillary functions, Metering parameters, communication function etc. Factory Acceptance Tests(FAT) are done
at the factory to make sure that certain user specified requirements are met in addition to those specified in
standards. The tests are normally done with the user/customer or their authorized agency. One of the objectives
of the FAT is to ensure that problems can be detected and corrected before dispatch of complete scheme to site.
The FAT is carried out on Individual devices and Integrated performance of Relays along with other IEDS and
communication components. Site acceptance tests / commissioning tests are performed before the protection
scheme is put into service at site. These tests are designed to prove that protection scheme has been installed and
perform correctly along with all its components. There are two main principles during commissioning stage.
Primary injection method where High current is injected to primary side of the CT. Test carried out covers CT,
conductors, relay and circuit breaker. In Secondary injection method, Relay is disconnected from CT/CVT/CB
and the current is directly injected to relay. Paper also describes the various field testing methods for steady state
as well as dynamic state /transient test and use of IEC 61850-9-2 process bus for the transmission of the sampled
value frame and IEC 61850-8-1 station bus for the transmission of trip orders and other signals in effective
manner from application and user specified performance perspective.

KEYWORDS:
Relay life cycle tests, Type of tests, Production tests, FAT, SAT, Test Methods, and Process bus testing, Digital
Substation

INTRODICTION OF DIGITAL RELAY:

Sanjay.patki2015@gmail.com / infokamindave@gmail.com
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Why do we use protective relays?

Relays are frequently found device in high voltage or medium voltage power system network. Their main duty
is to isolate a faulty section within few cycles but by ensuring minimum interruption to healthy sections.
Therefore an ideal relay is a unit which would act by compromising costs of damage to imperfect section and
cost interferer the perfect. Since the protection relay technologies are evolving for past 5 decades, it is require to
test /validate devices on various stages with different validation procedure.

The modern multi functions digital/numerical protection relay integrate voltage and current information to
provide protection, metering, disturbance, fault and event reporting data. These data can be used for breaker trip
and close, power system control operations, and analysis. Universal auxiliary power supply given to
energize/power-up relay hardware. Digital relay shall be communicated with desktop/laptop PC via front or rear
communication ports. Communication ports can be USB/SERIAL/ RJ45/FO.

Figure 1: Inputs & Outputs of digital relays

The relay firmware is stored in a “read only” (ROM) section of the relay. The relay firmware is a program running
inside the relay that defines the relay operation. As relay manufacturers improve algorithms or make changes to
a relay operation characteristic, firmware upgrades are made available to the customer (Normally call it as a field
upgradable relay). Disturbances, Events & Fault recording normally stored in EEPROM (non-volatile memory).
There is flash memory to use for continuous data update.

Figure 2: Basic structure of digital relay

The relay algorithm is a set of mathematical operations implemented in a low level program (C/C++ compiler).
These operations are performed over the last samples of the sampled input signal. The relay makes the decision
whether or not to trip the circuit breaker based on the result of this algorithm. The algorithm presented on the
slide is one particular example.

The below block diagram in figure 3 showing, routines are as follows:

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 Reading Routines (Read Last Sample). This part of the program is in charge of reading the last sample
of the input signals.
 Digital Filtering Routines. When required, the digital filters smooth the signal by eliminating dc and
frequency components that are different than the fundamental.
 Phasor Calculation Routines. These routines determine Phasors V and I from the sampled signals.
 Protection Method Routines. These routines implement the protection function, such as overcurrent,
directional, distance, and differential.
 Relay Logic Routines. Using the results of the protection method routines, the relay logic routines make
the final decisions for tripping and other relay functions. In some modern relays, the user can program
the logic.
Normally, the digital filtering and phasor calculation routines are considered the same module.

Figure 3: Routines

Single Architecture for Micro-Processor based Relay:

The block diagram (figure4) showing how the ac signals are processed. After the instrument transformer reduces
the currents and voltages to acceptable levels (low levels), the signals are filtered with a low-pass analog filter,
then digitized and refiltered with a digital filter. The digital filter smoothes the signal by eliminating dc and
frequency components those are different than the fundamental (shown in figure5). Each filter has a specific
purpose that complements the other filter. The filtered samples are processed to phasor values (shown in figure6).
Relay operates on these phasor values. Numerical operating quantities are then calculated from the processed
waveforms.

Figure 4: Single architecture of digital relay

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Figure 5: Digital filtering through Digital filter

Figure 6: Phasor estimation

Programmable Logic & Control in Micro-Processor based Relay:

In the past, electromechanical relays had been used with contact multiplexing relays for interconnected wiring
and scheme. Programmable logic is an extraordinary built-in feature, offered by latest digital relay (figure7&8).
Programmable logic & control equations allow the relay engineer the freedom to combine elements and build
entire control schemes inside the relay. Control schemes are logically constructed using +, *, and / symbols to
combine relay elements. Micro processor relays offer many timers for output controls, and inputs that make
control scheme implementation easy

Figure 7: Programmable logic

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Figure 8: Programmable logic

What does mean of Verifications and Validation of Protective device and scheme?
Verification: Process of determining the output of protective device and scheme for life cycle fulfill the
requirements specified by buyer.

Validation: Process of confirming that the specification of protective device and scheme is appropriate and is
consistent with the buyer requirements. Validation might be performed on individual phases but performed on
complete system.
What are the Type of Tests to be conduct?
We have seen the features of multi functions numerical relays, it is require to validate/tests this product in various
manner in various stages for various applications. Tests of protection devices, which are performed by the buyer
and product manufacturer, can be generally divided in two different parts:

1. Individual Tests (Production Tests/SAT or Commissioning Tests / Periodic Maintenance Tests / Application
Tests)
 of each manufactured device
 as part of the production process
 to ensure the quality, functionality and performance of each delivered device at site/field area

2. Type Tests
 of devices manufactured in the series production
 as part of the R&D process
 to ensure the quality and functionality of all hardware and software components

INDIVIDUAL TESTS:
The intention of individual tests is to verify different aspects of the specific relay in its life cycle on various
stages: development tests, production tests, factory inspection tests, commissioning tests, periodic tests etc.
Periodic tests are also known as routine tests. At this moment, there are no confirm standards for production,
factory acceptance, site acceptance and periodic tests for protective relays, therefore the buyer and vendor shall
have to decide the format of such type of tests based on requirement & application.

Following tests shall be executed as part of the Individual tests process;

 Test of all binary input channels

 Test of all output relays/MOSFET/LEDs
 Test of all analogue output channels and sampled value output of merging unit
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 Test of all communication interfaces and protocols and scheme

 Calibration of all analogue input channels
 Verification of sampled value frame received from merging unit
 Verification of calibration factors (gain, offset, phase)
 Verification of the accuracy of measuring data
 Verification of the accuracy of timers, thresholds, calculated impedances, etc.
 Verification of event & disturbance recording functionality
 Verification of product against delivery at site/field area
 Verification of protection scheme developed by using programmable logic
 Verification of settings according to power system scenario
 Verification of algorithms for suitable applications
 Verification of communication protocol, IEC 61850 GOOSE interlocks at site/field area
The design and algorithms of numerical relays are varying widely, so buyer can ensure that above all tests can
be verified according to technical specifications mention in their data sheet and the datasheet can be verified with
the specifications required by them. Buyer can ensure the design based on type tests and verify quality of product
by referring their quality control process of production stage.

For buyer prospective, the Individual Tests can be described in following way.

Production Tests:
Production tests shall be conducted for individual product during manufacturing stage. Normally the production
process can be ensured by quality control process from vendor. Production tests are conducted to prove that
relays are free from defects during manufacturing. Testing will take place at several stages during manufacturing
stage, to ensure problems are discovered at the earliest possible time and hence minimize remedial and re-work.
Each device has to be tested, before it will be delivered out of the production. The extent of testing will be
determined by the type of the relay and past manufacturing experience. In case, the relays are get failed in service
during installation, the buyer can ask vendor to submit the production tests report, Quality control process and
defect tracking process.

Tests to be conduct during production stage: Protection function accuracy & calibration on various ranges,
Verifications of Digital inputs/outputs, pushbutton functions, HMI & target LEDs, Metering parameters & their
accuracy, communication protocols, Hardware communication with application software etc. Sometimes, the
manufacturer are doing environmental test as part of production tests to ensure the performance of relay on
extreme temperature condition.

Test Duration: Related with manufacturing process. Time duration shall be reduced with automated testing by
using computerized relay testing kit/setup

Test Frequency: Not Applicable

Test location: Manufacturing floor at Factory

Test Instruments: Depends on manufacturing set up. Computerized automated relay test kits are more preferable
to avoid human error during production stage.
Certification: No specific certification require for these tests. Manufacturer specify their manufacturing quality
process (Quality assurance/check plan)

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Documentation: Quality assurance/check plan. User/Buyer can ask vendor to submit their QA/QC plan during
buying stage. In some special cases, the buyers can also the QA/QC of sub-vendor of main vendor.
Recommendation: Buyer can ask “Quality assurance/check plan, manufacturing facilities, storages” from
vendor during approval stage of product.

Factory Acceptance Tests (FAT):

Factory Acceptance Tests are done at the factory to make sure that certain requirements are met, which results
in high quality products. The tests are normally done with the user/buyer, and also, in certain more demanding
cases, with a third party inspection agency. These tests are sometime call as inspection tests where the product
quality, specifications and performance can be validated in front of buyer/user. In some special cases, the buyer
can visit the production unit and inspect the production process to make better confidence about the product
quality. One of the objective of the FAT is the problems (due to the production process or new requirement)
found during FAT shall be corrected before dispatch product to site. While individual tests on protective relay
functionalities are covered in production tests, buyer/user usually expects fully integrated scheme test in factory
before dispatch, in case of control and relay panels/automation system.

There are some prior preparation require before conducting FAT as listed below;
 FAT document, checklist and bill of materials
 Drawing and Layout (specially in case of relay along with C&R panels/Automation system)
 I/O lists and control circuit drawing (in case of project and scheme)
 Progress report (in case of medium and large size project of C&R panels)
 Instruction manual & Catalogue
 Technical specification of product versa require specification from user/buyer
 Application software/IEC61850 GOOSE configuration software
 Procedure of accurate time synchronization with sampled value injection. Wireshark software for
monitoring IEC GOOSE and sampled value

At a FAT, installations are double checked so that they match the engineering drawings & bill of materials for
the specific project/scheme. All functions that should work when cabins/devices are installed & integrated at site
are also simulated to check the automation functionality with applicable communication protocol. All possible
faults, deviations and wishes are also noted.

Test Duration: Project specific

Test Frequency: Not Applicable

Test location: Tests to be performed at factory before dispatch/ship product to site/field area

Test Instruments: Numerical secondary injection/computerized test kits, multi-meter, software tools etc.

Certification: No specific certificate is required for FAT. FAT tests to be conduct up to customer satisfaction
level at factory to ensure the product/panel/station controller etc manufactured as per their requirement of quality,
specifications & performance

Documentation: FAT document can be prepared by manufacturer along with the approved by user/buyer. FAT
report can be submitted to user along with product dispatch to site/field area. Material can be dispatch after FAT
document received at buyer end.

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Documentation storage: FAT documents and checklist are very important in case of C&R panels/Automation
system project/Digital substation project. It can be storage either on softcopy/hardcopy with correct identification
number in proper place where it can be easily traces out whenever requires. Document/reference number shall
be mention in each document itself.

Recommendation: Buyer should have man power who should have enough knowledge/understanding about the
FAT Process, equipment used for project like MU/BCU/ICU/GPS clock, protection scheme logic and
applications, IEC61850 GOOSE requirement and mapping. Buyer should also have awareness about the relevant
standards, compliance and certification for verification during FAT stage.

SAT / Commissioning Tests:

SAT are also well known as a “System validation tests”. Site acceptance tests / commissioning tests are
performed before the protection, control and communication scheme is put into service at site/field. These tests
are designed to prove that a particular protection application scheme has been installed correctly prior to
protection scheme/logic work in service.

It involves all aspects linked with the specific use of the relay: verification of all inputs and outputs (also alarms),
verification of application conformance, verification of the protection functioning, breaker control schemes &
logics are functioning, communication scheme functioning, verification \of output of conventional/non
conventional instrument transformer. SAT can also be known as an installation acceptance testing. Testing at
this stage provide the base line data for trouble shooting & periodic maintenance stage. Physical/Visual
inspection at site require to verify the product received at site in good condition (ensure no damages/lose during
transit)

There are two main principles during commissioning stage;

Primary injection tests: High current is injected to primary side of the CT. Test carried out covers CT,
conductors, relay and circuit breaker circuitry. Primary side of CT/CVT requires to be disconnect from rest of
the network during test. The primary injection test of IEC 61850 process bus compliance schemes described on
page 17 to 19

Secondary injection tests: Relay is disconnected from CT/CVT/CB and the stepped down current (secondary
current) is directly injected to relay. Therefore no need the primary side of CT to be disconnected from the rest
of the system. Injection can be done either from test terminal block or directly on the relay terminals. The
secondary injection test of IEC 61850 process bus compliance schemes described on page 19 to 20

Tests to be conduct during commissioning stage: Primary Injection test, CT polarity check, station battery
healthiness check, Secondary injection test (protection function test, programmable logic test used for
tripping/closing circuit/interlocks, LED & Metering parameter, event & disturbance recording checks etc.),
.ICD/.SCD file creation in IEDs, IEC61850 interoperability test, SCADA communication of IEDs/Meters etc.

There are some preparation require before conducting SAT as listed below;
 Commissioning check list & format
 Electrical scheme (primary circuit/control circuit)
 Catalogue & Manuals for relay/circuit breaker operation etc.
 Application software/IEC61850 GOOSE software

Test Duration: Depends on protection and control scheme (i.e. 15 minutes to 6 hours). IEC61850
interoperability test including .ICD/.SCD file mapping and creation will take more time which is depends on
software tools facility and expertise of test engineer. Each individual relay will have their own .ICD file which

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shall be merged with other .ICD files and create one .SCD file. Time period to map & create .ICD file is depends
on how much IEDs are connected together in network and their software tools.

Test Frequency: Normally tests require to be conducted on initial stage when the protection and control scheme
installed. Tests can be carried out repeatedly if the problem find in schematic logic, wrong operation of scheme,
protection settings change, IEC 61850 GOOSE communication mapping change etc.
Test location: Tests to be performed at site/field area

Test Instruments: Numerical computerized relay test kits, primary injection test kit, multi-meter etc.

Certification: No specific certificate is require for these tests. Tests can be conducted by user/customer at
site/field area

Documentation: User/Customer should conduct commissioning tests and prepare commissioning tests report as
per their own format. User/Customer should make separate report for communication architecture tests what they
have installed in their system. User/Customer should have procedure to create .ICD file of each relay and .SCD
file of substation. These files should be storage properly in secure server.

Recommendation: Buyer should have man power who should have enough knowledge/understanding about the
protection scheme logic, IEC61850 GOOSE mapping and operation of merging unit/Ethernet
switch/ICU/BCU/GPS clock, related software tools etc.

Periodic Maintenance Tests:

Periodic tests are the tests performed on the protection at specific moments during its installed lifetime. On older
protection relay, this was called maintenance testing which was including the cleaning of mechanical parts, spring
adjustment, magnet adjustment etc. However, there is virtually no real maintenance required on numerical
protection relay and communication scheme, If tests are still necessary, they concentrate on the verification &
validation of the scheme performance, verification of the supervision system, verification of IEC 61850 GOOSE
communication for interlocks, verification of the setting conformance and verification of those components that
are not supervised. Validation of overall scheme performance requires to be conducted by performing primary
injection tests, dynamic & transient testing tests.

Example of Periodic Maintenance Tests: Visual inspection, Spot test of protection function and it’s calibration,
digital input & output checks, LED operation & pushbutton checks, SCADA command check, IEC 61850
GOOSE interlock check etc. Instrument transformer output and merging unit output especially when the scheme
operation found incorrect/abnormal.

Test Duration: Depends on protection functions (i.e. 15 minutes to 3 hours). Time shall be reduced with
automated testing by using computerized relay testing kit
Test Frequency: It is depends on the age of relay, but normally tests require to be conducted on every three
years for digital relays to check the software (firmware) performance, programmable logic, LED performance
etc. It is require to conduction tests, if the false operation observes at site/field area. Auxiliary relays require to
be test on every one year.

Test location: Tests to be performed at site/field area

Test Instruments: Numerical computerized relay test kits, primary injection test kit, multi-meter etc.

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Certification: No specific certificate is required for these tests, but sometimes, it is a mandatory requirement to
test and calibrate product under supervision of third party (i.e. third party should have capability to validate and
certify the product).

Documentation: Period maintenance test report should be prepared by user/customer or third party who
conducted/validated tests. Maintenance tests and check list should be prepared by user/customer. Maintenance
record should be storage in proper location which can provide traceability of performance in future, if something
shall go wrong of product performance.

Recommendation: Whenever, the relay performance not to be desired on fault (wrong operation), the user/buyer
should validate the relay settings or algorithm performance by using an Application tests. User/Buyer can fine
tune settings and logic if there is problem. Problems in algorithms cannot be modified at field area. Buyer should
consult the vendor and find out remedial action when the problem found in relay algorithms. Sometimes, the
disturbance analysis software has not enough features to analyze the data in accurately, so buyer should consult
and report problem to vendor for their corrective action.

Application Tests:
Application tests are user-driven and it is the user’s decision to perform a unique test or to accept another’s test
results. The results are not often shared with other users because they are "subjective". They depend on many
user-specific parameters: the type of network, network operation and reliability requirements (protection
demands). With the emphasis on the application, the test program consists mainly of performance tests.

The user generally requests these tests and the results are application dependent (i.e. Verification/Validation of
Protection Setting based on power system conditions). Sometimes, the user/customer used to call Dynamic tests
on power system scenarios.

Sometimes, this test can also be conducted as a part of trouble shooting test especially when the protection
scheme operation found wrong. This kind of test comes in to effect after a power system disturbance had occurred
and relay acted in an unanticipated way. Many information are needed to be evaluated i.e.

 Exact time at which relay created the disturbance & cleared it

 Protection scheme response on Fundamental and non fundamental frequencies components
 Occurrences of relay trip signals, breaker opening, send/receive transfer signals etc.
 Many protection functions picked on disturbance, but which protection operated first. Whether the
protection operation is adequate on disturbance or not.
 Behaviour of Main1 and Main2 protection relays operation on same disturbance (i.e. Main1 relay shows
protection operation on phase to ground fault and same disturbance, Main2 relay shows protection
operation on phase to phase fault). Main2 operated faster than Main1 protection relay etc etc.

Thereafter the data/transient data can be manipulated by using an expert system software to find the causes.

Example of Application tests: 87T element trip during transformer energization, 87T element trip during external
fault and one of the CT get saturate severe. Wrong operation of distance protection on CVT transient, Behavior
of 87T element on arcing faults, directional determination and relay co-ordination problem, relay operation
slower, co-ordination of protection functions of motor protection, negative sequence element operate faster than
over current protection on short circuit faults etc etc.

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Test Duration: Depends on protection functions (i.e. 15 minutes to 3 hours). However, the modeling of data in
power system software & COMTRADE creation or modeling power system data in testing software shall be
require more time (sometimes even more than one week) to prepare and it’s depends on the application and
knowledge of engineer who is doing this work.

Test Frequency: Normally tests require to be conducted, if the false operation observes at site/field area.
Sometimes, it is require to conduct at site to adopt specific settings for power system condition. Application
testing is also a part of R&D process and it can be conducted frequently for validating performance of product
on applications.

Test location: Some specific tests to be performed at site/field area. Details tests to be performed at Factory

Test Instruments: Numerical secondary injection test kits, EMTP/ATP/PSCAD/Power system model/RTDS,
multi-meter etc.
Certification: No specific certificate is required for these tests.

Documentation: Dynamic tests report should be prepared by user/customer/manufacturer or third party who
conducted/validated product. Sometimes, the document should be scrutinized during buying stage to confirm the
product performance suitable on applications. Dynamic test report must storage in appropriate & centralized
location with document number, date, and model & firmware number of product.

Recommendation: Engineer should have enough knowledge of power system design specifications and
protective relay applications.

TYPE TESTS:
Type tests are not elaborated in details, but all the tests have to be performed as part of the R&D process during
development stage. Type tests are required to prove that a relay/protection device meets the published
specification and complies with all relevant standards (IEC/ANSI). Since the principal function of a protection
relay is to operate correctly under abnormal power conditions, it is essential that the performance be assessed
under such conditions. The primary object of protection relay testing is to tests protection functions properly on
power system scenarios, but it is also require to tests controls, metering, reporting (Disturbance/Event/Fault
recording) & communication functions available in modern digital relays too. Comprehensive type tests
simulating the operational conditions are therefore conducted at the manufacturer's works during the
development and certification of the equipment.

The standards that cover most aspects of relay performance are IEC 60255 and ANSI C37.90. However
compliance may also involve consideration of the requirements of IEC 61000, 60068 and 60529.
Type tests are those tests performed once on a type of protection. This could be certification tests performed by
a certification organization demand of a user. Certification tests, are generally considered to be objective and are
accepted by a wide range of users.

For numerical protection, it should be noted that the "type" specification covers hardware as well as software, so
each software version of a relay could be a different type.

The objectives of type tests can be divided in three main parts;

1. Hardware Type Tests
Test of all hardware modules and the complete device
 Accuracy tests as per IEC60255 / C37.90
 Functional tests as per IEC60255 / C37.90
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 EMI / EMC type tests as per IEC60255 / C37.90

 Radio frequency tests as per IEC60255 / C37.90
 Safety test as per IEC60255
 CE conformity (require in Europe, but not mandatory in Indian subcontinents)
 Environmental tests as per IEC60255 / C37.90
 Bump and Vibration tests as per IEC60255 / C37.90
 Surge and Immunity tests as per IEC60255 / C37.90
 Insulation tests as per IEC60255 / C37.90
 Thermal and mechanical durability tests as per IEC60255 / C37.90

2. Functional Type Tests

Test of one function independent from other functions
 Individual Protection functions (Detail testing of each and every parameter and block)
 Control functions (Detail testing of each function block)
 Communication functions (front communication / rear communication, protocol verifications)
 Data acquisition functions
 Measurement functions (Front HMI / Through application software)
 Programmable scheme logic
 HMI (Human Machine Interface)

3. System Type Tests

 Test of the protection device as black box in case of realistic network situations (Application tests)
 Test of the interaction of functions
 Test of the accuracy of the measurement system in case of transient phenomena
 Test of the real-time behaviour depending on different microprocessor load situations
 Test with steady state and dynamic faults (Application tests)
 Test with faults superimposed by transient phenomena (Application tests)

Test Duration: More than one month

Test Frequency: Normally type tests can be conducted once for product on initial stages, but it require to conduct
relevant type tests, if something is changes inside hardware or major changes in software (firmware)

Test Instruments: Dedicated test instrument/s are require for each type test. It is require to be ensured the
calibration and accuracy of test instruments to be used for specific type test

Test location: Details tests to be performed at Factory or Third party accredited laboratory

Certification: Certificate of each test must from third party or manufacturer (Normally recommend from third
party national/international accredited laboratory)

Documentation: Test report & Certificate should be prepared by third party who conducted/validated product.
Third part should have national/international accreditation with traceability of standards. These documents
should require to be scrutinize during buying stage

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Documentation storage: All the Type Test reports & certificate must storage with proper documentation number
in appropriate & centralized location. The document/reference number must be mentioned inside the document
which can provide traceability to buyer in future requirement.

Recommendation: Buyer must ask vendor to submit all the relevant type tests report/certificate of product during
approval stage.

CERTIFICATION TESTS:
Certification type tests are those tests that lead to an "objective" evaluation of a type of protection. The results
of Certification Tests are acceptable to a wide range of users, independent of the application. It concerns,
therefore: normalised tests under normalised procedures and with normalised equipment. But in order to have
an idea of the functional behavior of the relay, "standard" performance tests are added. Independent laboratories,
on demand of the manufacturer, generally perform certification tests. The result is a "Yes" (certification) or a
"No" for the type of protection.

Test location: Details tests to be performed at third party accredited laboratory

Certification: Certificate of each test must from third party (national/international accredited laboratory)

Documentation: Test report & Certificate should be prepared by third party who conducted/validated product.
Third part should have national/international accreditation with traceability of standards. These documents
should require to be scrutinize during buying stage
Documentation storage: Certifications are most important from buyer end and it must storage in appropriate &
centralized location with document number, so it will be find out easily, if something shall do wrong of product
performance.
Recommendation: Buyer should ask the Certifications of product according to their requirement from their
approved laboratories. Laboratory should have international/national accreditation with proper traceability and
reference number.
Few Accredited Laboratories:
KEMA/ASTHA/CPRI/ERDA/EQDC/ERTL/SAMEER laboratories are doing certification tests on protection
relays

Role and Responsibility:

Description Development Production FAT SAT Application Type tests Certification

tests tests tests tests
How the Manufacturer Manufacturer Buyer Buyer Customer/ International International /
tests are specific specific specific specific Manufacturer standards National
defined? specific standards
Who define Manufacturer Manufacturer Manufacturer Buyer Manufacturer International International
tests? & Buyer & Customer committee committee /
Customer
Who Manufacturer Manufacturer Manufacturer Buyer Manufacturer Manufacturer Manufacturer
prepare test in front of & Customer
procedure? Buyer

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Where to Factory Factory Factory Site Factory / Site Factory / Third party
conduct Third party laboratory /
test? laboratory Factory
Who Manufacturer Manufacturer Manufacturer Buyer Manufacturer Manufacturer Manufacturer
prepare along with & Customer / Third party / Third party
report Buyer laboratory laboratory
document?
Who Manufacturer Manufacturer Manufacturer Buyer Manufacturer Manufacturer Manufacturer
maintain & Buyer specific & Buyer & Third & Third party
report party laboratory
document? laboratory

Role and responsibility of “Periodic maintenance tests” complete comes under customer/user.

METHODS TO VALIDATE PROTECTIVE RELAY AT FIELD AREA:

There are following methods to validate the performance of protection relay at field;

1. Steady State Testing

Steady state testing evaluates protection devices using voltages and currents represented by sine variables
using the fundamental frequency of the electrical power network only. One signal/phasor (either voltage or
current) shall be varying at time. Amplitude and phase angle of voltages and currents are defined for a fixed
test period. Different test periods can be combined to a test sequence. Steady state tests consist typically of
pre-fault, fault and post fault periods.

Disadvantages of Steady state Testing

1) Voltages and currents are calculated as sine variables only without transient signal components.
2) A sudden change of amplitudes will be realized using an absolute amplitude shift.
3) A sudden change of phases will be realized using an absolute phase shift.
4) The DC-component is calculated based on a mathematical equation, but not as the result of a network
simulation.
No transient signal components can be used e.g. for ground faults in insulated or Peterson coil grounded
networks.

Steady state tests can be used to test the behavior of the protection device e.g. accuracy of pickup/dropout
tests, operating time test, etc. But transient phenomena cannot be taken into account. On this point of view
steady state tests are only a poor representation of electrical power networks.

Steady state testing can be applied for production tests, FAT, SAT/Commissioning tests, Periodic maintenance
tests, Functional type tests etc.

2. Dynamic State Testing

Dynamic state testing can be applied for Application tests (i.e. power swing test, steady state fault current
apply to relay and check performance, Evolving faults, Power system scenario on fundamental frequency etc.),
Functional type tests & Commissioning Tests.

Dynamic state testing can be conducted by using State sequence/State simulation module or Steady state power
system model (simulate faults on fundamental frequency) in modern computerized relay test kits

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Disadvantages of Dynamic state Testing

1) Voltages and currents are calculated as sine variables only without transient signal components.
2) A sudden change of amplitudes will be realized using an absolute amplitude shift.
3) A sudden change of phases will be realized using an absolute phase shift.
4) The DC-component is calculated based on a mathematical equation, but not as the result of a network
simulation.
5) No transient signal components can be used e.g. for ground faults in insulated or Peterson coil
grounded networks.

The signals used in these tests can be calculated analyzing computer models of a electrical power systems
using electromagnetic transient analysis programs (i.e. ATP/EMTP/PSCAD/RTDS).

3. Transient Testing (Dynamic Testing)

Transient testing is excellent method to validate the numerical relay algorithms based on the require
application. It is based on network simulation systems data or disturbance data recorded by numerical relay.
It simulates fundamental and non-fundamental components simultaneously based on network configurations.
A network simulation system calculates voltages and currents by solving the differential equations of the
electrical network. This method takes into account the dynamic characteristic of the electrical network.
Transient phenomena e.g. CT saturation, CVT transient, DC offset, evolving faults, mutual coupling are taken
into account, too.

1. Voltages and currents contain transient signal components

2. Amplitudes and phases will be changed continuously on fundamental and non-fundamental frequency
3. Voltages and currents depend on the characteristic of the electrical power network.

Transient testing can be applied for System type tests, Application tests (i.e. specially in case where the relay
wrong operate on disturbance and need to verify it’s performance) & Relay development tests (i.e. to develop
relay internal algorithms). Transient testing method shall be applied for acceptance & certification tests for
products during product approval stage. Buyer can demand to vendor to submit dynamic test report of
product/newly launched product as per their power system configuration and check the performance in report
before accepting new product in their product approval list.

Require facility for transient testing: Transient testing based on power system modeling can be done by
using real time digital simulator (RTDS) which is call it as “Closed loop dynamic testing” or through
EMTP/ATP program along with Numerical Power system simulator hardware (call it open loop dynamic
testing). The RTDS testing is much faster and real times compare to open loop testing. However both the way
of testing is valid to check the performance of numerical relays on power system scenario. In both cases, the
engineer should have enough knowledge for modeling of power system network and software, so he can model
the data accurately and simulate the faults on power system scenario.

Transient testing through disturbance recorded file:

The protection relay performance shall be evaluated under power system scenario by replaying the disturbance
data. The disturbance data shall be recorded by numerical relay in IEEE COMTRADE format according to
C37.111 standard. This COMTRADE data (includes .CFG/.DAT/.HDR files) shall be imported in testing
software (playback software) for replay the same on protection relay to evaluate the performance on actual
disturbance. Engineer does not require the much capability of modeling of power system, but they should
know about the procedure and operation of computerized test kit and their software.

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RELAY LIFE CYCLE SERVICES:

The systematic usage of protective device shall supports customer to secure and optimize the investment in
safe and low cost manner. Buyer can ensure the three basic supports from vendor to make the systematic usage
of protective device in their life cycle service;
 Field up-gradation, Minor replacement or Modification can be done at site in relay life cycle service
 Product spares can be available and repair can be done in relay life cycle service mentioned by
manufacturer. Preventive maintenance requirement and procedure should be available at
customer/buyer end
 Customer/Buyer should ensure technology support of hardware and software for entire relay life cycle
service claimed by manufacturer. Many times, it has been observed that the product life cycle claimed
10 years but technology support / built in battery support practically available for maximum up to 7
years, so in that case product life cycle should be considered maximum 7 years.
 Customer support includes the product & application support, usage & operation of protective device
etc

PERIODIC AUDIT OF CONFIGURATION AND SETTINGS: When the protection scheme is installed
& commissioned, the relay/IED configuration that have been adopted, properly recorded and stored for future
reference. Protection relay configuration can be revised in their service life based on requirement of
applications, if the revisions are carried out, the same should be updated in master documents with proper
revision number. Periodic audit and verification of protection and communication system shall maintain the
power system stable and reliable. The periodicity of such audit can be fixed as per utility practice and also
based on modification work undertaken. Audit should be done by senior officer and report has to be storage
properly in central server for future reference.

PERIODIC AUDIT OF TEST INSTRUMENT/METERING EQUIPMENT USED AT FIELD AREA:

Normally, the protection relays function & scheme verification and validation is the responsibility of
customer/buyer at site after installation and commissioned. Verification/validation of protection relays &
scheme can be done by using traditional/computerized test kits which is widely available worldwide in market.
This test kit and metering equipment should have enough accuracy to validate the protection relay parameters.
It is recommended to calibrate test kit/metering equipment periodically and it should be audited by auditor.
The computerized relay test kit should have facility to inject sampled value frame to the protection relay
according to IEC 61850-9-2 standard, if the protection relays complies this standard and installed in digital
substation in working position.

TESTING OF IEC 61850-9-2 COMPLIANCE PROTECTION RELAYS IN DIGITAL SUBSTATION:

IEC 61850 is an open communication protocol for substation controls, remote controls and SCADA
automations. Before discussing about testing terminology, the paper discusses about the brief concept of
digital substation;

What is IEC 61850 based Digital Substation?

In Digital substation, the hardwired interconnection between relays and IEDs, hard wired inter-panel cabling,
control cabling between CT/VT and circuit breaker to IEDs etc is replaced by digital communication through
digital cable. The advantage to use digital communication is many digital signals for substation control pass

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through single cable. The Digital technology has key role to play in helping grid operators meet these
challenges through high level of controls, responsiveness, cost reduction and safety. IEC 61850 is the open
communication protocol standards to achieve the interoperability between multi-vendors IEDs used in
substation for high level of substation automation process. IEC 61850 based digital substation implementation
divide in two parts; Process bus implementation according to IEC 61850-9-2 standards and Station bus
implementation according to IEC 61850-7-2/3/4 and 8-1. Communication between instrument transformers
and IEDs comes under process bus implementation where the CT/VT signals processed in digital form to
IEDs. Communication between IEDs, between CB & IEDs etc comes under station bus implementation.
Substation Interlocks, controls and metering in local/remote SCADA, remote operation etc are comes under
implementation of station bus. The IEC 61850 standards contain main 14 parts which follows other
communication standards like Ethernet standards 802.Q, requirement of merging unit, requirement of NCIT
etc. The objectives of digital substation are to enhance substation reliability, reduce copper cable cost, foot
print of switchgear size/cubicles & maintenance cost reduction, substation automation to reduce
human/manual error in operation, fast restoration of substation in service after abnormal occurrences,
remote/unmanned operation etc.

Compliance of Digital Substation using NCIT:

Following interfaces are available (shown in figure9) when we use the output of Non conventional instrument
transformer (NCIT) for protection, control and communication applications;
 NCIT with a low-power interface (Analogue low power interface)
 NCIT with an IEC 61850 9-2 interface (Digital interface)
 NCIT with a low-power interface and a merging unit

So, It is more importance that what system we are going to test.

Figure 9: NCIT interfaces

The typical basic structure of IEC 61850 compliance digital substation with instrument transformer output
shown in figure10. The digital outputs of NCITs are the input of digital merging unit. Sometimes, the analogue
low power interface of NCIT can also use for hybrid system. Merging is the primary interface between
instrument transformer and protection relays. The digital outputs of each voltage and current channel of

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merging unit (according to IEC 618509-2, 80 samples per cycle for protection and 256 samples per cycle for
metering application) are the input of protection relays and meters. The outputs of merging unit shall be routed
through Ethernet switch or directly (point to point) to the protection relay. The digital outputs of NCIT can be
directly connected to protection relay, if the requirement is for point to point connection with protection relay.
The physical inputs and outputs of CB and isolators are connected to intelligent control unit (ICU). The
connection between ICU and protection relays are through FO cable and the IEC 61850 8-1 GOOSE message
transmit and receives between ICU and protection relays. SCADA are connected though FO cable to
protection relays, ICU and meters. CB on/off, Isolator on/off manual operation shall be carried out by using
SCADA system. Normally, ICUs are installed in field area (in a switchyard).

Figure10: Typical basic structure of IEC 61850

Compliance of Digital Substation using Analogue CT/VT:

Typical basic structure of IEC 61850 compliance digital substation shown in figure11B shows, the analogue
output of metering CTs are directly connected to meters and the analog output of protection CTs/VTs are the
input of merging unit. Merging unit (Shown in figure11A) have high speed ADC inside, which can convert
analog signals in to digital form and then send sampled values frame to IEC 61850-9-2 process bus. Normally
in this structure, the merging unit and ICU installed in switchyard (in a field area), near to analogue
CTs/VTs/CB and isolators therefore the large number of hard wiring (copper cables) shall be get reduced. The
Ethernet switches, protection relays, meters and work stations are installed in control room.

Figure 11A: Typical basic structure Analogue Merging Unit

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Figure 11B: Typical basic structure of IEC 61850

Compliance of Digital substation using Hybrid system:

Another, typical basic structure of digital substation shown in figure12 shows, the low level analog output of NCITs are
given to current booster which can boost up the current for 1A rated meters and 5A rated protection relays which are
having non compliance of IEC 61850-9-2. The digital outputs of NCITs are the inputs of IEC 61850—2 compliance
protection relay. Such types of hybrid system used where there are mixing of non compliance and compliance of IEC
61850 protection relays in one substation.

Figure 12: Typical basic structure of IEC 61850 compliance hybrid digital substation

Field Testing Methods for utility perspective:

1) Primary Injection Test:

Primary injection testing means that the voltage/current injection from the test equipment is done on
the primary side of the analogue instrument transformer or NCIT (sensor). The objective of this test
is to verify overall function of CT/PT and establish integrity of communication after installation in
the field. Due to limitation of primary current magnitude, this test serves the limited purpose of
establishing overall integrity of primary and secondary device as well as communication between
them

Figure13 shows; primary injection test applied to analogue CT/VT. The analogue signals of voltage
and current to be injected to primary side of CT/VT through primary injection test kit. Hardwire (H/W)
copper cables are connected between CT/VT & AMU. The analogue signals output of CT/VT are the
inputs of merging unit (AMU). AMU shall be installed in switchyard, close to CT & VT. The merging

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unit sends sampled value frame (4000 samples/s for protection device operate on 50Hz power system
cycle) to process bus network to IEDs. IEDs receives sampled value frame from process bus network
and shows voltage and current parameters. Time sync accuracy of GPS clock required to be considered
during testing. 10microS error of time sync is generating 0.18 degree error in one cycle. IED & ICU
receives/sends IEC 61850 GOOSE signals from each other. Hardwire (H/W) copper cables from
Circuit breaker (CB) & Isolator are connected to ICU (Intelligent control unit). ICU shall be installed
in switchyard, close to CB cubicle. CB operations can also check through primary injection test in the
field.

Figure 13: Primary injection test to Analogue CT/VT

Figure14 shows; primary injection test applied to NCIT. The analogue signals of voltage and current
to be injected to primary side of NCIT through primary injection test kit. FO cables are connected
between NCIT & Digital merging unit (DMU). The digital signals output of NCIT are the inputs of
digital merging unit (DMU). DMU shall be installed in control room. The merging unit send IEC
61850-9-2 sampled value frame (4000 samples/s for protection device operate on 50Hz power system
cycle) to process bus network to IEDs. IEDs receives sampled value frame from process bus network
and shows voltage and current parameters.

Figure 14: Primary injection test to NCIT

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Purpose:
 To verify the output of analog CT/VT/NCIT and merging unit according to signals injected
on primary side of CT/VT/NCIT.
 To verify the appropriate metering parameters on HMI display of protection relay/IED and
SCADA metering according to signals injected on primary side of CT/VT/NCIT.
 To ensure the protection scheme operation, communication, interoperability between field
devices & control room, and check disturbance & sequence of event records, whether properly
recorded with time stamps or not etc.
 Primary injection test is essential during installation and commissioning stage

2) Secondary Injection Test:

Secondary injection testing means that the voltage/current injection from the test equipment is done
on the secondary side of the analogue instrument transformer or NCIT (sensor). Voltage & current
injection can be done either from marshalling box at switch yard or from test terminal block in relay
control panel.

Purpose:
 To verify the calibration of each relay function (protection functions LEDs, digital
inputs/outputs, metering/monitoring functions, sampled value frame from merging unit) along
with output of merging unit by applying steady state/ phasor testing
 To verify the complete relay characteristic what is available in relay
 To verify the relay programmable logic what is built up in relay
 To validate the protection settings based on power system application requirement, along with
performance of merging unit by applying dynamic/transient testing
 To validate the communication functions/SCADA functions / substation interlocks in details
and establish execution of tripping & other commands

Test Method 1:
For example, In this method; the voltage and current injection shall be applied through secondary
injection test kit to merging unit (AMU) which is installed at switchyard.
The injection can be done either from marshalling box of CT/PT or at the input terminals of MU.
Protection relay receives sampled value frame from AMU. Protection relay compares the measured
value with set threshold value, it initiate outputs and send IEC GOOSE messages to other devices like
ICU when the injected signals crosses the set threshold value. ICU receives IEC GOOSE messages
from protection relay and send trip signal to CB through copper hard wire. Normally, such type of
testing is essential during commissioning and periodic maintenance stages to verify the performance
of scheme. This method is more useful where there are some limitations of primary injection test like
burden of test kit on higher current, current shall not be injected 5 times to 20times of rated current,
dynamic state testing shall not be conducted to check the performance of relay on power system
scenario etc etc.

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Figure 15: Test method 1 of secondary injection test from switchyard

Test Method 2:
In this method, the figure16 shows; the sampled value of voltage and current shall direct apply to
protection relay through secondary injection test kit. Protection relay receives sampled value frame
and compares the measured value with set threshold value. Protection relays and ICU send & receives
the IEC GOOSE messages to each other over Ethernet network. This method is apply to evaluate
detail testing of protection relay functions and shall commonly use during commissioning and periodic
maintenance tests when the tests are normally carried out in control room.

Figure 16: Test method 2 of secondary injection test in control room

Activities before conducting primary / secondary injection tests:

1) Create test plan of protection function/logic to be tested
2) Save service settings and logic of protection relay in PC
3) Save configuration of IEC 61850 and communication settings in PC
4) Ensure proper connection between test kit and equipment under test

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5) Shutdown and electrical isolation of primary equipments before conducting primary injection tests

CONCLUSION:
The paper has discussed about the basic structure of numerical relay, verification and validation on various
stages in their life cycle along with the test methods and their documentation/storage. Verification and
validation of numerical relay require from development stage to entire service life with different aspects. The
some of the key points are highlighted in summary as listed below;
1) Validation on development stages are mainly the responsibility of vendor/manufacturer but buyer should
also ensure that the vendor is adopting the appropriate tools, facility and methods to validate the design of
protective relay. This will provide better confidence to buyer about technological development of the
product what they are referring.
2) Certification test is mainly the responsibility of vendor according to IEC60255/IEEE C37.90 and other
international standards. Buyer should ensure valid certificate of IEC 61850 interoperability tests from third
party laboratory. However, the buyer can also do certification test from their end if they desire or address
genuine issue in product and vendor is replying in improper manner. Buyer can emphasize vendor to get
the certification test from international/national accredited laboratory which is traceable according to
international standards.
3) Validation on production stages are mainly the responsibility of vendor/manufacturer but buyer should
ensure the quality check and assurance process of vendor during manufacturing stage and their
manufacturing facilities. This will provide better confidence to buyer about the good quality of material
to be supplied at field area.
4) Verification & Validation on FAT stage is mainly the responsibility of vendor/manufacturer and buyer
both. The verification & validation process require to be decided by vendor/manufacturer and buyer both
jointly together according to project specifications. The buyer can decide the FAT procedure according to
their requirement mentioned in specification/application. Buyer should specifically ensure from vendor
about the testing and simulation facilities of IEC 61850 SV, GOOSE messages and interoperability tests
between multiple protection relays during FAT stage, so the performance of communication structure
properly evaluated during FAT stage. The scope and expected performance levels are agreed between
vendor and buyer/user in contract.
5) Verification & Validation process and storage of document on SAT stage is mainly the responsibility of
buyer, but the vendor/manufacturer requires to cooperate the buyer whenever the help required during and
after protection system installation at site. The other way of round is, buyer can give complete
responsibility to vendor/manufacturer to supply, install & commission relay at site under supervision of
them. So, any product defect or application related issues shall be resolved faster. Buyer can do the
application test by using dynamic/transient testing methods (with the help of vendor if required) during
commissioning stage and ensure about the scheme is working properly or not. Buyer should more bother
about to overall system check along with product check during SAT. During FAT, full system check may
not feasible due to non availability of site equipments in one place in require network topology. This gap
can be filled up during SAT.
6) Verification and Validation process and storage of documents during a periodic maintenance is mainly
the responsibility of buyer. Buyer can check the relevant parameters during periodic maintenance test.
However, the buyer can also take helps from vendor/manufacturer to validate the relay at site during

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maintenance period and provide maintenance check records and certificate. Buyer can ensure accuracy of
protection function by using steady state testing method and ensure the scheme/application performance
by using dynamic state/transient testing methods. High Accuracy of Test equipment requires to be used
for numerical protection relay testing. Test equipment and instrument should be calibrated in national /
international laboratory before testing & evaluation of protection relay.
7) Buyer should storage and maintains the relevant documentations properly in appropriate location. Some
of the very important documents like type test certificates, type test reports, FAT & SAT documents and
dynamic test reports shall be stored in centralized location which can easily access and refer by relevant
people. Buyer should also store.ICD/.IID, .CID & .SCD files of IEC 61850 configuration and documents
in appropriate location.
8) The senior managers/officers from buyer/customer end should also involve themselves to ensure and
check the correct and appropriate document/procedure/storage/historic data of each stage and periodic
audit.
9) Buyer can ensure about the relay life cycle services and support from vendor before buying protection
system. Sometimes, Buyer can also check reliability indicators of protection devices like mainly MTBF,
MTTR & product life cycle from vendor during product approval stage.
10) Steady state testing shall be applied to verify the calibration of protection relay function by using
linear/pulse ramping methods. Dynamic state testing shall be applied to verify the protection application
and scheme logic by using state sequencer program. Transient testing shall be applied to validate the
performance of relay under power system scenario. Transient testing shall be conducted by using closed
loop method through real time digital simulator (RTDS) and also conducted by using open loop method
through EMTP/ATP/PSCAD software along with computerized relay testing kit & their playback
software. Automated testing of protection function shall provide benefit to save the shutdown time of
feeder during periodic maintenance tests.
11) Transient testing of relay shall also be carried out by replaying the disturbance data recorded by protection
relay. Disturbance data must stored in IEEE COMTRADE format with appropriate sampling rate,
according to C37.111 standard. The same COMTRADE data shall be imported in computerized relay test
kit for replaying on protection relay evaluation.
12) Primary injection tests are essential to conduct during commission stage (SAT) for conventional or digital
substation. Primary injection tests ensure the output of instrument transformer and merging is appropriate
according to their specifications. It is also ensuring the proper cable connectivity between instrument
transformer & protection relays. In some cases like differential/ref protection scheme, the primary
injection tests are also carried out when the protection system operate in wrong manner.
13) Secondary injection tests are essential during commissioning stage and periodic maintenance stage. It is
used to verify the each function (i.e. metering, protection, communication, logic control etc) available in
protection relay. Secondary injection test kit should have facility to inject sampled value frame of voltage
& current according to IEC 61850-9-2. Secondary injection tests should apply to evaluate the output of
merging unit on power system scenario.
14) 4000 samples per second output of merging unit for 50Hz system shall be monitored by using wireshark
or equivalent software tool during primary/secondary injection tests of IEC 61850-9-2 compliance digital
substation devices. This ensures no sample value lost of merging unit output during injection.

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Abbreviations used in paper:

FAT: Factory acceptance test
SAT: Site acceptance test
C&R panel: control & relay panel
CB: Circuit breaker
CT: Current transformer
VT: Voltage transformer
RTDS: Real time digital simulator
ATP: Alternating transient program
EMTP: Electromagnetic transient program
MU: Merging unit
AMU: Analogue merging unit
DMU: Digital merging unit
NCIT: Non conventional instrument transformer
IED: Intelligent electronic device
ICU: Intelligent control unit
BCU: Bay control unit
GOOSE: Generic object oriented substation event
FO: Fibre optic
MTBF: Mean time between failure
MTTR: Mean time between repair
ICD: IED configured description
SCD: Substation configured description

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT: Authors are acknowledging to GETCO utility who has shared the valuable document for
checklist of process bus testing at field area of their projects.

BIBLIOGRAPHY:
1) CIGRE 34.10 report on “Analysis and Guidelines for Testing Numerical Protection schemes”
2) CIGRE B5.45 report on “Acceptance, Commissioning and Field testing techniques for Protection and
Automation System”
3) CIGRE INDIA National committee report on “Verification, Validation, Acceptance and Field Testing
techniques for Numerical Protection relays”
4) Doble F6150 instruction manual
5) Report on “Transient testing of protective relays: Study of benefits and methodology” by power
system engineering research center
6) Kamin Dave “Evaluation of Protective relays by using advance testing techniques”, SWICON 2008,
SWICON International conference, Mumbai
7) S G Patki & Kamin Dave “Numerical relay validation and testing in relay life cycle”, GCC CIGRE
2016, Qatar
8) FAT document for merging unit & process bus testing, Gujarat energy transmission company
(GETCO)

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