Isothermal process on p-V, T-V, and p-T diagrams

isothermal ⇒ T = T0 = constant
a = (p1, V1, T0) b = (p2, V2, T0)
pV = nRT0

p T p
a
p1 p1 a
T0 Q a b
T0

b
p2 W p2 b

V1 V2 V V1 V2 V T0 T
nRT0
p(V) = T(V) = T0 p(T) = multivalued
V
PHYS 1101, Winter 2009, Prof. Clarke 1
 Isochoric process on p-V, T-V, and p-T diagrams

isochoric ⇒ V = V0 = constant
a = (p1, V0, T1) b = (p2, V0, T2)
pV0 = nRT

p T p

p1 a T1 a p1 a

p2 b T2 b p2
b
V0 V V0 V T2 T1 T
nRT
p(V) = multivalued T(V) = multivalued p(T) =
V0
PHYS 1101, Winter 2009, Prof. Clarke 2
 Isobaric process on p-V, T-V, and p-T diagrams

isobaric ⇒ p = p0 = constant
a = (p0, V1, T1) b = (p0, V2, T2)
p0V = nRT

p T p

T2 b
Q
a b a b
p0 p0

W T1
a
V1 V2 V V1 V2 V T1 T2 T
p0V
p(V) = p0 T(V) = p(T) = p0
nR
PHYS 1101, Winter 2009, Prof. Clarke 3
 Clicker question 1

Consider the p-V diagram below in which the system evolves from a → b
→ c. If T0 ~ 240K (and thus RT0 = 2,000 J mol–1), how many moles of
gas, n, are in the system?
p (Nm–2) a) 5
isobar b) 105
a b
105 c) 50
isotherm

T0 d) 1,000
isochor
e) Not enough information to tell
pc c

1 Vc V (m3)

first law of thermodynamics: ΔEint = Q – W ( = nCVΔT )

ideal gas law: pV = nRT
PHYS 1101, Winter 2009, Prof. Clarke 4
 Clicker question 1

Consider the p-V diagram below in which the system evolves from a → b
→ c. If T0 ~ 240K (and thus RT0 = 2,000 J mol–1), how many moles of
gas, n, are in the system?
p (Nm–2) a) 5
isobar b) 105
a b
105 c) 50
isotherm

T0 d) 1,000
isochor
e) Not enough information to tell
pc c
pV 100,000
n = = = 50
1 Vc V (m3) RT0 2,000

first law of thermodynamics: ΔEint = Q – W ( = nCVΔT )

ideal gas law: pV = nRT
PHYS 1101, Winter 2009, Prof. Clarke 5
 Clicker question 2

Consider the p-V diagram below in which the system evolves from a → b
→ c. What is Vc, the volume at state c?

p (Nm–2) a) 0.5 m3
b) 2.0 m3
a b
105 c) 4.0 m3
T0 d) 8.0 m3
e) Not enough information to tell
pc c

1 Vc V (m3)

first law of thermodynamics: ΔEint = Q – W ( = nCVΔT )

ideal gas law: pV = nRT
PHYS 1101, Winter 2009, Prof. Clarke 6
 Clicker question 2

Consider the p-V diagram below in which the system evolves from a → b
→ c. What is Vc, the volume at state c?

p (Nm–2) a) 0.5 m3
b) 2.0 m3
a b
105 c) 4.0 m3
T0 d) 8.0 m3
e) Not enough information to tell
pc c

1 Vc V (m3)
need to know pc

first law of thermodynamics: ΔEint = Q – W ( = nCVΔT )

ideal gas law: pV = nRT
PHYS 1101, Winter 2009, Prof. Clarke 7
 Clicker question 3

Consider the p-V diagram below in which the system evolves from a → b
→ c. What is Vc, the volume at state c?

p (Nm–2) a) 0.5 m3
b) 2.0 m3
a b
105 c) 4.0 m3
T0 d) 8.0 m3
e) Not enough information to tell
5 ×104 c

1 Vc V (m3)

first law of thermodynamics: ΔEint = Q – W ( = nCVΔT )

ideal gas law: pV = nRT
PHYS 1101, Winter 2009, Prof. Clarke 8
 Clicker question 3

Consider the p-V diagram below in which the system evolves from a → b
→ c. What is Vc, the volume at state c?

p (Nm–2) a) 0.5 m3
b) 2.0 m3
a b
105 c) 4.0 m3
T0 d) 8.0 m3
e) Not enough information to tell
5 ×104 c
pa
pcVc = paVa ⇒ Vc = p Va = 2 m3
1 Vc V (m3) c

first law of thermodynamics: ΔEint = Q – W ( = nCVΔT )

ideal gas law: pV = nRT
PHYS 1101, Winter 2009, Prof. Clarke 9
 Clicker question 4

Consider the p-V diagram below in which the system evolves from a → b
→ c. What is the net change in internal energy, ΔEint?

p (Nm–2) a) 0 J
b) 5.0 ×104 J
a b
105 c) about 7.0 ×104 J
T0 d) 105 J
e) Not enough information to tell
5 ×104 c

1 2 V (m3)

first law of thermodynamics: ΔEint = Q – W ( = nCVΔT )

ideal gas law: pV = nRT
PHYS 1101, Winter 2009, Prof. Clarke 10
 Clicker question 4

Consider the p-V diagram below in which the system evolves from a → b
→ c. What is the net change in internal energy, ΔEint?

p (Nm–2) a) 0 J
b) 5.0 ×104 J
a b
105 c) about 7.0 ×104 J
T0 d) 105 J
e) Not enough information to tell
5 ×104 c
ΔEint = nCVΔT
1 2 V (m3)

first law of thermodynamics: ΔEint = Q – W ( = nCVΔT )

ideal gas law: pV = nRT
PHYS 1101, Winter 2009, Prof. Clarke 11
 Clicker question 5

Consider the p-V diagram below in which the system evolves from a → b
→ c. What is the net work done by the system on its environment, W?

p (Nm–2) a) 0 J
b) 5.0 ×104 J
a b
105 c) about 7.0 ×104 J
T0 d) 105 J
e) Not enough information to tell
5 ×104 c

1 2 V (m3)

first law of thermodynamics: ΔEint = Q – W ( = nCVΔT )

ideal gas law: pV = nRT
PHYS 1101, Winter 2009, Prof. Clarke 12
 Clicker question 5

Consider the p-V diagram below in which the system evolves from a → b
→ c. What is the net work done by the system on its environment, W?

p (Nm–2) a) 0 J
W b) 5.0 ×104 J
a b
105 c) about 7.0 ×104 J
T0 d) 105 J
e) Not enough information to tell
5 ×104 c

1 2 V (m3)

first law of thermodynamics: ΔEint = Q – W ( = nCVΔT )

ideal gas law: pV = nRT
PHYS 1101, Winter 2009, Prof. Clarke 13
 Clicker question 6

Consider the p-V diagram below in which the system evolves from a → b
→ c. What is the net heat transferred into the system, Q?

p (Nm–2) a) –5.0 ×104 J

b) 5.0 ×104 J
a b
105 c) –105 J
T0 d) 105 J
e) Not enough information to tell
5 ×104 c

1 2 V (m3)

first law of thermodynamics: ΔEint = Q – W ( = nCVΔT )

ideal gas law: pV = nRT
PHYS 1101, Winter 2009, Prof. Clarke 14
 Clicker question 6

Consider the p-V diagram below in which the system evolves from a → b
→ c. What is the net heat transferred into the system, Q?

p (Nm–2) a) –5.0 ×104 J

b) 5.0 ×104 J
a b
105 c) –105 J
T0 d) 105 J
e) Not enough information to tell
5 ×104 c
Q = ΔEint + W = 0 + 105 J
1 2 V (m3)

first law of thermodynamics: ΔEint = Q – W ( = nCVΔT )

ideal gas law: pV = nRT
PHYS 1101, Winter 2009, Prof. Clarke 15
 Internal Energy (revisited)
f f
Eint = nCVT = nRT = NkT Cp = CV + R
2 2
n = number of moles; 1 mole = 6.0221 × 1022 particles (NA)
N = number of particles
R = gas constant = 8.3147 J mol–1 K–1
k = Boltzmann’s constant = 1.3807 × 10–23 J K–1
type of gas degrees of specific heat at internal specific heat at γ
freedom constant energy constant (Cp/CV )
(f) volume (CV ) (Eint) pressure (Cp )
3 3 5 5
monatomic 3 R nRT R
2 2 2 3
5 5 7 7
diatomic 5 R nRT R
2 2 2 5
4
polyatomic (≥3) ~6 3R 3 nRT 4R 3

PHYS 1101, Winter 2009, Prof. Clarke 16

 Adiabatic processes

reversible irreversible
a = (p1, V1, T1) a = (p1, V1, T0)
b = (p2, V2, T2) b = (p2, V2, T0)
pV γ = constant p1V1 = p2V2

p p
a p1 a
p1 adiabat

T1 isotherms isotherm
T0
T2
b b
p2 p2

V1 V2 V V1 V2 V

PHYS 1101, Winter 2009, Prof. Clarke 17

 Clicker question 7

Consider the p-V diagram below in which the system evolves reversibly
along the adiabat from state a to state b. This gas is…

a) monatomic (γ = 5/3)
p (kNm–2)
b) diatomic (γ = 7/5)
16 b
c) polyatomic (γ = 4/3)
d) not enough information to tell
adiabat

1 a
1 8 V (m3)

pV γ = constant

PHYS 1101, Winter 2009, Prof. Clarke 18

 Clicker question 7

Consider the p-V diagram below in which the system evolves reversibly
along the adiabat from state a to state b. This gas is…

a) monatomic (γ = 5/3)
p (kNm–2)
b) diatomic (γ = 7/5)
16 b
c) polyatomic (γ = 4/3)
d) not enough information to tell
adiabat
γ γ
paVa = 1(8) = 23γ =
1 a
γ γ
pbVb = 16(1) = 24
1 8 V (m3)
⇒ γ = 4/3 ⇒ polyatomic
pV = constant
γ

PHYS 1101, Winter 2009, Prof. Clarke 19

 Clicker question 8

Consider the p-V diagram below in which the system evolves reversibly
along the adiabat from state a to state b. How much heat is transferred to
the system?
a) 0 J
p (kNm–2)
b) 8 kJ
16 b
c) 16 kJ
d) 128 kJ
adiabat
e) not enough information to tell

1 a
1 8 V (m3)

pV γ = constant

PHYS 1101, Winter 2009, Prof. Clarke 20

 Clicker question 8

Consider the p-V diagram below in which the system evolves reversibly
along the adiabat from state a to state b. How much heat, Q, is
transferred to the system?
a) 0 J
p (kNm–2)
b) 8 kJ
16 b
c) 16 kJ
d) 128 kJ
adiabat
e) not enough information to tell

1 a
By definition, Q = 0 for all adiabatic
1 8 V (m3)
processes.
pV γ = constant

PHYS 1101, Winter 2009, Prof. Clarke 21

 Clicker question 9

Consider the p-V diagram below in which the system evolves reversibly
along the adiabat from state a to state b. How much work, W, does the
system do on its environment?
a) 20 kJ b) –20 kJ
p (kNm–2)
c) 24 kJ d) –24 kJ
16 b
e) 32 kJ f) –32 kJ
g) not enough information to tell
adiabat

1 a
1 8 V (m3)
Eint = nCVT = n3RT (for a polyatomic gas)
first law: ΔEint = Q – W ideal gas law: pV = nRT
PHYS 1101, Winter 2009, Prof. Clarke 22
 Clicker question 9

Consider the p-V diagram below in which the system evolves reversibly
along the adiabat from state a to state b. How much work, W, does the
system do on its environment?
a) 20 kJ b) –20 kJ
p (kNm–2)
c) 24 kJ d) –24 kJ
16 b
e) 32 kJ f) –32 kJ
g) not enough information to tell
adiabat
ΔEint = 0 – W = 3Δ(nRT) = 3Δ(pV)
1 W a
= 3(16 – 8) = 24 ⇒ W = –24 kJ
1 8 V (m3)
Eint = nCVT = n3RT (for a polyatomic gas)
first law: ΔEint = Q – W ideal gas law: pV = nRT
PHYS 1101, Winter 2009, Prof. Clarke 23
 Summary of Processes

a = (p1, V1, T2, S3)

isentrop: ΔS = 0
p S1
S3 (reversible adiabat: Q = 0) b = (p1, V2, T1, S1)
S2 isobar: Δp = 0 c = (p2, V2, T2, S2)
S4
isochor: ΔV = 0
a
d = (p4, V2, T3, S3)
p1 b
isotherm: ΔT = 0
e = (p3, V1, T3, S4)
T1
p2 c
p3 e T2
p4 d
T3
V1 V2 V
free expansion (irreversible adiabat: Q = 0)

PHYS 1101, Winter 2009, Prof. Clarke 24

 Summary of Processes

ΔEint =
process W Q ΔS
nCVΔT
pCp pCV V2
isobar p(V2 – V1)
R
(V2 – V1)
R
(V2 – V1) nCp ln ( )
V1
VCV VCV p2
isochor 0
R
(p2 – p1) (p – p )
R 2 1
nCV ln ( )
p1
V2 V2
isotherm nRT ln
V1 ( ) nRT ln
V2
V1 ( ) 0 nR ln( )
V1
p1V1 – p2V2 p2V2 – p1V1
isentrop γ –1
0
γ –1
0

free V2
expansion
0 0 0 nR ln( )
V1

PHYS 1101, Winter 2009, Prof. Clarke 25

 All processes on p-V, T-V, and T-S diagrams

p T T p
a p
p
a a
T T

S V
T
V S V S
V V S

An isobar (p), isotherm (T), isentrop (S), and isochor (V)

emanating from the same initial state (a) as manifest on
a p-V, T-V, and a T-S diagram.

PHYS 1101, Winter 2009, Prof. Clarke 26

 Clicker question 10

Consider the p-V diagram below in which n = 1 mole of gas evolves revers-
ibly from state a to state b along the path shown. What is the net change in
entropy? (Note, e = 2.71828 = Euler’s number, and thus ln(e) = 1.)
p
a) Cp b) Cp e
c) CV d) CV e
a b
e) R f) R e
g) no where near enough information!!

1 V ΔS = nCp ln(V2) (isobar)

e V1
p
ΔS ( )
= nCV ln 2
p1
(isochor)
some formulae, in case they help…
V
ΔS ( )
= nR ln 2
V1
(isotherm)

PHYS 1101, Winter 2009, Prof. Clarke 27

 Clicker question 10

Consider the p-V diagram below in which n = 1 mole of gas evolves revers
-ibly from state a to state b along the path shown. What is the net change in
entropy? (Note, e = 2.71828 = Euler’s number, and thus ln(e) = 1.)
p
a) Cp b) Cp e
c) CV d) CV e
a b
e) R f) R e
g) Yes there is!!

1 V ΔS = nCp ln(V2) (isobar)

e V1
p
Since S is a state variable, it doesn’t ΔS ( )
= nCV ln 2
p1
(isochor)
matter which path from a to b you
V
choose. Thus, choose the isobar. ΔS ( )
= nR ln 2
V1
(isotherm)

PHYS 1101, Winter 2009, Prof. Clarke 28

 Clicker question 11

The evolution of a system from state a to state b is shown on both the p-V
and T-S diagrams below. What is the change in internal energy?

p (Nm–2) T (K)
a ΔEint = Q – W
500
b a
2,000 = nCV ΔT
b pV = nRT
250

1 2 V (m3) 10 30 S (JK–1)

a) 2000 J b) –2000 J c) 5000 J

d) –5000 J e) 7000 J f) –7000 J
PHYS 1101, Winter 2009, Prof. Clarke 29
 Clicker question 11

The evolution of a system from state a to state b is shown on both the p-V
and T-S diagrams below. What is the change in internal energy?

p (Nm–2) T (K)
Q ~ –7000 J
a
b a
500 W = –2000 J
2,000
ΔEint = Q – W
b
250 ~ –5000 J
W = –2000 J Q >~ –7500 J

1 2 V (m3) 10 30 S (JK–1)

a) 2000 J b) –2000 J c) 5000 J

d) –5000 J e) 7000 J f) –7000 J
PHYS 1101, Winter 2009, Prof. Clarke 30
 Clicker question 12

The evolution of a system from state a to state b is shown on both the p-V
and T-S diagrams below. About how many moles of gas are in the
system? (Take R = 8.)
p (Nm–2) T (K)
a ΔEint = Q – W
500
b a
2,000 = nCV ΔT
b pV = nRT
250

1 2 V (m3) 10 30 S (JK–1)

a) 0.5 b) 1 c) 1.5
d) 2 e) not enough information to tell
PHYS 1101, Winter 2009, Prof. Clarke 31
 Clicker question 12

The evolution of a system from state a to state b is shown on both the p-V
and T-S diagrams below. About how many moles of gas are in the
system? (Take R = 8.)
p (Nm–2) T (K)
pV = nRT
a
500 at state b:
b a
2,000 pV = 2000
250
b RT ~ 2000
⇒ n~1

1 2 V (m3) 10 30 S (JK–1)

a) 0.5 b) 1 c) 1.5
d) 2 e) not enough information to tell
PHYS 1101, Winter 2009, Prof. Clarke 32
 Clicker question 13

The evolution of a system from state a to state b is shown on both the p-V
and T-S diagrams below. With n = 1 and ΔEint = –5000 J, this gas is:

p (Nm–2) T (K)

500 a ΔEint = nCV ΔT

b a
2,000 CV ~ 12 (monatomic)
250
b CV ~ 21 (diatomic)
CV ~ 25 (polyatomic)

1 2 V (m3) 10 30 S (JK–1)

a) monatomic b) diatomic c) polyatomic

d) not enough information to tell
PHYS 1101, Winter 2009, Prof. Clarke 33
 Clicker question 13

The evolution of a system from state a to state b is shown on both the p-V
and T-S diagrams below. With n = 1 and ΔEint = –5000 J, this gas is:

p (Nm–2) T (K)

500 a ΔEint = nCV ΔT

b a
2,000 CV ~ 12 (monatomic)
250
b CV ~ 21 (diatomic)
CV ~ 25 (polyatomic)

1 2 V (m3) 10 30 S (JK–1)

a) monatomic b) diatomic c) polyatomic

d) not enough information to tell
PHYS 1101, Winter 2009, Prof. Clarke 34
 Three pictorial representations of an engine
a→c
Qin
p
a Qin
TH

W>0
Qout
c expansion
stroke
V
c→a
In a complete thermodyn-
amical cycle, gas TC
expands at high pressure Qout
and compresses at low
QH = Qin
pressure allowing work,
QC = Qout
W, to be extracted in
Wout = W
each cycle.
compression
PHYS 1101, Winter 2009, Prof. Clarke stroke 35
 Maximum efficiency and the Carnot cycle

p
S1
T T
Qin Qin a Q S2 adiabats
a a b
TH TH in

isotherms
W>0 W>0 b
TC TH
TC Qout TC
c d Qout c d c
Qout
S1 S2 S S1 S2 S V

non-optimal thermo optimal thermodyn the Carnot engine cycle

-dynamical cycle for -amical cycle for an on a p-V diagram
an engine engine (Carnot cycle)

Note that for an engine, the thermodynamical cycle is always clockwise.

PHYS 1101, Winter 2009, Prof. Clarke 36
 Refrigerators (heat pumps)
p p
a Qout S1

a Q S2 adiabats
out
W<0
isotherms
Qin
c b
TC TH
V d c
For a refrigerator, the Qin
cycle is always V
counterclockwise.
As for an engine, the most
Expansion happens at
optimal thermodynamical
low pressure,
cycle for a refrigerator is the
compression at high
Carnot cycle traversed in
pressure and this takes QC = Qin
the counterclockwise
work. Heat is drawn in at QH = Qout
direction (opposite to the
TC and expelled at TH. Win = –W
engine).
PHYS 1101, Winter 2009, Prof. Clarke 37