Wk.9 Asexual v.

Sexual, Meoisis, Male Reprod, Karyotypes _________________________________

Asexual vs. Sexual Reproduction

1. Asexual reproduction involves _______ (mitosis or meiosis).
2. Some organisms are capable of sexual and asexual reproduction. _______ (asexual or sexual)
reproduction occurs in stable environments, because the offspring do not have to be adapted to
a new environment.
3. Asexual reproduction requires ______ (less/more) energy than sexual reproduction, because all
of the following are not used: social courting behaviors, mating rituals, colorful displays to
attract a mate, searching, finding, etc.
4. Sexual reproduction involves two gametes, usually sperm and ova that combine to form a
genetically unique zygote.  The zygote is genetically unlike either _______.
5. Sexual reproduction involves producing gametes through _____ (mitosis or meiosis)
6. Examples of _______ (asexual/sexual) reproduction include binary fission and budding.  
7. Hermaphrodites have two kinds of gamete producing organs.  They can produce ova and sperm.
Self-fertilization and cross-fertilization are possible.  Earthworms are an example of a
hermaphrodite that cross-fertilizes. Which generates more genetic diversity for the next
generation, self-fertilization or cross-fertilization?

Internal and External Fertilization

1. Which type of fertilization, internal or external is used by the following organisms?
1. Shark-
2. Mammals-
3. Birds-
4. Amphibians like frogs-
5. Fish like salmon and carp-
6. Molluscs like clams and squid-
7. Arthropods like lobsters and crayfish-
b. What prevents fish sperm from fertilizing frog eggs?

c. Which animal’s development is more vulnerable to pollutants in aquatic ecosystems, sharks or

amphibians?

Meiosis, Gamete Formation, and Sex Determination ________________________________

7.1 Meiosis (covered on exam 3)

1. Karyotypes are used to visualize chromosomes. (Figure 7.2)
2. Humans have 22 pairs of autosomes and 1 pair of sex chromosomes.
3. Meiosis occurs in specialized sex cells and cuts the number of chromosomes in half by dividing
the homologous pairs and then the sister chromatids. (Figure 7.5)
4. Explain the significance of crossing over and random alignment in terms of genetic diversity.
1. Random (independent) assortment of homologous pairs (Figure 8.6)
 2. Crossing over (Figure 7.6).
b. Explain what types of cells undergo meiosis?

the end result of this process?

how meiosis increases genetic diversity?

Key terms: gamete-

somatic cell-

zygote-

c. Define: haploid-

Diploid-

Triploid-

Tetraploid-

polyploid-

d. Spermatogenesis-

Oogenesis-  
1. Which one creates four haploid cells and which one creates one haploid cell?  

2. Why is only one haploid cell formed in once case? Ans: more cytoplasm for egg.  Only
eggs pass on mitochondria, etc. to zygotes.
9. Spermatid-

10. Spermatozoa-

9. When does each major stage of oogenesis occur in the female lifetime?

9. When does each major stage of spermatogenesis occur in the male lifetime?

Genetics Review with Focus on Meiosis and Sex Determination

1. Define: mutation-

crossing over-

segregation-
 independent assortment-

1. How does crossing over contribute to genetic diversity?

2. Does crossing over normally occur at homologous or nonhomologous DNA sequences?

3. How does segregation contribute to genetic diversity?

4. How does independent assortment contribute to genetic diversity?

5. How does random fertilization contribute to genetic diversity?

b. Karyotypes
1. How is a karyotype produced?

2. Be able
3. Why are triploid fish sterile?
4. What is nondisjunction?   How does trisomy 21 occur?  How is trisomy 21 different than
triploidy?

3. Meiosis vs. Mitosis -

a. When do homologous chromosomes separate in meiosis?  Draw anaphase I and
anaphase II to show this. Make chromosome 1 large and red.  Make chromosome 21
small and blue.
b. Homologous chromosomes never separate in mitosis like they do in meiosis.  Instead all
homologous pairs line up in one row during metaphase.
i. Draw metaphase of mitosis with a large red chromosome 1 and a smaller blue
chromosome 21.  
ii. Now draw metaphase I and metaphase II of meiosis with these red and blue
chromosomes.
b. When do sister chromatids separate in mitosis vs. meiosis. Using the same color
scheme:
i. Draw anaphase of mitosis. Sister chromatids separate.
ii. Draw anaphase I of meiosis.  Homologous chromosomes separate.
iii. Draw anaphase II of meiosis.  Sister chromatids separate.

4. Sex-determination Case Study -

a. Which part of the Y chromosome determines biological gender?

b. How can crossing over at this gene locus lead to an XX male and a XY female?
 c. Explain how the gene on the Y chromosome leads to changes on the inside and outside
of the embryo to determine biological gender.

d. Understand these three levels of gender determination:

Genetic-

Gonadal-

Phenotypic-

When do each of these play role in gender determination? Y Chromosome, SRY region, TDF, MIF,
Testosterone, and Androgen Receptor.

Male Reproductive System_____________________________________________________

Anatomy and Physiology of the Male Reproductive Tract

1. What are the two main functions of the testes?

2. The following cells are found in the seminiferous tubules. What is the function of each of these
cell types?
1. Spermatogonium-

2. Sertoli cell-

3. Leydig-

b. What is the function of the epididymis?

c. What is the function of the vas deferens?

d. Myoid cells contract to propel?

e. There are three types of glands associated with the male reproductive tract that contribute to
semen. (A) What are their major secretions (choices: fructose, prostaglandin, clotting factor,
mucus, and alkaline pH neutralizing agent) and (B) what are the functions of those secretions?

Gland Secretion(s) Functions of each secretion

Seminal vesicles gggggggggggggggggggggggg ggggggggggggggggggggggg

Prostate gland
 Bulbourethral
glands

8. The _________ is the tip of the penis.

8. The erectile tissue of the penis is found around the urethra which may carry semen or ______.

Male Gametes
1. Spermatogonium-

Spermatid-

Spermatozoa-

1. Which of the three cells above is/are a diploid cell(s)?

2. Which of the three cells above has/have flagella?

b. Spermatozoa (sperm)
1. Head contains haploid nucleus
2. Midpiece contains _______________which generate ATP energy for the flagellum.
3. Tail is a flagellum which is not activated for swimming until what?

Endocrine Regulation of Male Reproductive Function

1. Glands and hormones
1. The hypothalamus (part of the brain) secretes GnRH which is an abbreviation for
__________
2. Pulses of GnRH trigger puberty!
3. GnRH stimulates two hormones of the anterior pituitary gland.
1. LH is an abbreviation for ________________________ LH’s action in males is to
…..

2. FSH is an abbreviation for ________________ FSH’s action in males is to ….

ii. The testes make two hormones

1. _____________ cells produce ___________ which stimulates spermatogenesis
and inhibits LH secretion.
2. ______________cells produce ________________ which inhibits FSH secretion.
ii. What is ABP an abbreviation for?  What is it’s purpose?
 iii. Testosterone not only stimulates sperm production, but also voice deepening, muscle
enlrgmnt

Wk10 Plants, Female Reprod, and Case on Gender Determin________________________________

Female Reproductive System

Anatomy and Physiology of the Female Reproductive Tract

1. What are the two main functions of the ovary?

2. Describe the location and function of the cervix.

3. What is the lining of the uterus called?

4. Why are oviducts (fallopian tubes) lined with cilia and contain smooth muscle in their walls?

5. What is the purpose of acidic secretions of the female reproductive tract?

Female Gametes
1. Oogonium, oocyte
1. Which of the cells above is/are a diploid cell(s)?

2. Which cell will be fertilized by a sperm?

3. Oogonia no longer undergo mitosis after _____ (the fetal period/puberty/menopause).

b. Secondary oocytes finish meiosis at ovulation. ______ (true/false)
c. Oocytes are surrounded by ________ cells in the ovary.

Endocrine Regulation of Female Reproductive Function

1. Glands and hormones
1. Hypothalamus secretes GnRH which is an abbreviation for __________
2. GnRH stimulates two hormones of the anterior pituitary gland.
1. LH is an abbreviation for _________  LH’s action in females is to …..

2. FSH is an abbreviation for ________  FSH’s action in females is to ….

ii. The ovaries make two hormones

1. Estrogen which stimulates __________ in the uterus.  It can cause negative
feedback on _______, but at high levels it causes positive feedback on _______.
2. Progesterone which stimulates _____________in the uterus.
3. Estrogen and progesterone also stimulate breast tissue development and other
effects in the female body.
4. Follicles make inhibin, which inhibits _______.
 b. How many follicles begin to mature during each monthly cycle?

c. How many follicles typically ovulate an egg during each monthly cycle?

d. What does atresia mean?

e. When does a corpus luteum appear?

f. What is the role of the corpus luteum?

g. During a pregnancy, once a placenta forms to make estrogen and progesterone, the ______ is
no longer necessary.
h. Why was Diethylstilbestrol (DES) prescribed in the 1030s-1970s?  What was it’s damaging long
term effect?

i. In order for ovulation to occur, put these in the correct order:

LH surge, Estrogen surge, Antral fluid pressure peak
j. What percentage of sperm in an ejaculate reaches the ovum?

k. What are the phases of the ovarian cycle?

l. What are the phases of the uterine cycle?

m. Endometriosis-

n. polycystic ovarian syndrome-

o. pelvic inflammatory disease-

Parthenogenesis
1. parthenogenesis-
2. Which species have been shown to use parthenogenesis?

Sexually Transmitted Diseases

1. Are males or females more likely to show symptoms of an STD? male/female
2. Does the CDC say STDs are decreasing or increasing in incidence? decr/incr
3. A person can have an STD and not experience any symptoms. true/false
4. What ages show peaks in chlamydia?
5. Bacterial STDs - describe symptoms and treatment for each. Prevention? Which STD affects
nervous system?
1. Gonorrhea-
 2. Chlamydia-

3. Syphilis-

b. Viral STDs - describe symptoms and treatment for each. Which have vaccines? Other ways to
prevent? Why are these more serious than bacterial STDs?
Herpes-

1. HPV-

2. HBV-

3. HIV
b. Other STDs - what organism causes these?
1. Pubic lice-

2. Trichomoniasis-

3. Candida albicans-

b. How is pelvic inflammatory disease, infertility, and ectopic pregnancy related to chlamydia?

Plant Reproduction_____________________________________________________

Plant Reproduction (see slides)

1. gametophyte generation-

2. sporophyte generation-

3. Gametophytes make diploid gametes. _______ (true/false)

4. Sporophytes make diploid gametes. _______ (true/false)
5. Sporophytes use meiosis to make haploid gametes.  _______ (true/false)
6. Gametophytes use mitosis to make haploid gametes.  _______ (true/false)
7. Mosses (nonvascular bryophytes) have a dominant gametophyte generation.  _______
(true/false)
8. Apple trees (plants with flowers, ie angiosperms) have a dominant sporophyte generation.
_______ (true/false)
9. Gametophyte generation has _____ (haploid/diploid) cells.
10. Gametophytes produce haploid gametes via _______ (meiosis/mitosis).
 11. Sporophyte generation has _______ (haploid/diploid) cells.
12. Sporophytes produce diploid cells via ______ (meiosis/mitosis).
13. Mosses (bryophytes) have a leafy green ________ (gametophyte/sporophyte) generation.  The
golden stalks that grow out of the gametophyte are _______ (haploid/diploid) and ________
(gametophyte/sporophyte).
14. Mosses (bryophytes) have vascular tissue.  _______ (true/false)
15. Angiosperms have vascular tissue.  _______ (true/false)
16. Plants without vascular tissue rely on diffusion to move water, nutrients, and minerals
throughout their structures.  _______ (true/false)
17. An oak tree has vascular tissue.  _______ (true/false)
18. A moss (bryophyte) has vascular tissue.  _______ (true/false)
19. Explain how pollen, seeds, and sexual reproduction have made angiosperms the most successful
types of plants on earth.

20. In which environments can angiosperms be found?

 
21. In which environments can mosses (bryophytes) be found?

22. Angiosperms - flower parts from outside to inside

1. Sepals, petals
2. Filament, anther, pollen, sperm (n)
3. Stigma, style, ovary, ovule, central polar nuclei (n+n), ova (n)
4. Double fertilization is unique to angiosperms! Animation shows
1. Ova (n) + sperm#1 (n) → Zygote (2n), which becomes plant embryo
2. Central polar nuclei (n+n) + sperm#2 (n) → Triploid (3n) endosperm, which
becomes nutrition inside seed.
ii. Ovules become seeds. Seeds have a protective coating over a “baby plant with its lunch”
(i.e. diploid plant embryo with triploid endosperm nutrition).
iii. Flower ovaries become fruits.

Gene Expression, Genetic Engineering, and Stem Cells(GMO and CRISPR)____________

10.3   Genetically Modified Plants and Animals

1. Describe how plants and animals are genetically modified.

2. Transgenic-

3. For what reason(s) have crops (plants) may been genetically modified?

4. For what reason(s) have animals may be genetically modified?

5. There is some controversy about genetically modified foods and their effect on human health
and the environment.  What are the concerns and are they warranted?
10.4   Genetically Modified Humans
1. Describe the science behind, and significance of, stem cells and gene therapy.

2. What is a genetic clone? How and why does cloning occur? What is a nuclear transfer?

3. Stem cells are undifferentiated and can potentially be used to replace damaged tissue. Define
Differentiated-

Undifferentiated-
4. Embryonic stem cells are totipotent, but their use is restricted in the United States by the
federal government.
1. Totipotent-
 
2. Are adult stem cells totipotent?
b. Gene therapy has been successful in some cases but also carries unknown risks. (Figure 10.18)
What is somatic cell gene therapy?

c. Describe how CRISPR gene editing is different from gene therapy.

d. Describe the roles of gRNA and Cas9 in CRISPR gene editing.

Contraception_____________________________________________________________________

Method Which Type How does it work Efficacy by Risks

unintended
pregnancy rate
Abstinence
Cervical cap
Combo birth
control pill
Diaphragm
Emergency birth
control pill
Female condom
Female
sterilization
Fertility
awareness
Implantable birth
control
Injectable birth
control
Intrauterine
 device,IUD
Male condom
Male sterilization
vasectomy
Mifepristone
Minipill
Patch -
progesterone &
estrogen
Spermicides
Sponge
Vaginal Ring

Fertilization to Implantation (Zygote to Embryo)

1. Where exactly does fertilization occur?

2. How many sperm are ejaculated and how many sperm reach the vicinity of the egg?
 
3. Where are the sperm that didn’t make it to the egg?

4. How does female physiology help with sperm migration?

5. What is capacitation? How long does it take?

6. What barriers are around the egg membrane and how does a sperm penetrate them?  Do other
sperm in the vicinity play a role and if so what is it?

7. What is polyspermy?  Why is it prevented? What two methods prevent polyspermy?

8. What is an acrosomal reaction? When does it happen?

9. A zygote has mitochondria from mom, dad, or both? Explain.

10. Review meiosis stages for the oocyte.  When does meiosis II complete?

11. Is a pronucleus haploid or diploid?

12. Can sex before ovulation occurs result in pregnancy?

13. Can sex two days after ovulation occurs result in pregnancy?

14. What is the difference between a pre-embryo and an embryo?

 15. Is the first 16 days after fertilization, pre-embryo, embryo, fetus, or baby?
16. What is the difference between a morula and a blastocyst?  Which has more cells? Which has a
space inside?

17. As rapid cell divisions take place between zygote stage and implantation, are the cells getting
smaller, bigger, or staying the same size?
18. Is cleavage of pre-embryonic cells through mitosis or meiosis?
19. Describe placentas for dizygotic and monozygotic twins.
20. Describe different types of ectopic pregnancy.  Which kind of ectopic pregnancy may lead to a
viable offspring delivered by c-section?

21. What are the three primary germ layers?  Which two layers are found in the pre-embryo?
Which layer is added during gastrulation?

22. Tissues derived from germ layers….

a. Gonads develop from ________________
b. Bone develops from ________________
c. Nervous system develops from ________________
d. Eyes and ears develop from ________________
e. Lungs and airways develop from ________________
f. Stomach and intestinal linings develop from ________________
g. Heart develops from ________________
h. Skin develops from ________________
i. Muscle develops from ________________
j. Kidneys and bladder (excretory) develop from ________________
2.

The corpus luteum makes progesterone and estrogen to support the endometrial lining for
implantation.  The implanted embryo causes a new hormone ______ to be produced. This new
hormone is detected by pregnancy urine tests.  This hormone supports the corpus luteum.
However, later the placenta will form and take over the production of progesterone and
estrogen.  The corpus luteum will degenerate (atresia) and the ovary will be dormant (no
activity). Estrogen and progesterone inhibit the hypothalamus (GnRH) and pituitary (LH, FSH) so
no more ________ will develop in the ovary during the pregnancy.
23. Following implantation (1 week), the pre-embryo rests lightly on the endometrium and is easily
dislodged.  True/False
23. The primitive streak defines the embryo’s head/tail, left/right, and back/tummy. True/false

Embryo to Birth
 1. What are trophoblasts?  What hormone do they produce upon implantation?

2. What is the inner cell mass of the blastocyst?

3. What are two main functions of the placenta?

4. Where is the amniotic fluid found?

5. Differentiation-

6. In which trimester
1. are all of the organs formed, but merely growing and maturing for life outside the
womb? ____
2. is the fetus most vulnerable to stress, drugs, and nutritional deficiencies? ____
3. does the fetus look human with a head, eyes, ears, arms, hands with fingers, legs, and
feet with toes? _____
b. Which hormone causes the uterine contractions of labor?

c. Explain positive vs negative feedback.  Which is used during labor?

d. What are the three stages of labor?

e. What are some problems premature infants have?

Endocrine Disruptors in the Environment

1. TCE is a solvent used to remove grease.  What effect does it have on sperm?

2. What effects does second hand smoke have on a developing fetus?

3. What effect does alcohol have on a developing fetus?

4. What effect do PCBs have on a developing fetus? What is bioaccumulation (biomagnification) as

it relates to chemicals like PCBs?

5. What is cryptorchidism?

6. DEHP and BPA are found in some types of plastics. How can you protect yourself from exposure
to these?