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Madrona
XI-Einstein
Group 15: Identification of Electrolytes in Human Urine as Source of Electricity
Table 1:
Tested
Percentage Amount of
Method Composition of urine as
Author(s) / Classification electricity
used normal urine source of
abundance produced
electricity
14.32 W/m3
Jiseon You, 3-stage
This study (absolute
John MFC/
Nitrogen(N) 12-16% Nitrogenous used the power: 358
Greenman, struvite Compound
electrolytes µW), 11.76
Chris extraction
in human W/m3
Melhuish and Magnesium(Mg) Not Stated Electrolyte
urine to (absolute
and Ioannis Urea Phosphorus(P) 2% Electrolyte
generate power: 294
Ieropulos Hydrolysi
electricity µW) of power
(2014) s
was produced
Table 1 presents the capability of human urine to produce electricity using Microbial fuel
cell. The table revealed that there are electrolytes present in human urine. In identifying the
components of it, 3-stage MFC/struvite extraction and urea hydrolysis was used. Among the
constituents that can be found in human urine, it shows that there are up to 2% electrolytes aside
from other compounds since 4 authors discussed it in their research. This study tested if the
electrolytes that can be found in human urine can produce electricity and it shows a 14.32 W/m3
(absolute power: 358 µW), 11.76 W/m3 (absolute power: 294 µW) of power was produced.
Table 2:
Tested Amoun
Method Composition of Percentage/ Classificatio urine as of electr
Author(s)
used normal urine Abundance n source of city
electricity produce
(2017) of human
Uric Acid Organic
0.015%
(C5H4N4O3) Acid urine
Table 2 presents the potential of human urine to be a source of energy. The researchers
used electrolysis to determine the electrolytes found in human urine. The researchers only
determined the electrolytes that the human urine possesses. They did not perform any tests to see
Table 3:
Percentage Tested
Amount of
Method Composition of / urine as
Author(s) Classification electricity
used normal urine source of
abundance produced
electricity
conductivit
Electrolyte
Potassium (K) 0.750 %
urine
Chloride (Cl-) 1.87 %
Table 3 presents the composition of urine to identify what’s normal. The researcher used
the urinalysis method and identified three types of electrolytes. Though, the researcher did not
Table 4:
Tested
Percentage Amount of
Method Composition of urine as
/ Classification electricity
Author(s) used normal urine source of
abundance produced
electricity
specifically
Phosphoru
(2014)
s
Table 4 shows the electrolytes that can be found in human urine. The researchers used
struvite precipitation and air stripping to determine the contents of the human urine and to
specifically find if it contents nitrogen and phosphorus. The researchers did not perform any test
In accordant with tables 1-4, Magnesium (Mg) is on the top of the electrolytes list for 11
authors of 3 different studies stated it on their research. The second ones on the list are: Sodium
(Na) and Potassium (K) with both 9 authors who stated it in 3 different researches. Third is
Phosphorous (P) and Calcium (Ca) with both 8 authors in 2 different articles stated it. Lastly is
Chloride (Cl) with 5 states of authors in 2 different researches. In terms of abundance Potassium