Class XII Session 2023-24

Subject - Physics
Sample Question Paper - 10

Time Allowed: 3 hours Maximum Marks: 70

General Instructions:

1. There are 33 questions in all. All questions are compulsory.

2. This question paper has five sections: Section A, Section B, Section C, Section D and Section E.

3. All the sections are compulsory.

4. Section A contains sixteen questions, twelve MCQ and four Assertion Reasoning based of 1 mark each, Section B

contains five questions of two marks each, Section C contains seven questions of three marks each, Section D

contains two case study based questions of four marks each and Section E contains three long answer questions of

five marks each.

5. There is no overall choice. However, an internal choice has been provided in one question in Section B, one

question in Section C, one question in each CBQ in Section D and all three questions in Section E. You have to

attempt only one of the choices in such questions.

6. Use of calculators is not allowed.

Section A
1. A Ge specimen is doped with Al. The concentration of acceptor atoms is ≈ 1021 atoms m-3. Given that the [1]

intrinsic concentration of electron-hole pair is ≈ 1019 m-3, the concentration of electrons in the specimen is

a) 1017 m-3 b) 102 m-3

c) 1015 m-3 d) 104 m-3

2. In the adjoining figure what is the final value of current in the 20 Ω resistor when the circuit is completed? [1]

a) 0.3 amp b) zero

c) 0.2 amp d) 0.1 amp

3. A bird flies down vertically towards a water surface. To a fish inside the water, vertically below the bird, the bird [1]
will appear to

a) move faster than its actual speed b) be at its actual distance

Page 1 of 19
 c) move slower than its actual speed d) be closer than its actual distance
4. The force between two magnetic poles is F. If the distance between the poles and pole strengths of each pole are [1]
doubled, then the force experienced is:

a) F b) F

c) 2F d) F

5. Increasing order of dielectric constant for air, rubber and copper is: [1]

a) Kair < Krubber < Kcopper b) Kair > Krubber > Kcopper

c) Kair > Krubber < Kcopper d) Kair < Krubber > Kcopper

6. If number of turns, area and current through a coil is given by n, A and i respectively, then its magnetic moment [1]
will be

a) n2iA b) ni A
−
−
c) niA2 d) ni√A

7. A circular ring of diameter 20 cm has a resistance of 0.01 Ω . The charge that will flow through the ring if it is [1]
turned from a position perpendicular to a uniform magnetic field of 2.0 T to a position parallel to the field is
about:

a) 0.063 C b) 63 C

c) 0.63 C d) 6.3 C
8. Two similar magnets of magnetic moments M1 and M2 are taken and vibrate in a vibration magnetometer with [1]
their
i. like poles together
M1
ii. unlike poles together. If the ratio of the time periods is 1

2
, then the ratio of M1 and M2 ( i.e., M2
) is

a) 0.5 b)
5

c) 2 d) 1

9. Polarisation of light proves [1]

a) longitudinal wave nature of light b) quantum nature of light

c) transverse wave nature of light d) corpuscular nature of light

10. A charge q is located at the centre of a cube. The electric flux through any face is [1]
4πq 2πq
a) 1
b)
6 4πε0 6(4πε0 )

πq q
c) 6(4πε0 )
d) 6(4πε0 )

11. If the current in a diode is five times that in R1 and breakdown voltage of the diode is 6 volt, find the value of R. [1]

a) 1000

3
Ω b) 2000

3
Ω

c) 1000 Ω d) 2000 Ω

Page 2 of 19
12. The graph drawn with object distance along abscissa & image as ordinate for a convex lens is [1]

a) straight b) circle

c) rectangular hyperbola d) parabola

13. Assertion (A): The de Broglie wavelength of a molecule varies inversely as the square root of temperature. [1]
Reason (R): The root mean square velocity of the molecule depends on the temperature.

a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct b) Both A and R are true but R is not the
explanation of A. correct explanation of A.

c) A is true but R is false. d) A is false but R is true.

14. Assertion (A): The force between the plates of a parallel plate capacitor is proportional to the charge on it. [1]
Reason (R): Electric force is equal to charge per unit area.

a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct b) Both A and R are true but R is not the
explanation of A. correct explanation of A.

c) A is true but R is false. d) A is false but R is true.

15. Assertion (A): When Young's double-slit experiment is performed with a source of white light, only black and [1]
white fringes are observed.
Reason (R): White light does not disperse in different colours in case of interference.

a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct b) Both A and R are true but R is NOT the
explanation of A correct explanation of A

c) A is true but R is false d) A is false and R is also false

16. Assertion: When capacitive reactance is smaller than the inductive reactance in series L-C-R circuit, voltage [1]
leads the current.
Reason: In series L-C-R circuit inductive reactance greater than capacitive reactance

a) Assertion and reason both are correct b) Assertion and reason both are correct
statements and reason is correct explanation statements but reason is not correct
for assertion. explanation for assertion.

c) Assertion is correct statement but reason is d) Assertion is wrong statement but reason is
wrong statement. correct statement.
Section B
17. A light beam travelling in the x-direction is described by the electric field: Ey = 270 sin ω (t − . An electron [2]
x
)
c

is constrained to move along the y-direction with a speed of 2.0 × 107 ms-1. Find the maximum electric force
and maximum magnetic force on the electron.
18. Draw a hysteresis loop with axes labelled and showing remanence and coercive force. What does the area of the [2]
loop represent?
19. Calculate the value of Vo and I, if the Si diode and the Ge diode conduct at 0.7 V and 0.3 V respectively, in the [2]
circuit given in figure. If now Ge diode connections are reversed, what will be the new values of Vo and I.

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20. Calculate the nearest distance of approach of an α -particle of energy 2.5 eV being scattered by a gold nucleus [2]
(Z = 79).
21. A length of wire carries a steady current. It is bent first to form a circular plane coil of one turn. The same length [2]
is now bent more sharply to give a double loop of smaller radius. When the same current is passed, find the ratio
of the magnetic field at the centre with its first value.
OR
A galvanometer can be converted into a voltmeter of a certain range by connecting a resistance of 980Ω in series
with it. When the resistance is 470Ω connected in series, the range is halved. Find the resistance of the galvanometer.
Section C
22. State Kirchhoff's laws of current distribution in an electrical network. [3]
Using these rules determine the value of the current I1 in the electric circuit given below:

23. i. Distinguish between n-type and p-type semiconductors on the basis of energy band diagrams. [3]
ii. Compare their conductivities at absolute zero temperature and at room temperature.

24. a. Draw a graph showing variation of photoelectric current (I) with anode potential (V) for different intensities [3]
of incident radiation. Name the characteristic of the incident radiation that is kept constant in this experiment.
b. If the potential difference used to accelerate electrons is doubled, by what factor does the de-Broglie
wavelength associated with the electrons change?
25. Define the terms (i) mass defect (ii) binding energy for a nucleus and state the relation between the two for a [3]
given nuclear reaction for which the B.E. / nucleon of the product nucleus/nuclei is more than that for the
original nucleus/nuclei. Is this nuclear reaction exothermic or endothermic in nature? Justify your choice.
26. In the study of Geiger-Marsden experiment on the scattering of particles by a thin foil of gold, draw the [3]
trajectory of α-particles in the Coulomb field of the target nucleus. Explain briefly how one gets the information
on the size of the nucleus from this study.
27. In a double-slit experiment, the distance between the slits is 3 mm and the slits are 2 m away from the screen. [3]
Two interference patterns can be seen on the screen one due to light with wavelength 480 nm, and the other due
to light with wavelength 600 nm. What is the separation on the screen between the fifth-order bright fringes of
the two interference patterns?
28. Define self-inductance of a coil. Obtain the expression for the energy stored in an inductor L connected across a [3]
source of emf.

Page 4 of 19
 OR

A horizontal straight wire 10 m long extending from east to west is falling with a speed of 5.0 ms-1, at right angles to

the horizontal component of the earth’s magnetic field, 0.30 × 10-4 Wb m-2.
a. What is the instantaneous value of the emf induced in the wire?
b. What is the direction of the emf?
c. Which end of the wire is at the higher electrical potential?
Section D
29. Read the text carefully and answer the questions: [4]
An electromagnetic wave transports linear momentum as it travels through space. If an electromagnetic wave
transfers a total energy U to a surface in time t, then total linear momentum delivered to the surface is p = .
U

When an electromagnetic wave falls on a surface, it exerts pressure on the surface. In 1903, the American
scientists Nichols and Hull succeeded in measuring radiation pressures of visible light where other had failed, by
making a detailed empirical analysis of the ubiquitous gas heating and ballistic effects.
(i) The pressure exerted by an electromagnetic wave of intensity I(W m-2) on a non-reflecting surface is ( c is
the velocity of light)

a) I

c
b) I

2
c

c) Ic2 d) Ic

(ii) Light with an energy flux of 18 W/cm2 falls on a non-reflecting surface at normal incidence. The pressure
exerted on the surface is:

a) 2 N/m2 b) 6 × 10-4 N/m2

c) 2 × 10-4 N/m2 d) 6 N/m2

(iii) Radiation of intensity 0.5 W m-2 are striking a metal plate. The pressure on the plate is

a) 0.212 × 10-8 N m-2 b) 0.132 × 10-8 N m-2

c) 0.166 × 10-8 N m-2 d) 0.083 × 10-8 N m-2

OR
The radiation pressure of the visible light is of the order of

a) 10-4 N/m b) 10-6 N/m2

c) 10-8 N d) 10-2 N m2

(iv) A point source of electromagnetic radiation has an average power output of 1500 W. The maximum value
of electric field at a distance of 3 m from this source (in V m-1) is

a) 500 b)
500

c) d) 100
250

30. Read the text carefully and answer the questions: [4]
dq
Surface charge density is defined as charge per unit surface area of surface charge distribution. i.e., σ = .
dS

Two large, thin metal plates are parallel and close to each other. On their inner faces, the plates have surface

charge densities of opposite signs having magnitude of 17.0 × 10-22 Cm-2 as shown. The intensity of electric

Page 5 of 19
 field at a point is E = σ

ε0
, where ε = permittivity of free space.
0

(i) E in the outer region of the first plate is

a) 1.5 × 10-25 N/C b) 1.9 × 10-10 N/C

c) 17 × 10-22 N/C d) zero

(ii) E in the outer region of the second plate is

a) zero b) 1.9 × 10-10 N/C

c) 17 × 10-22 N/C d) 1.5 × 10-15 N/C

(iii) E between the plates is

a) 1.9 × 10-10 N/C b) 1.5 × 10-15 N/C

c) zero d) 17 × 10-22 N/C

(iv) The ratio of E from right side of B at distances 2 cm and 4 cm, respectively is
–
a) 1 : 2 b) 1 : √2

c) 2 : 1 d) 1 : 1
OR
In order to estimate the electric field due to a thin finite plane metal plate, the Gaussian surface considered
is

a) cylindrical b) none of these

c) spherical d) straight line

Section E
31. a. Derive the expression for the angle of deviation for a ray of light passing through an equilateral prism of [5]
refracting angle A.
b. A prism is found to give a minimum deviation of 51°. The same prism gives a deviation of 62°48' for two
values of the angles of incidence, namely, 46°6' and 82°42'. Determine the refractive angle of the prism and
the refractive index of its material.
OR
A narrow monochromatic beam of light of intensity I is incident on a glass plate. Another identical glass plate is kept
close to the first one and parallel to it. Each plate reflects 25% of the incident light and transmits the remaining.
Calculate the ratio of minimum and maximum intensity in the interference pattern formed by two beams obtained
after reflection from each plate.
32. The area of parallel plates of an air-filled capacitor is 0.20 m2 and the distance between them is 0.01 m. The p.d. [5]
across the plates is 3000 V. When a 0.01 m thick dielectric sheet is placed between the plates, the p.d. decreases
to 1000 V. Determine:
i. the capacitance of the capacitor before placing the sheet

Page 6 of 19
 ii. charge on each plate
iii. the dielectric constant of the material
iv. the capacitance of the capacitor after placing the dielectric
v. the permittivity of the dielectric. Given ε = 8.85 × 10-12 Fm-1.
0

OR
a. Compare the individual dipole moment and the specimen dipole moment for H2O molecule and O2 molecule
when placed in
i. Absence of external electric field.
ii. Presence of external electric field. Justify your answer.
b. Given two parallel conducting plates of area A and charge densities + σ and - σ. A dielectric slab of constant k
and a conducting slab of thickness d each are inserted in between them as shown
i. Find the potential difference between the plates.
ii. Plot E versus x graph, taking x = 0 at positive plate and x = 5 d at negative plate.

33. i. When an AC source is connected to an ideal capacitor, then show that the average power supplied by the [5]
source over a complete cycle is zero.
ii. A lamp is connected in series with a capacitor. Predict your observations when the system is connected first
across a DC and then an AC source. What happens in each case if the capacitance of the capacitor is
reduced?
OR
A series LCR circuit is connected to an a.c. source having voltage V = Vm sin ωt. Derive the expression for the

instantaneous current I and its phase relationship to the applied voltage. Obtain the condition for resonance to occur.
Define power factor. State the conditions under which it is
i. maximum and
ii. minimum.

Page 7 of 19
 Solution

Section A

1. (a) 1017 m-3

Explanation: Here ni = 1019 m-3 and nh = 1021 m-3
As n 2
i
= ne nh
2
n
i
∴ ne =
nh

= 1017 m-3
19 19

= 10 × 10

21
10

2.
(d) 0.1 amp
Explanation: At steady state, di

dt
= 0

Potential drop across inductor ,ΔV = L

di

dt

ΔV = 0

hence no voltage drop across the inductor in steady state. it get short circuited and all the current will pass through the inductor
only.
no current pass through 10 Ω resistor.
current through 20 Ω resistor
V
I =
R
2
=
10

=0.1amp
3. (a) move faster than its actual speed
Explanation: Let h be the actual height and h' be the apparent height of bird at any instant.
Then, = μ (refractive index of air with respect to water)
h

′ aw
h

= 3

4
(since refractive index of water with respect to air is 4

3
)
If v is the actual speed and v' be the apparent speed of bird, then
′

v= dh

dt
and v' = dh

dt

Thus, v

′
= 3

4
v
4v
or v' = 3

4. (a) F
′
q qm
Explanation: F α m

2
r
′ ′ ′
2qm 2qm qm qm
Hence F

F
= (
2
)/
2
= 1
4r r

or F' = F
5. (a) Kair < Krubber < Kcopper
Explanation: Kair < Krubber < Kcopper

6.
(b) ni A
Explanation: The magnetic moment associated with a coil carrying current is given by the product of its area and the current
through it.
M = niA
7.
(d) 6.3 C
Net change in magnetic flux
Explanation: q = R
∘ ∘ 2 2
BA(cos 0 −cos 90 ) B×π r (1−0) Bπr
= = =
R R R
2
2×3.14×(0.1)
=
0.01
C = 6.28C = 6.3 C

Page 8 of 19
 8.
(b) 5

3
2 2
M1 T +T

Explanation: M2
=
2

2
1

2
T −T
2 1
2
T
1
1+( ) 1
T 1+

=
2 4 5
= =
2 1 3
T 1−
1
1−( ) 4
T
2

9.
(c) transverse wave nature of light
Explanation: Polarisation of light proves the transverse wave nature of light.
4πq
10. (a) 1

6 4πε0

q 4πq
Explanation: ϕ E =
ε0
=
1

6 (4π ε0 )

11.
(b) 2000

3
Ω

Explanation: Current through R1,

Breakdown voltage of diode
I1 = R1

= 6 V

1kΩ
=
6

3
A = 6 mA
1×10

The current in diode is 5 times that in R1.

∴ Total current drawn from the battery
= 6 mA + 30 mA = 36 mA
P.D. across R = 30 - 6 = 24 V
⇒ RI = R × 36 × 10-3 = 24
∴ R =
24 2000
= Ω
−3 3
36×10

12.
(c) rectangular hyperbola

Explanation:

13. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
−
−
Explanation: v ∝ √T rms

h 1
λ = ⇒ λ ∝
mv v

14.
(c) A is true but R is false.
Explanation: F =
1

2
qE ⇒ F ∝ q

F cannot be equal to charge per unit area.

15.
(d) A is false and R is also false

Page 9 of 19
 Explanation: A is false and R is also false
16.
(c) Assertion is correct statement but reason is wrong statement.
Explanation: Assertion is correct statement but reason is wrong statement.
Section B
17. Maximum electric field,
E0 = 270 Vm-1
Maximum magnetic field,
= 9 × 10-7 T,
E0 270
B0 = =
c 8
3×10

directed along z-direction

Maximum electric force on the electron,
Fe = qE0 = 1.6 × 10-19 × 270 = 4.32 × 10-17 N
Maximum electric force on the electron
Fm = qvB0 = 1.6 × 10-19 × 2.0 × 107 × 9 × 10-7

= 2.88 × 10-18 N.
18. Hysteresis occurs in a system that involves a magnetic field. Hysteresis is the common property of ferromagnetic substances.
Generally, when the magnetization of ferromagnetic materials lags behind the magnetic field this effect can be described as the
hysteresis effect.
Definition: The meaning of hysteresis is ”lagging”. Hysteresis is characterized as a lag of magnetization intensity (B) behind the
magnetic field intensity (H).
All ferromagnetic materials exhibit the phenomena of hysteresis. To give you a better understanding of the concept, we will take
an instance where a ferromagnetic substance is placed inside a current-carrying coil. Due to the magnetic field that is present the
substance gets magnetized. If we reverse the direction of current then the substance gets demagnetized, this process is known as
hysteresis.
There are two types of hysteresis;
i. Rate-dependent hysteresis
ii. rate-independent hysteresis
Hysteresis Loop
The hysteresis loop shows the relationship between the intensity of magnetization and the magnetizing field. The loop is generated
by measuring the magnetic flux coming out from the ferromagnetic substance while changing the external magnetizing field.

Looking at the graph, if B is measured for various values of H and if the results are plotted in graphic forms then the graph will
show a hysteresis loop.
i. The intensity of the magnetism (B) is increased when the magnetic field (H) is increased from 0 (zero).
ii. With increasing the magnetic field there is an increase in the value of magnetism and finally reaches point A which is called
saturation point where B is constant.
iii. With a decrease in the value of the magnetic field, there is a decrease in the value of magnetism. But at B and H are equal to
zero, substance or material retains some amount of magnetism is called retentivity or residual magnetism.
iv. When there is a decrease in the magnetic field towards the negative side, magnetism also decreases. At point C the substance
is completely demagnetized.
v. The force required to remove the retentivity of the material is known as Coercive force (C).
vi. In the opposite direction, the cycle is continued where the saturation point is D, retentivity point is E and coercive force is F.
vii. Due to the forward and opposite direction process, the cycle is complete and this cycle is called the hysteresis loop.

Page 10 of 19
19.

12−0.3
Current, I = 3
= 2.34 mA
5×10

Output voltage, V = RI = (5 × 10 ) × (2.34 × 10 ) = 11.7 V

o
3 −3

When the connections of Ge diode are reversed, then current will be through silicon.
12−0.7
In this case, I ′
=
3
= 2.26 mA
5×10

and
′ ′
Vo = I R = (2.26 × 10 = 11.3 V −3
) × (5 × 10 )
3

20. The nearest distance of approach of an α -particle,

2
2Z e 1
x = ×
4πε0 2
mυ
( )
2

Now energy of α -particle = 1

2
mυ
2
= 2.5 MeV
6 −19
= 2.5 × 10 × 1.6 × 10 J

−13
= 2.5 × 1.6 × 10 J

Substituting values we get,

−38 9
2×79×1.6×1.6× 10 ×9× 10
x =
−13
2.5×1.6×10
−14
= 9.101 × 10 m

21. Let Z be the length of the wire. When the wire is bent in the form of one turn circular coil,
l = 2πr or T = , N = 1
1 1
l

2π
μ0 N I μ×1×I μ0 πI
∴ B1 = = =
2r 2×(l/2π) l

When the wire is bent in form of two-turn coil

1
l = 2 × 2πr2 or r 2 =
4π
,N = 2

μ ×2×I 4μ πI
0 0
∴ B2 = =
2×(1/4π) l

B2
∴ = 4 : 1
B1

OR
The current for full scale deflection of a voltmeter is given by
V
Ig =
Rg +R

In first case, I g =
Rg +980
V

V /2
In second case, I g =
Rg +470

V V
∴ =
Rg +980 2(Rg +470)

or 2Rg + 940 = Rg + 980

or Rg= 40 Ω
Section C
22. i. Kirchhoff's first law is known as junction rule which states that for a given junction or node in a circuit, sum of the currents
entering will be equal to sum of currents leaving. Or It states In any electrical network the algebraic sum of currents meeting
at a point or junction is zero.
Kirchhoff's second law is also known as loop rule which shows that around any closed loop in a circuit, sum of the potential
differences across all elements will be zero. or The algebraic sum of the changes in potential around any closed loop involving
resistors and cells in the loop is zero.
ii. Now from the given figure,
I1 + I2 = I3 ...(i)
I2 = I3 - I1 ...(ii)

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 For ABEFA
- 20Ii - 40I3 = -40
- 20(I1+ 2I3) = -40
I1+ 2I3 = 2 ...(iii)
For BCDEB
40I3 + 20I2 = 80 + 40
20(2I3 + I2) = 120
2I3 + (I3 - I1) = 6
2I3 + I2 = 6
2I3 + (I3 - I1) = 6 using eq. (i)
2I3 + I3 - I1 = 6
3I3 - I1 = 6 ...(iv),
5I3 = 8 We get I3 = 8

5
= 1.6 A
and I1 = − 6

5
A = -1.2 A
Now from equation (ii),
I2 = I3 - I1
= 1.6 - (-1.2)
= 1.6 + 1.2
= 2.8 A
23. i. In n-type semiconductor, the donor energy level ED is slightly below the bottom EC of the conduction band and electrons from
this level move into conduction band with a very small supply of energy. Fermi-level shifts towards the conduction band
where higher number of electrons are available for conduction. In a n-type semiconductor, energy gap decreases.

In p-type semiconductor, the acceptor energy level EA is above the top EV of the valence band, therefore with a small supply
of energy, the electrons can jump from valence band to acceptor energy level. Fermi levels shift closer to the valence bond
because holes are the majority carriers. In a p-type semiconductor, energy band increases.
ii. At absolute zero temperature (0 K) conduction band of semiconductor is completely empty, i.e., σ = 0 .

Hence, the semiconductor behaves as an insulator. At room temperature, some valence electrons acquire enough thermal
energy and jump to the conduction band where they are free to conduct electricity. Thus, the semiconductor acquires a small
conductivity at room temperature.

Page 12 of 19
24. a. The frequency of the incident radiation was kept constant

b. from the de-Broglie wavelength,

1
λ ∝
√ν

If potential difference V is doubled, the de-Broglie wavelength is decreased to 1

times.
√2

25. i. Mass defect (ΔM), of any nucleus A

Z
X is the difference in the mass of the nucleus (= M) and the sum of masses of its
constituent nucleons (= M').
ΔM = M' - M

= [Zmp + (A - Z)mn] - M
where mp and mn denote the mass of the proton and the neutron respectively.
ii. Binding energy is the energy required to separate a nucleus into its constituent nucleons. Or Nuclear binding energy is the
minimum energy that would be required to disassemble the nucleus of an atom into its component parts. These component
parts are neutrons and protons, which are collectively called nucleons. The relation between the two is
B.E. = ΔMc2
iii. There is a release of energy, i.e., the reaction is exothermic.
Reason: Increase in B.E/nucleon implies that mass has been converted into energy. This would result in the release of energy.
26. The trajectory of α -particles in the Coulomb field of the target nucleus is shown below:

From this experiment, the following is observed.

1. Most of the α -particles pass straight through the gold foil. It means that they do not suffer any collision with gold atoms.
2. About one α -particle in every 8000 α -particles deflect by more than 90°. As most of the α -particles go undeflected and only a
few get deflected, this shows that most of the space in an atom is empty. Thus, with the help of these observations regarding
the deflection of a-particles, the size of the nucleus was predicted.
At the distance of head on approach, the entire kinetic energy of α-particle is converted into electrostatic potential energy. This
distance of head on approach gives an upper limit of the size of nucleus (denoted by r0 ) and is given by:
1 (Z e)(2e)
Ek =
4πε0 r0

2
1 2Z e
r0 =
4πε0 Ek

This is about 10 −14

m.
27. Here d = 3 mm = 3 × 10-3 m, D = 2 m
Position of 5th bright fringe of wavelength 480 nm,
−9
Dλ 5×2×480×10
x5 = 5 d
=
−3
m
3×10

Position of 5th bright fringe of wavelength 600 nm,

Page 13 of 19
 −9

x
′
5
=
5×2×600×10

−3
m
3×10

Separation between the 5th order bright fringes of the two patterns,
−5
10
Δ x = x - x5 = ′
5 3
(600 - 480)m

m = 4 × 10-4 m
−5
10 ×120
=
3

28. Self-inductance of a coil is the property of the coil in which it opposes the change of current flowing through it. Inductance is
attained by a coil due to the self-induced emf produced in the coil itself by changing the current flowing through it.
Self-induction of the long solenoid of inductance L, (A long solenoid is one which length is very large as compared to its cross-
section area.) the magnetic field inside such a solenoid is constant at any point and given by
μ NI
B= 0

Magnetic flux through each turn of solenoid

ϕ = B × area of each turn
μ NI
ϕ = 0

l
× A
total flux = flux × total number of turns
μ NI
Nϕ =N( 0

l
× A) ... (i)
If L is the coefficient of inductance of solenoid
N ϕ = LI ... (ii)

from equation (i) and (ii)

μ0 N I
LI = N ( l
× A)

2
μ N A
L= 0

l
... (iii)
The magnitude of emf is given by
dI
|e| or e = L dt
... (iv)
multiplying I to both sides
eIdt = LIdI
dq
but I = dt

Idt = dq
Also work done (dW)= voltage × Charge(dq)
or dW = e× dq = eIdt
substituting the values in equation (iv)
dW = LIdt
By integrating both sides
w I0

∫ dW =∫ LI dt
0 0

1
W= 2
LI
0
2

this work done is in increasing the current flow through inductor is stored as potential energy (U) in the magnetic field of inductor
U = LI 1

2 0
2

OR
Length of the wire, l = 10 m
Falling speed of the wire, v = 5.0 m/s
Magnetic field strength, B = 0.3 × 10-4 wb m-2
a. the instantaneous value of Emf induced in the wire,
e = Blv
−4
= 0.3 × 10 × 5 × 10

= 1.5 × 10-3 V
b. Using Fleming's right-hand rule, it can be inferred that the direction of the induced emf is from West to East.
c. The eastern end of the wire is at a higher potential.
Section D
29. Read the text carefully and answer the questions:
An electromagnetic wave transports linear momentum as it travels through space. If an electromagnetic wave transfers a total
U
energy U to a surface in time t, then total linear momentum delivered to the surface is p = . When an electromagnetic wave falls
c

on a surface, it exerts pressure on the surface. In 1903, the American scientists Nichols and Hull succeeded in measuring radiation

Page 14 of 19
 pressures of visible light where other had failed, by making a detailed empirical analysis of the ubiquitous gas heating and ballistic
effects.
(i) (a) I

Explanation: Pressure exerted by an electromagnetic radiation, P =

I

(ii) (b) 6 × 10-4 N/m2

2
Energy flux 18 W/cm
Explanation: P rad =
Speed of light
=
8
3× 10 m/s

4 2

10-4 N/m2
18× 10 W/m
= 8
=6×
3× 10 m/s

(iii) (c) 0.166 × 10-8 N m-2

Explanation: P =
I

c
=
0.5

8
= 0.166 × 10-8 N m-2
3×10

OR

(b) 10-6 N/m2

Explanation: The radiation pressure of visible light
= 7 × 10-6 N/m2
(iv) (d) 100
Explanation: Intensity of EM wave is given by I = P

2
Vav =
1

2
ε0 E
0
2
× c
4πR
−−−−−− −−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−
⇒ E0 = √
P

2
=√ 2
1500

−12 8
2π R ε0 c 2×3.14(3) ×8.85× 10 ×3× 10

= √10, 000 = 100 V m-1

−−−−−−

30. Read the text carefully and answer the questions:

dq
Surface charge density is defined as charge per unit surface area of surface charge distribution. i.e., σ = dS
. Two large, thin metal
plates are parallel and close to each other. On their inner faces, the plates have surface charge densities of opposite signs having
magnitude of 17.0 × 10-22 Cm-2 as shown. The intensity of electric field at a point is E = σ

ε0
, where ε = permittivity of free
0

space.

(i) (d) zero

Explanation: There are two plates A and B having surface charge densities, σ = 17.0 × 10 C/m2 on B, A
−22

respectively. According to Gauss' theorem, if the plates have same surface charge density but having opposite signs,
then the electric field in region I is zero.
EI = EA + EB = 2ε0
σ
+ (−
σ

2ε0
) =0

(ii) (a) zero

Explanation: The electric field in region III is also zero.
EIII = EA + EB = 2ε0
σ
+ (−
2ε0
σ
) =0

(iii) (a) 1.9 × 10-10 N/C

Explanation: In region II or between the plates, the electric field.
EII = EA - EB = +
2ε0
σ

2ε0
σ

σ( σA or σB ) −22

= ε0
=
17.0×10

−12
8.85×10

E = 1.9 × 10-10 NC-1

(iv) (d) 1 : 1
Explanation: Since, electric field due to an infinite-plane sheet of charge does not depend on the distance of
observation point from the plane sheet of charge. So, for the given distances, the ratio of E will be 1 : 1.
OR

Page 15 of 19
 (a) cylindrical
Explanation: In order to estimate the electric field due to a thin finite plane metal plate, we take a cylindrical cross-
sectional area A and length 2r as the gaussian surface.
Section E
31. a. Consider that a ray of light PQ is incident on the refracting face AB of the prism at point Q as shown in figure. When light
passes through a prism refraction takes place at both the surfaces of the prism.

In figure, i and e are the angle of incidence and emergence respectively. Angles r1 and r2 are angle of refraction at both the
surfaces of the prism. A is the angle of prism and δ be the angle of deviation.
The rays PQ, QR and RS are called incident ray, refracted ray and emergent ray respectively. Produce SR backwards, so as to
meet the ray PQ at point T, when produced. Then, KTS = δ is called the angle of deviation.
Since ∠ TQO = i and ∠ RQO = r1, we have
∠ TQR = i - r1
Also, ∠ TRO = e and ∠ QRO = r2. Therefore,
∠ TRQ = e - r2
Now, in triangle TQR, the side QT has been produced outwards. Therefore,
δ = ∠ TQR + ∠ TRQ = (i - r1) + (e - r2)

or δ = (i + e) - (r1 + r2) ....(i)

In triangle QRO, the sum of the angles is 180o. Therefore,

r1 + r2 + ∠ QOR = 180o ...(ii)

In quadrilateral AQOR, each of the angles AQO and ARO is 90o. Since the sum of the four angles of a quadrilateral is four
angles, the sum of the remaining two angles should be 180o i.e.
A + ∠ QOR = 180o ....(iii)
From the equation (ii) and (iii), we have
r1 + r2 = A ...(iv)
In the equation (i), substituting for (r1 + r2) we have
δ = (i + e) - A
or A + δ = i + e
Hence, δ = (i + e) − A
b. The incident ray is deviated through δ = 62 ∘ ′
48 when angle i = 40o6'. From the principle of reversibility of light, it is clear
from the figure that the emergent ray (for which angle e = 82o42') is also deviated through the same angle δ . Now,

δ = (i + e) − A

or A = (i + e) − δ
∘ ′ ∘ ′ ∘ ′
= 40 6 + 82 42 − 62 48

or A = 60°

Page 16 of 19
 which is the refractive angle of the prism.
For minimum deviation, i = e
Hence, δ = 2i − A
min

δmin +A
or i = ( 2
)

∘ ∘
( 51 + 60 )
∘ ′
= = 55 30
2

which is the angle of incidence at minimum deviation? The refractive index of the material of the prism is given by
(δ +A)
min
sin
2
μ=
A
sin
2
∘ ∘
51 +60
sin( )
2

or μ = 60∘
sin
2

or μ = 1.648
OR
Let I be the intensity of beam 1 incident on the first glass plate. Each plate reflects 25% of light incident on it and transmits 75%.
Therefore,
I1 = I;
I2 = 25

100
I= I

75 3
I3 = 100
I= 4
I
25 3 3
I4 = 100
I3 = 1

4
×
4
I= 16
I
I5 = 75

100
I4 = 3

4
×
16
3
I= 9

64
I

∴ Amplitude ratio of beams 2 and 5 is

−−
−−−−−−
I2
r=√ I5
= √
I

4
×
64

9I
=
4

2
4
2 −1
Imin

Imax
= [
r−1

r+1
] = [
3

4
] =
1

49
= 1 : 49
+1
3

32. i. Capacitance of an air-filled capacitor is

= 1.77 × 10-10 F.
ε0 A −12
8.85× 10 ×0.20
C0 = = =
d 0.01

ii. Charge on each plate,

q = C0V0 = 1.77 × 10-10 × 3000 = 5.31 × 10-7 C
C q/V V0 3000
iii. Dielectric constant of the material is κ = C0
=
q/V0
=
V
=
1000
=3
iv. Capacitance after the dielectric sheet is introduced
C = κ C0 = 3 × 1.77 × 10-10 = 5.31 × 10-10 F

v. Permittivity of the dielectric is ε = κε = 3 × 8.85 × 10-12 = 2.65 × 10-11 Fm-1 0

OR
a.
Non-polar (O2) Polar (H2O)

In the absence of electric

field

Page 17 of 19
 Individual No dipole moment exists. Dipole moment exists

Specimen No dipole moment exists. Dipoles are randomly oriented. Net P=0

In the presence of electric

field

Dipole moment exists (molecules become Torque acts on the molecules to align them
Individual
polarised.) parallel to E

Specimen The dipole moment exists. Net dipole moment exists parallel to E.
E0
b. i. V = E0 d + κ
d + E0 d + 0 + E0 d, k is the dielectric constant.
E0
V = 3 E0 d + κ
d thus V= E0 d (3+1/k) or V= E0 d(3k+1)/k
ii. Graph:

33. i. When a source of AC is connected to a capacitor of capacitance C, the charge on it grows from zero to maximum steady value
Q0 .
The energy stored in a capacitor is, E = 1

2
CV
0
2
where, V0 is maximum potential difference across the plates of the capacitor.
The alternating voltage applied is
V = V0 sin ωt

and the current leads the emf by a phase angle of π/2

π
I = I0 sin(ωt + ) = I0 cos ωt
2

∴ Work done over a complete cycle is,

T T
W = ∫ V I dt = ∫ (V0 sin ωt) (I0 cos ωt) dt
0 0
V0 I0 T
= ∫ 2 sin ωt cos ωtdt
2 0

V0 I0 T
∴ W = ∫ sin 2ωtdt
2 0
T
V0 I0 cos 2ωt
W = [1 − ] = 0
2 2ω
0

Now as the work done is zero, hence the average power is also zero (as, time can never be zero).
ii. When a DC source is connected, the condenser is charged but no current flows in the circuit. Because a condenser offers
infinite resistance for a DC source and never allows a DC current to flow through it. Therefore, the lamp does not glow. No
change occurs even when capacitance of capacitor is reduced.
Now when an AC source is connected with the circuit, the capacitor offers capacitive reactance X = 1/ωC (where ω is the C

angular frequency of the applied AC voltage). The current flows in the circuit and the lamp glows. On reducing the value of C,
the capacitive reactance, XC increases. Therefore, the glowing of the bulb reduces.

OR
Suppose resistance R, inductance L and capacitance C are connected in series and an alternating source of voltage V = V0 sin ωt

is applied across it. (fig. a) On account of being in series, the current (i) flowing through all of them is the same.

Suppose the voltage across resistance R is VR, voltage across inductance L is VL and voltage across capacitance C is VC. The

voltage VR and current i are in the same phase, the voltage VL will lead the current by angle 90o while the voltage VC will lag

Page 18 of 19
behind the current by angle 90o. Clearly VC and VL are in opposite directions, therefore their resultant potential difference = VC -
VL (if VC > VL).

Thus VR and (VC - VL) are mutually perpendicular and the phase difference between them is 90o. As applied voltage across the
circuit is V, the resultant of VR and (VC - VL) will also be V.
From fig.
−−−−−−−−−−−−−
V2 = V
2 2

R
2
+ (VC − VL ) ⇒ V = √V
R
2
+ (VC − VL ) ......(i)
But V = Ri , V = X i and V = X i .....(ii)
R C C L L

capacitance reactance and XL= ω L = inductive reactance

−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−
2
2
∴ V = √(Ri ) + (XC i − XL i)
−−−−−−−−−−−−−−
V 2
∴ Impedance of circuit, Z = i
2
= √R + (XC − XL )
−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−
−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 2
2
i.e., Z = √R 2
+ (XC − XL )
2
= √R + (
1

ωC
− ωL)

Instantaneous current
V0 sin(ωt+ϕ)
I =
2
1
√R2 + ( −ωL)
ωC

Condition for resonance to occur in series LCR ac circuit:

For resonance, the current produced in the circuit and emf applied must always be in the same phase.
Phase difference (ϕ) in series LCR circuit is given by
XC − XL
tan ϕ =
R

For resonance ϕ = 0 ⇒ X − X C L = 0

or X = X C L

If ω is resonant frequency, then

r

and X = ω L L r

1 1
∴ = ωr L ⇒ ωr =
ωr C √LC

Power factor is the cosine of phase angle ϕ, i.e., cos ϕ = R/Z.

For maximum power cos ϕ = 1 or Z = R
i.e., circuit is purely resistive.
For minimum power cos ϕ = 0 or R = 0
i.e., circuit should be free from ohmic resistance.

Page 19 of 19