Statistics and

Probability
Prepared by: Ms. Denise Mae D. Catada
BSEd-MATH IV
 Are you a daring
person? When someone
dares you to do
something, how
confident are you that
you can live up to the
task?
PICTURE ANALYSIS
 Guide Questions
Based on the given activity,
how confident are you that all of
your samples will meet the
qualifications to be relevant to
your study?
How will you ensure that you
can obtain sufficient data from
the number of samples you
have?

Why is there a need to have a

In this case, what do you think
consistent and accurate data
will be our topic for today?
in conducting a research?
CHAPTER
4

Confidence
Intervals
Learning Objectives
At the end of the lesson, students will be able to:

identify cite conclusions

solve for the based on the
degrees of confidence results of finding
freedom and interval and confidence
percentile using margin of intervals that
the t-table; errors; and correspond to real-
life problems.
 What is a confidence interval?
A confidence interval (abbreviated as CI) is used for the purpose
of estimating a population parameter by using statistics. However,
because sample results will vary you need to add a measure of
that variability to your estimate. This measure of variability is called
the margin of error, the heart of a confidence interval. Your
sample statistic, plus or minus (±) the margin of error, gives you a
range of likely values for a parameter – in other words, your
confidence interval.
 CI Formula:
∗
𝝈
ഥ
𝒙 ±𝒛
𝒏
where ഥ𝒙 is the sample mean and the
margin of error is the piece following the
∗ 𝝈
plus/minus sign, ±𝒛 𝒏.
 To estimate a parameter with a
confidence interval:
1. Choose your confidence level and your sample size.
2. Select a random sample of individuals from the population.
3. Collect reliable and relevant data from the individuals in the
sample.
4. Summarize the data into a statistic.
5. Calculate the margin of error.
6. Take the statistics plus or minus the margin of error to get your
final estimate of the parameter for a parameter – in other words, your
confidence interval.
Confidence Interval Example 1:
A group of 10-foot surgery patients
had a mean weight of 240 pounds.
The sample standard deviation
was 25 pounds. Find a confidence
interval for a sample for the true
mean weight of all foot surgery
patients. Find a 95% CI.
A group of 10-foot surgery patients had a mean weight of 240 pounds. The
sample standard deviation was 25 pounds. Find a confidence interval for a
sample for the true mean weight of all foot surgery patients. Find a 95% CI.

Step 1: Find the 𝒛∗ or the critical value

• degree of freedom; 𝑑𝑓 = 𝑛 − 1
CI Formula: • 𝑎 = 1−𝐶𝐿
2 2
∗
𝝈 • use 𝑑𝑓 and
𝑎
to determine the percentile using the t-table
ഥ ±𝒛
𝒙 2
𝒏 𝝈
Step 2: Find the value of 𝒏
𝝈
Step 3: Calculate the MOE 𝒛∗
𝒏
𝝈
ഥ − 𝒛∗
Step 4: Find the lower limit or lower end of the range 𝒙 𝒏
𝝈
ഥ
Step 5: Find the upper limit of upper end of the range 𝒙 + 𝒛∗ 𝒏
Confidence Interval Example 2:
A random sample of 15
observations has a mean of 20 and
a standard deviation of 3.5. To
estimate the population, mean with
95% confidence level, determine
the:
• Margin of Error
• Confidence Interval
 A random sample of 15 observations has a mean of 20 and a standard
deviation of 3.5. To estimate the population, mean with 95% confidence level,
determine the margin of error and confidence intervals.

Step 1: Find the 𝒛∗ or the critical value

• degree of freedom; 𝑑𝑓 = 𝑛 − 1
CI Formula: • 𝑎 = 1−𝐶𝐿
2 2
∗
𝝈 • use 𝑑𝑓 and
𝑎
to determine the percentile using the t-table
ഥ ±𝒛
𝒙 2
𝒏 𝝈
Step 2: Find the value of 𝒏
𝝈
Step 3: Calculate the MOE 𝒛∗
𝒏
𝝈
ഥ − 𝒛∗
Step 4: Find the lower limit or lower end of the range 𝒙 𝒏
𝝈
ഥ
Step 5: Find the upper limit of upper end of the range 𝒙 + 𝒛∗ 𝒏
APPLICATION: Solve the problem
below and show your complete
solution.
A group of 12-foot surgery patients had a
mean weight of 230 pounds. The sample
standard deviation was 23 pounds. Find a
confidence interval for a sample for the true
mean weight of all foot surgery patients. Find
a 90% CI.
 To sum it up…

What is confidence interval How is margin of errors

and why is it important in contribute to the accuracy of
dealing statistics? data?

In statistics, why is it important for

us to be confident in giving
accurate results and relevant
data?
GROUP ACTIVITY: Solve the problem below and show
your complete solution.
Test I. Suppose you have a sample sizes 10, 20, and 30
and you want to find the 95th percentile. Solve for the
degrees of freedom to get the 95th percentile.
Test II. A random sample of 12 observations has a mean
of 26 and a standard deviation of 2.3. To estimate the
population, mean with 90% confidence level, determine
the:
• margin of error
• confidence interval
 That’s all.
Thank you!