What is Power System?

A system that deals with:

 Generation
 Transmission
 Distribution
of Electrical Energy.

 Largest and most complex man made system.

Importance of Power System
 Power System provides a vital service to the society.

 Electrical power is somewhat like the air we breathe:

We think about it only when it is missing.
Goals of PS operation is to achieve:
 Highest reliability

 Lowest operation cost

 Min. environmental impacts

Evolution of Power System
Evolution of Power System
Evolution of Power System
PS Function

Storage

Transmission
SOURCE Energy
& utilization
Of Fuel Conversion Distribution

Consumption devices are part of the PS & need to be modeled in PS

analysis. Although they are not owned or controlled by the power utility.
Power Generation

 Takes place in power plants which may be

geographically dispersed.

 A power plant may house more than one generating

units.
Energy Sources

 Hydrocarbons (Oil, coal, natural gas and etc.)

 Water
 Nuclear
 Solar
 Chemical
 Wind
 Tidal
Energy Conversion
Conversion processes in a thermal power plant:
Chemical energy Burners Thermal
energy.
Thermal energy Boilers Mechanical energy
Mechanical energy Turbines Kinetic Energy
Rotating machines Electrical Energy

Overall conversion efficency of a thermal power plant is

around 40%.
Transmission System

 Connect generating plants to consumption points

 Interconnects power pools –reduce generation

reserve & cost, increases reliability

 High Voltage AC Transmission

 HVDC Transmission
Advantages of High Voltage
Transmission
 Lower transmission losses per MW transfer

 Lower line-voltage drop/km

 Higher transmission capacity /km

 Reduced right–of-way requirement /MW

 Higher transfer rate

 Lower capital and operating costs/MW.

Power Transmission Equipment

 Transformers

 Step-up Transformers

 Step-down Transformer

 Voltage Regulators

 Phase Shifters
 Transmission Lines & Cables
Power Transmission Equipment

 Circuit Breakers & isolators

 Shunt & Series Reactors & Capacitors

 Lightning Arrestors

 Protective Relays

 FACTS Devices (SVC, Statcom, TCSC, UPFC,etc.)

 Converter/inverter
Power Distribution
 Receives electrical energy from the HV/MV levels

Supplies energy to customers:

 At MV /LV levels
 Single phase and /or three-phase
Main Equipment in Distribution System

 Distribution transformers (DXFR)

 Feeders (O/H or underground cables)

 Switches, fuses, etc.

 Protective Relays

 Lightning Arrestors.

 CT/PT
HVAC Transmission

Limitation of HVAC Transmission

1. Reactive power loss

2. Stability
3. Current carrying capacity
4. Skin effect
DC Transmission

HVDC Transmission System

First HVDC transmission between Sweden and Got
1950s
land
1954
Island by cable
HVDC Transmission
Advantages of HVDC Disadvantages of HVDC
Transmission Transmission

-Requires less space -Cost of equipment is high

-Cheaper for long distance -Introduction of harmonics
transmission -Blocking of reactive power
-No skin effect
-asynchronous operation possible
-No transmission of short circuit
power
-Power control possible
-Less stability problem
HVDC Transmits bulk amount of
power
HVAC Vs HVDC

Let us compare the power per conductor

on the two lines I(dc) = I(ac)rms

V(dc) = √2V(ac)
DC power per conductor = V(dc). I(dc)

P(ac) = V(ac)I(ac)cosø
𝑃(𝑑𝑐) 𝑉 𝑑𝑐 𝐼(𝑑𝑐) √2
= = 𝑥=
𝑃 𝑎𝑐 𝑉 𝑎𝑐 𝐼 𝑎𝑐 𝑐𝑜𝑠ø 𝑐𝑜𝑠ø
𝑃(𝑑𝑐)
Taking cosø = 0.945 , = 1.5
𝑃(𝑎𝑐)
HVAC Vs HVDC

Advantages of HVDC system:

1. Economical for long distance bulk power transmission of OH lines
2. Greater power per conductor and simple line construction
3. There is no skin effect
4. VR problem is less serious. Only IR, IX=0
5. AC-DC system is better than AC-AC
6. DC cable can work on higher voltage
7. Low SC current
HVAC Vs HVDC .

Disadvantages of HVDC
• The system are costly since installation of complicated
converter and DC switch gear is expensive
• Converters required considerable reactive power
• Harmonics are generated which require filters
• Converter don’t have overload capacity
• Lack of HVDC multi-terminal or network operation. There are
rare DC devices which can perform excellent switching
operation & ensure protection (simultaneous control on all
converter is difficult)
• There is nothing like DC transformer which can change the V
level in a simpler way. V-transformation can be provided on
AC side of the system
HVAC Vs HVDC

• There is nothing like DC transformer which can

change the voltage level in a simpler way.
• Q required by the load is to be supplied locally as no
Q can be transmitted over a DC link
• Pollution affects DC more than AC more frequent
cleaning of conductor is required
• HVDAC Transmits bulk amount of power
• Cost factor
HVAC Vs HVDC
Operation and Control of Power System

Key Operational Goals

 Power Balance: Generation must remain balanced with
demand.
Total Generation (t)= Total Demand(t) + Losses(t)
 System Security: Equipment power flows must not
exceed equipment ratings, under normal or an outage
condition :
Pij(t) ≤ Pij max
Power Quality Considerations

 Frequency Regulation: System frequency, must

remain within its operational range.
f min ≤ f(t) ≤ f max

Voltage Regulation: Bus voltage must remain

within its operational limits
Vmin ≤ V(t)≤Vmax
0.95 pu≤ V(t) ≤1.05pu
PS Operation/Control

Types of Operation/Control:
 Centralized (based on system-wide data )
 Slow events are often handled by centralized controls
 Decentralized (based on local data ).
 Fast events are tackled by decentralized controls

PS control has a hierarchical structure:

 Uses both centralized & decentralized control
strategies
Control Hierarchy in PS

 Device

 Remote Terminal Unit (RTU)

 Master station (MS)

 Utility control center

 Regional control centers

 National control center

PS Operation & Control

Centralized (slow) control:

Dispatchers/Operators:
 SCADA (Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition).
EMS (Energy Management System)

Decentralized (fast) controls are driven by local

measurement
 Protection systems are mostly decentralized
Centralized Controls

Examples of centralized controls:

 Frequency control (regulation)

 Interchange control
 Generation dispatch (control of generating units)
 System security assessment & enhancement
 Unit Commitment (units on/off status)
Decentralized Controls

Examples of Decentralized Controls:

 Equipment protection against over-voltage and over-

current .
 Generator speed control (governor action)
 Generator terminal voltage control (excitation
system).
Power Utility Structure

Traditional/Regulated

 Restructured (Deregulated)
Traditional Utilities
 Operated by one entity
 Government “regulated”.
 Have to get regulators approval for rate increase.
 No incentive to increase generation efficiency
 “Vertically integrated”(VI) business structures
for improved profitability.
Regulated Power Utility Production
inputs

Production

Transportation

Distribution
Deregulated PS Structure

 Has been legislated by Governments

Hoping that it results in:

 Increased competition (reduced rates).

 New technology utilization in generation,
transmission & distribution.
 Increased investment in PS infrastructure.
Pakistan Market Structure in Pakistan
Important Institutions in Pakistan

NEPRA, NEECA, AEDB, PCRET, PED provincial

power and energy boards

To Promote:
 Efficiency
 Economy
 Licensing
 Renewable energy development
 Competition in bulk electricity gen. and supply
Major concern of P.S Design and operation
.

• Quality: Maintain continuity of supply at desired frequency and voltage

level

• Reliability: Minimize loss of load probability (LOLP) or failure rate of

component and system

• Security: Robustness of system to remain in normal state even if some

contingency take place

• Stability: Ability of a system to maintain synchronism under disturbance

operation

• Economy: Minimize capital cost, operating cost and maintained cost

Frequency ±3% at 50HZ (48.5 to 51.5)
Voltage ±5% at EHV
±10% at HV
What is power Quality (PQ)?
.

PQ is defined as any power problem manifested in voltage,

current, or frequency deviation that results in the failure or
misoperation of end user equipment.

Possible effects of poor power quality are:

- Maloperation of control devices, main signaling system
and protective relays
- Extra losses in capacitors, transformers and rotating
machine
- Fast aging of equipment
- loss of production due to service interruptions
- Radio, tv and telephone interference due to transient
- Intolerance to power fluctuation in modern electronics
Main causes of poor PQ
.

• Nonlinear load
• Adjustable speed drivers
• Traction drivers
• Start of large motor loads
• Arc furnances
• Intermittent load transients
• Lightening
• Capacitors and circuit switching transient
• Local and remote faults
• Single line to ground faults
PQ Disturbances
.

PQ disturbances:

• Transients
• Short duration voltage variations
• Long duration voltage variations
• Interruptions
• Waveform distortion
• Voltage fluctuations (flickers)
• Frequency variation
• Harmonics
Importance of PQ

Proliferation of highly sensitive computerized equipment

places more stringent demand on PQ
- Semiconductor Industry
- Computer and computer related businesses
- Variable-speed drives
- Programmable logic controllers
• Electronic equipment results in more PQ problems
• Consumer awareness and choice due to deregulation of
power industry
How to Mitigate PQ Problems?

• Continuous and extensive monitoring of different power

system quantities
• Detection and identification of power quality related
disturbances and categorizing them
• Analysis of the identified problems to their probable
causes
• Prevention and corrections of probable causes either
automatically or manually
Power System Security

Power system security:

Security is a term used to reflect a power system ability to
meet its demand without stressing its apparatus while
operating within prescribed range.
• Security is referred with respect to certain pre-specified
contingencies
Contingencies
- Power outages (real power generator)
- Network outages (TLs, Transformers)
Power System Security
Types of power system security:
- line security or MW security
- voltage security
It is classified as static or dynamic security
Dynamic security includes stability
System constraints
• Load constraints (L)
- Real and Reactive power balance
• Operating constraints (O)
- operating voltage limits, line load limits etc.
Power System Security

SYSTEM STATES:

Three-state model by Dy. Liacco 1967

- Normal
- Emergency
- Restorative