Theory of Machines

Friction Devices: Clutches, Brakes and Dynamometers

Derive expression for frictional torque for centrifugal clutch.

Considering one shoe of a centrifugal clutch.

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Derive expression for frictional torque for single plate clutch
considering uniform wear and uniform pressure condition.

A single disc or plate clutch consists of a clutch plate whose both sides are faced with friction
material.

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The frictional torque transmitted by a disc or plate clutch is
same as that of

The frictional torque transmitted by a disc or plate clutch is same as that of flat collar bearing.

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The frictional torque transmitted by a cone clutch is same as
that of
The frictional torque transmitted by a cone clutch is same as that of Truncated conical pivot
bearing.

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With a neat sketch, explain construction, operation and
application of a centrifugal clutch.

Construction:

The centrifugal clutch c

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In which type of clutch no pedal is required for engagement or
disengagement of drive.

For Centrifugal clutch no pedal is required for engagement or disengagement of drive.

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What are characteristics of friction lining material used for
clutch.

The characteristics of friction lining material used for clutch are:

1. Relatively high coefficient of friction under entire operating conditions.

 2. Maintenance of friction prop

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Explain the working of cone clutch with neat sketch.

In the cone clutch, the contact surfaces of the driving and driven members are made as portions
of cones.

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A single plate clutch is required to transmit 8 kW at 1000 rpm.
The axial pressure is limited to 70 kN/m2. The mean radius of
the plate is 4.5 times the radial width of the friction surface. If
both the sides of the plate are effective and the coefficient of
friction is 0.25, find the (i) inner and outer radii of the plate and
the mean radius (ii) width of the friction lining (iii) axial force to
engage the clutch.
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100 kW is transmitted at 3000 rpm by a multiplate disk friction
clutch. The plates are having friction surface with coefficient as
0.07 and the axial intensity of pressure should not exceed 1.5
bar. External radius is 1.25 times the internal radius and the
external radius is 12.5 cm. Determine the number of plates
needed to transmit the required torque assuming uniform wear.
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Determine the time required to accelerate a counter shaft of
rotating mass 500 kg and radius of gyration of 200 mm to the full
speed of 250 rpm from rest through a single plate clutch of
internal and external radii 125 mm and 200 mm, taking
coefficient of friction as 0.3 and axial spring force of 600 N.
Assume that only one side of clutch is working.
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A centrifugal clutch is to be design to transmit 15kW at 900 rpm.
The shoes are four in number. The speed at which the
engagement begins is 3/4th of the running speed. The inside
radius of the pulley rim is 150mm. the shoes are lined with the
material of coefficient of friction of 0.25.

Determine 1. Mass of the shoes 2. Size of the shoes.

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Describe with the help of a neat sketch the principles of
operation of an internal expanding shoe. Derive the expression
for the braking torque.
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When brakes are applied to all the four wheels of a moving car,
the distance travelled by the car before it is brought to rest, will
be

The distance travelled by car before it is brought to rest will be minimum.

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Determine the retardation of a four wheel car when the brakes
are applied to the rear wheel.

Let

α = Angle of inclination of the plane t

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Determine the retardation of a four wheel car when the brakes
are applied to the front wheel.Determine the retardation of a
four wheel car when the brakes are applied to the front wheel.

Let

α = Angle of inclination of the plane t

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Derive an expression of retardation for a vehicle moving up an
inclined plane when brakes are applied to all four wheels.

Let

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What are the various types of brakes.

The various types of brakes are:

 1. Friction brakes
2. Hydraulic brakes
3. Electromagnetic brakes

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Explain the working of the band brake

Working of band brake:

A band brake consists of a flexible band of leather, one or more ropes, or steel lined with friction
material, which embraces a part of the circumference of the

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What is meant by a self locking and a self energized brake.

Self Locking Brake:

It occurs when brake gets applied on its own. a self-locking disc brake mechanism of
construction partic

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A car moving on a level road at a speed 50 km/h has a wheel
base 2.8 meters, distance of C.G. from ground level 600 mm, and
the distance of C.G. from rear wheels 1.2 meters. Find the
distance travelled by the car before coming to rest when brakes
are applied, 1. to the rear wheels, 2. to the front wheels, and 3.
to all the four wheels. The coefficient of friction between the
tires and the road may be taken as 0.6.
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A band and block brake, having 14 blocks each of which
subtends an angle of 15° at the centre, is applied to a drum of 1
m effective diameter. The drum and flywheel mounted on the
same shaft has a mass of 2000 kg and a combined radius of
gyration of 500 mm. The two ends of the band are attached to
pins on opposite sides of the brake lever at distances of 30 mm
and 120 mm from the fulcrum. If a force of 200 N is applied at a
distance of 750 mm from the fulcrum, find: 1. maximum braking
torque, 2. angular retardation of the drum, and 3. time taken by
the system to come to rest from the rated speed of 360 r.p.m.
The coefficient of friction between blocks and drum may be
taken as 0.25.
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A differential band brake, as shown in Fig. has an angle of
contact of 225°. The band has a compressed woven lining and
bears against a cast iron drum of 350 mm diameter. The brake is
to sustain a torque of 350 N-m and the coefficient of friction
between the band and the drum is 0.3. Find the necessary force
(P) for the clockwise and anticlockwise rotation of the drum.

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A vehicle moving on a rough plane inclined at 10° with the
horizontal at a speed of 36 km/h has a wheel base 1.8 metres.
The centre of gravity of the vehicle is 0.8 metre from the rear
wheels and 0.9 metre above the inclined plane. Find the
distance travelled by the vehicle before coming to rest and the
time taken to do so when 1. The vehicle moves up the plane,
and 2. The vehicle moves down the plane. The brakes are
applied to all the four wheels and the coefficient of friction is
0.5

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A differential band brake shown in Figure-2, has an angle of
contact of 225?. The band has a lining whose coefficient of
friction is 0.3 and the drum diameter is 400mm. The brake is to
sustain a torque of 375 Nm. Find (i) the necessary force for the
clockwise and counter-clockwise rotation of the drum and (ii)
the value of OA for the brake to be self-locking, when the drum
rotates clockwise.

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A simple band brake is applied on a drum of 560mm diameter
which is rotating at 240rpm. The band having an angle of
contact on the drum of 2700. One end of the band is fitted to a
fixed pin while the other end is fitted to the lever 140mm from
the fixed pin. The lever is 800mm long and is perpendicular to
the diameter that bisects the angle of contact. If the coefficient
of friction is 0.3, what will be the necessary pull at the end of
the lever to stop the drum when the power absorbed is 40 kW.
Also calculate the width of the band if its thickness is 3mm and
maximum ensile stress is limited to 40N/mm2.
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What is the function of a dynamometer? List various types of
dynamometers. Explain any one with neat sketch.

The function of a dynamometer:

Used for measuring the torque and brake power required to operate a driven machine.

Dynamometers can be broadly classified into two types. They are:</

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Which of the following is an absorption type dynamometer?

(a) prony brake dynamometer (b) epicyclic-train dynamometer

(c) torsion dynamometer

Prony brake dynamometer is an absorption type dynamometer.

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Explain working of epicyclic train dynamometer.

It consists of a simple epicyclic train of gears, i.e. a spur gear, an annular gear (a gear having
internal teeth) and a pinion. The spur gear is keyed to the engine shaft (i.e. driving shaft) and

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Explain working of Bevis Gibson flash light torsion
dynamometer.

Working of Bevis Gibson flashlight torsion dynamometer:

It consists of two discs A and B fixed on a shaft at a convenient distance apart, Each disc has a
small radial slot and these two slo

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What is the advantage of a transmission type dynamometer over
an absorption type dynamometer?

The advantage of a transmission type dynamometer over an absorption type dynamometer is in

the transmission dynamometers, the energy is not wasted in friction but is used for doing work.
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In a rope brake dynamometer why cooling water is required.

The power is absorbed in friction between the rope and the drum. So cooling is required.

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Give only two differences and one similarity between Brake and
Dynamometer.

Brake:

It is device which to stop or to retard the motion of the vehicle without skidding and converting
kinetic energy into heat dissipation.

Dynamometer:

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For a rope brake dynamometer with flywheel dia. of 1 m, speed
of the engine 180 rpm, dia. of rope is 10 mm, dead weight 50 kg,
reading of spring balance is 120 N, then find the brake power of
the engine.
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If the angle of the cyclist with normal increases the cyclist
should have

If the angle of the cyclist with normal increases the cyclist should have higher speed.

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In a screw jack, the effort required to lift the load W is given by

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