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Guidelines For Drilling in Embankment Dams 2014 PDF
Guidelines For Drilling in Embankment Dams 2014 PDF
Table of Contents
Page
I. Introduction ....................................................................................1
List of Tables
Table 1. – Driling in Embankment Dams – Drilling Methods.............. 11
List of Figures
Figure 1. – Examples of Dam Cracking ............................................... 21
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Acronyms
ASTM American Society of Testing and Materials
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Guidelines for Drilling and Sampling in
Embankment Dams
I. Introduction
This document provides guidance agency policy on the Bureau of Reclamation’s
(Reclamation) investigation in embankment dams, including investigation
planning, site preparation, borehole advancement, subsurface testing, and
borehole completion. When planning and conducting subsurface investigations
into or near earthen embankment dam adherence is critical to preservation of
Reclamation structures. There is a very real potential for damaging structures
during the drilling process if these guidelines are not followed. Damage created
by hydraulic fracturing during the drilling process and/or unacceptable methods of
completing borings can open seepage paths which could create conditions
conducive to piping and ultimately dam failure.
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• Archived records
The investigation will likely require clearances, permits, and traffic control plans.
The investigation schedule must allow time to obtain clearances and permits. In
most cases, National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) compliance activities will
be required. Under the National Historic Preservation Act, some sites may
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As with all Reclamation field activities, a specific job hazard analysis (JHA)
should be prepared prior to commencing work.
Potential sampling and testing methods and drilling locations vary depending on
the data required to be collected to analyze a specific type of dam safety issue.
Typical dam safety investigations include sampling and testing methods to
determine the potential for liquefaction (dynamic stability), seepage and piping,
static stability, collapse of foundation soils, and cracking. Emergency repairs and
dam remediation activities typically require some drilling component to collect
needed data.
The preferred method of determining SPT results in loose sands below the water
table is by fluid rotary drilling where the mud pressures and hydrostatic forces can
be used to stabilize the sands. However, in locations that include concerns with
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Drilling in embankments often does not provide conclusive data related to seepage
and piping problems within a structure. The chance of finding a disturbed zone in
a dam by drilling is small, and there could be great risk. Piezometers can be
installed to monitor seepage problems, but they only are effective if the problem
area is known. One case for drilling into embankments could be to collect samples
to evaluate filter criteria of transition zones within the structure. This can be
accomplished with shallow drilling, preferably above the phreatic surface in the
dam and sometimes at angles into the structure to target transition zones. Holes
could be drilled from the crest or downstream shell of the structure, index tests
performed, and soil samples obtained. Care must be taken during drilling to be
sure that internal drainage features are not damaged or contaminated. If drilling
must be performed in a dam subject to seepage and piping problems, seepage
flows need to be monitored continuously during the investigation, and drilling
fluids need to be controlled as discussed in the section on drilling.
If holes must be advanced at the toe of a dam that has a critical gradient condition,
planning and precautions should be developed. In all cases, issues of this nature
should be addressed by the exploration team prior to commencement of work. In
these areas, it is necessary to maintain a positive hydrostatic pressure on the drill
hole to prevent a “blowout.” In instances when higher pressures are not
anticipated, the addition of commercial densifiers to the drill mud may
successfully address the concern. In most cases, establishing a minimum positive
head of 5 feet by maintaining drill fluid in the borehole provides an adequate
safety factor. When the static water level is very near the ground surface or
artesian conditions prevail, one should consider elevating the drilling rig on
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temporary drill berms to raise the drill hole collar elevation. The berm should
consist of filter zones for extreme cases.
Some earth dams and saddle dikes in the arid Western United States may be built
on loose collapsible soils. Wetting and collapse of these soils may cause cracking
and failure. The only way to evaluate collapse is to determine the density of
deposits under the structure or to perform collapse tests on undisturbed soil
specimens. Dry coring methods must be used either by HSA system with large
diameter soil cores or through test pits and block sampling.
All earth dams are susceptible to and likely contain cracks in certain areas of the
structure (Figure 1 and 21). Investigation of desiccation cracks on the crest of a
structure can be performed by hollow stem flight auguring and moisture profiling
or by test pitting with density and degree of compaction measurements. A recent
survey of cracking in dams reveals that some of these crest cracks can extend to
depths well beyond the limits of commonly available excavation equipment, such
that test pits may not be effective in determining the extent of cracking.
Additionally, large test pits require significant effort to re-compact the backfill
soil to optimum conditions.
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Figures can be found at the end of this document.
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Reclamation has many wide Zone 1 core dams. Many dams include a cutoff
trench. These cutoff trenches may not be built to standards used today regarding
smoothing of steps and overhangs on the abutments and use of dental concrete for
sealing overhangs. It is likely cracking of the embankment has occurred over
these cutoff trenches; but with a wide Zone 1 core, the chances for cracking
completely through the zone are lessened. Thus, it is advisable to not to use any
drilling method that uses drilling fluid near these cutoff trenches. Reclamation
also has structures where the outlet works conduit penetrates the embankment.
These conduits are potential paths for differential settlement, poor compaction,
cracking, seepage, and piping. Mud rotary drilling should not be performed near
these structures. Many dams contain a concrete or wood cutoff wall. These
cutoff walls are locations of high seepage gradients and stress concentrations.
Drilling should be avoided near these walls. Many dams have grout curtains that
also prevent seepage and should not be damaged by investigations.
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V. Drilling Methods
There are numerous drilling methods available to perform geotechnical
investigations. The American Society of Testing and Materials (ASTM D6286)
provides a comprehensive guide for drilling methods and groups individual
practices for eight drilling methods [5]. Other good texts on drilling include
Reclamations Earth Manual, Part I, Third Edition, Chapter 2 [6], the Australian
Drilling Manual [7], and the National Drill Association Drilling Manual [8].
Details of these drilling methods are not discussed in-depth in this guide.
Nine major drilling methods are listed with a brief discussion regarding use.
Table 1 provides a quick reference to each method discussed. All of the drilling
methods that use air or fluid media have potential to hydraulically fracture. Air
drilling methods use high pressures and are well known for causing fracturing
with air traveling long distances. Therefore, drilling with air as the drilling
medium should never be considered when there is potential to encounter the core
of an embankment dam.
The drilling methods listed below are in order of preference for use in drilling and
sampling in embankment dams. Only the first three are considered preferred
methods.
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5. Fluid Rotary Drilling (ASTM D 5783 [13]) – Fluid rotary drilling is not
a preferred method for drilling in embankment dams, and its use in
embankment core material must be approved by the exploration team prior
to use. In all cases, use of clear water as a drilling medium should not be
allowed in embankment core material. Fluid pressure must be very low
and carefully monitored when this method is used in or near the
embankment core. When starting circulation, pumping should be
increased gradually to reduce the occurrence and increase the ability to
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7. Wire Line and Casing Advancer (ASTM D 5876 [14]) – Wire line and
casing advancer systems are not preferred methods for drilling in
embankment dams, and their use in embankment core material must be
approved by the exploration team prior to use. These drilling systems use
fluid rotary action with the exception that the fluid flows up the annulus
between the rods and the hole wall. In all cases, use of clear water as a
drilling medium should not be allowed in embankment core material.
Fluid pressure must be very low and carefully monitored when this
method is used in or near the embankment core. When starting or
restarting circulation, pumping should be increased gradually to reduce the
occurrence and increase the ability to observe evidence of hydraulic
fracturing. A pressure relief valve set to the maximum allowable pressure
is recommended. Since fluid is circulated up the annulus between the soil
and drill rod, there is increased chance of blocking circulation and possible
fracturing. The drill rods act as casing and are equipped with a cutting bit.
Either a core barrel or cleanout bit lock into the lead section of the drill
rods and is latched by wire line. This results in rapid drilling and reduced
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rod trip time during coring operations. Some wire line drilling systems
have soil core barrels, but their success is limited. Wire line diamond
drilling is the primary method of rock core drilling (ASTM D 2113 on
Diamond Drilling [15]). Reclamation does extensive rock coring and
water testing with these systems. Typically, augers, casing, or other
methods are used to set a protective casing through the embankment and
foundation soils; and then fluid rotary drilling is used to core and water
test the foundation rock.
9. Air Rotary (ASTM D 5782 [17]) - Air rotary is not a preferred method
for drilling in embankment dams; and its use should not be considered in
embankment core material. This class of drilling is very similar to drill
through drive casing systems except the hole may be left open (uncased)
exposing the complete borehole wall to air flow. Without the protection
casing provides, the possibility exists for circulation blockage and possible
fracturing. One example of this type is the air track drill.
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If a sudden loss of drill media occurs during any embankment drilling within the
core, drilling should be stopped immediately. Action should be taken to stop the
loss of drill fluid. The reason for loss should be determined; and if hydraulic
fracturing may have been the reason for the fluid loss, the regional office and the
Technical Service Center (TSC) principal designer and principal geologist should
be notified immediately.
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• The bit diameter should be of a design that pressure buildup does not
occur.
• Add and withdraw drill tools slowly to avoid pressure changes in the drill
hole.
• Drilling feed rate must be slow enough to avoid crowding the bit and,
thus, minimize the chance of inducing fracturing.
• Impervious Zone 1 core with slopes steeper than 0.5H:1V (Figure 3).
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• Impervious zones consisting of silt and mixtures of fine sand and silt (e.g.,
low plasticity soils that are more easily fractured).
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A. General
All boreholes in and around embankment dams will be sealed after completion.
Completing a borehole by backfilling with drill cuttings is not acceptable. There
are a variety of acceptable methods to complete a borehole in an embankment
dam. Hole completion is often not given the consideration it deserves, and many
times are not well documented. Recommended inclusions in borehole completion
documentation include intervals of various backfilling material, calculated
volume of material necessary to fill each interval, and actual volume of material
required to fill each interval. Detailed records of borehole completion are vital
and, as in the case of backfill material volumes significantly higher or lower than
calculated, may be indicatative of conditions significantly different than
anticipated. Recommended Guidelines for Sealing Geotechnical Explorations
Holes, Report 178 is a good source for borehole backfill guidelines [18].
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1% gypsum or aluminum powder will give the cement expansive properties, which
may be advantageous in embankment dams where internal seepage is an issue.
After drilling is completed, the borings should be cased with 4-inch ID schedule-
40 polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipe (flush joint). Before inserting the 4-inch PVC
pipe, the bottom of the pipe is closed with either a cap or should have a one-way
ball-check capable of accommodating 11/2-inch (3.81 cm) OD grout pipe. The 4-
inch PVC casing is filled with water and then grouted in place for the entire length
of the borehole by inserting a 11/2-inch (3.81 cm) pipe through the center of the
casing contacting the one-way valve fixed to the end cap or by a small diameter
grout tube inserted to the bottom of the borehole between the casing and the
borehole sidewall. The portion of the boring that penetrates rock should be
grouted with a conventional Portland cement that will harden to a density of about
140 lb/ft3 (2.34 g/cm3). The portion of the boring in contact with embankment
materials, soils, sands, or gravels is grouted with a mixture that minimizes grout
penetration into the surrounding medium and yet achieves a good
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bond between the outside of the casing and the unconsolidated materials. Pump
the grout using a conventional, circulating pump capable of moving the grout
through the grout pipe to the bottom of the casing upward from the bottom of the
borehole. Using this procedure, the annular space between the sidewall of the
borehole and the casing will be filled from bottom to top. Water or mud and
debris should be displaced with minimum sidewall disturbance resulting in good
sidewall casing contact.
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Bibliography
[1] “Drilling and Sampling in Embankment Dams (Drilling Program, Geological
Exploration, Dams, Design Data),” Memorandum from Assistant
Commissioner, Engineering and Research, Bureau of Reclamation,
Denver, Colorado, to Bureau of Reclamation, Regional Directors: Pacific
Northwest, Mid-Pacific, Lower Colorado, Upper Colorado, Great Plains,
June 15, 1989.
[5] “Standard Guide for Selection of Drilling Methods for Environmental Site
Characterization, D6286-98,” ASTM International,West Conshohocken,
Pennsylvania, 2006.
[9] “Standard Practice for Sonic Drilling for Site Characterization and the
Installation of Subsurface Monitoring Devices, D 6914-04,” ASTM
International, West Conshohocken, Pennsylvania, 2010.
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[11] “Standard Guide for Use of Cable-Tool Drilling and Sampling Methods for
Geoenvironmental Exploration and Installation of Subsurface Water-
Quality Monitoring Devices, D5875-95,” ASTM International, West
Conshohocken, Pennsylvania, 2000.
[14] “Standard Guide for Use of Direct Rotary Wireline Casing Advancement
Drilling Methods for Geoenvironmental Exploration and Installation of
Subsurface Water-Quality Monitoring Devices, D5876-95,” ASTM
International, West Conshohocken, Pennsylvania, 2000.
[15] “Standard Practice for Rock Core Drilling and Sampling of Rock for Site
Invetigations, D2113,” ASTM International, West Conshohocken,
Pennsylvania, 1999.
[16] “Standard Guide for Use of Casing Advancement Drilling Methods for
Geoenvironmental Exploration and Installation of Subsurface Water-
Quality Monitoring Devices, D5872-95,” ASTM International, West
Conshohocken, Pennsylvania, 2000.
[17] “Standard Guide for Use of Direct Air-Rotary Drilling for Geoenvironmental
Exploration and the Installation of Subsurface Water-Quality Monitoring
Devices, D5782-95,” ASTM International, West Conshohocken
Pennsylvania, 2000.
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Figure 1B. – Longitudinal cracks. (a) Cracking caused by differential foundation settlement.
(b) Cracking caused by differential settlement between embankment sections of dumped rock and
rolled earth.
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Figure 2A. – Cracking due to differential settlement between natural foundation soil and rolled-earth
support under outlet pipe (or other discontinuity in the foundation).
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(a) Plan
Figure 7. – Example of a Dam with Cracking Due to Rock Knob – This Dam
Had an Actual Piping Incident (Fell).
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