Epstein–Barr virus latent membrane protein 2

otein 2 (LMP2) are two viral proteins of the Epstein–Barr virus.[1] LMP2A/LMP2B
Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) latent membrane pr
are transmembrane proteins that act to block tyrosine kinase signaling. LMP2A is a transmembrane protein that inhibits normal B-
cell signal transduction by mimicking an activated B-cell receptor (BCR). The N-terminus domain of LMP2A is tyrosine
phosphorylated and associates withSrc family protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs) as well as spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk). PTKs and Syk
are associated with BCRsignal transduction.[2]

Contents
LMP2 Gene Structure and Expression
LMP2A Protein Interactions
LMP2A Function
LMP2B
References

LMP2 Gene Structure and Expression

Latent Membrane Protein 2 (LMP2) is a rightward transcribing gene. LMP2’s transcript originates across the fused terminal repeats
in sequences at opposite ends of the genome. 16–24 hours after infection, the genome circularizes and the open reading frame is
created.[3] 1.7 kb and 2.0 kb messages are created by alternative promoter usage and differ only in the sequences of the first exon.[4]
These messages are expressed in Epstein-Barr Virus transformed lymphoblastoid cell cultures. The ratio of these messages varies
widely and unpredictably suggesting little co-ordinate control of promoter activity or mRNA abundance.[1] Residues 497 (LMP2A)
and 378 (LMP2B) are encoded by these two messages. These two iso forms of LMP2 only differ in that LMP2A contains an extra
119 residue N-terminal domain encoded in exon 1. LMP2B’s first exon is non coding. Initiation of translation is presumed to occur at
the first available [methionine] that is in-frame in exon two. Twelve membrane spanning segments ending with a short 28 residue
[3]
COOH tail are common to both proteins in residue 379.

LMP2A Protein Interactions

The 119 amino-terminal cytoplasmic domain of LMP2A has several motifs that mediate interactions between proteins, including
eight tyrosine residues. Two motifs that are centered on Y74 and Y85 are spaced 7 residues apart to form an immunoreceptor
tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM) commonly found in Fc receptors and signal molecules of B-cell and T-cell receptors.
Receptor docking with molecules containing cytoplasmic tyrosine kinases is governed by Phosphorylation of ITAM motifs.[3] In
lymphoblastoid cell cultures, Syk tyrosine kinases have been found in LMP2A immunoprecipitates following in vitro kinase
reactions followed by Syk antibody reimunnoprecipitation.[5] Affinity precipitation experiments have shown that Syk interacts with
phosphorylated peptides corresponding to the LMP2A-ITAM complex.[3] Residues for Syk binding have been discovered by
inducing point mutations in Y74F and Y85F point. Tyrosine kinase LYN has also been detected in immunoprecipitates from
transiently transfected B cells at residue Y112.[6] Constitutive phosphorylation occurs ontyrosine, serine and threonine residues.[3]

LMP2A Function
Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) establishes a lifelong latent infection in B lymphocytes. Viral LMP2A mRNA is frequently detected in
peripheral blood B lymphocytes and the protein is often present in tumor biopsies from EBV malignancies. This suggests LMP2A
plays an important role in viral latency, as well as in progression of EBV related diseases such as Burkitt’s lymphoma,
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma, and Hodgkin's lymphoma.[2][7] Portis and Longnecker (2004) have found that LMP2A induces activation
of B cell Ras pathway in vivo. Using down stream inhibitors of Ras signaling components, they demonstrated activation of PI3K/Akt
pathway is involved in LMP2A mediated B cell survival and resistance to apoptosis[2] Caldwell et al. (1998) demonstrated the ability
of LMP2A to provide survival signals to B-cells in vivo where expression of an LMP2A transgene in mice disrupts with normal B-
cell development. This results in BCR-negative cells being able to exit the bone marrow and survive in peripheral lymphoid organs.
B-cells from LMP2A transgenic E line undergo immunoglobulin light chain rearrangements, but not heavy chain rearrangement. This
indicates that LMP2A signaling bypasses the requirement for immunoglobulin recombination and allows immunoglobulin M-
or [2][8]
negative type cells to bypass apoptosis, allowing them to colonize peripheral lymphoid gans.

LMP2B
Eight exons of LMP2 isoforms encode 12 membrane spanning segments that are connected by short hydrophilic loops and ends with
a 27 amino acid cytoplasmic C-terminus domain. LMP2B, unlike LMP2A, does not contain the N-terminal 119 amino acid
cytoplasmic signaling domain. Most LMP2 research is focused on LMP2A isoform due to its unique expression in latently infected B
lymphocytes in situ. LMP2B protein function is unknown. There has not been a comprehensive phenotypic analysis of the LMP2B
isoform because of its hydrophobic character. While the role of LMP2B in pathogenesis remains uncertain, homology studies
comparing the LMP2 gene of EBV with Rhesus and Baboon Lymphocryptovirus, have revealed promoter regulatory elements,
Epstein-Barr nuclear antigen-2 responsiveness, and the ability to make LMP2B transcripts are conserved.[2][9] This implies that an
[9]
unrecognized role for LMP2B in the EBV life cycle has yet to be determined.

References
1. Lynch, D.T.; Zimmerman, J.S.; Rowe, D.T. (2002). "Epstein-Barr virus latent membrane protein 2B (LMP2B) co-
localizes with LMP2A in perinuclear regions in transiently transfected cells".
J. Gen. Virol. 83 (Pt 5): 1025–35.
PMID 11961256 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11961256).
2. Portis, Toni; Longnecker, Richard (2004). "Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) LMP2A mediates B-lymphocyte survival through
constitutive activation of the Ras/PI3K/Akt pathway".Oncogene. 23 (53): 8619–8628. doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1207905(ht
tps://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsj.onc.1207905). PMID 15361852 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15361852).
3. Lynch, David (2002). "Functional Properties of Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) Latent Membrane Protein 2 (LMP2)"(http://s
earch.proquest.com/docview/305524157?accountid=14749) . ProQuest Dissertations and Theses: 152.
4. Ikeda, M.; Ikeda, A.; Longan, L.C.; Longnecker, R. (2000). "The Epstein-Barr virus latent membrane protein 2A PY
motif recruits WW domain-containing ubiquitin-protein ligases".Virology. 268 (1): 178–191.
doi:10.1006/viro.1999.0166(https://doi.org/10.1006%2Fviro.1999.0166). PMID 10683340 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.g
ov/pubmed/10683340).
5. Miller, G (1990). "The switch between latencyand replication of Epstein-Barr virus".Journal of Infectious Diseases.
161 (5): 833–844. doi:10.1093/infdis/161.5.833(https://doi.org/10.1093%2Finfdis%2F161.5.833) . PMID 2157769 (htt
ps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2157769).
6. Gelfand, E.W.; MacDougall, S.L.; Cheung, R.K.; Grinstein, S. (1989)."Independent regulation of Ca2+ entry and
release from internal stores in activated B cells"(http://jem.rupress.org/content/170/1/315.full.pdf+html)(pdf). Journal
of Experimental Medicine. 170 (1): 315–325. doi:10.1084/jem.170.1.315(https://doi.org/10.1084%2Fjem.170.1.315).
PMC 2189379 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2189379) . PMID 2787382 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.
gov/pubmed/2787382).
7. Burkhardt, A.L.; Bolen, J.B.; Kieff, E.; Longnecker, R. (1992). "An Epstein-Barr virus transformation-associated
membrane protein interacts with src family tyrosine kinases"
(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC241398). Journal of Virology. 66 (8): 5161–5167. PMC 241398 (http
s://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC241398) . PMID 1321296 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/132129
6).
 8. Caldwell, R; Brown, R; Longnecker, R (2000). "Epstein-Barr Virus LMP2A-Induced B-Cell Survival in Two Unique
Classes of EμLMP2A Transgenic Mice" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC111444). Journal of Virology.
74 (3): 1101–1113. doi:10.1128/jvi.74.3.1101-1113.2000(https://doi.org/10.1128%2Fjvi.74.3.1101-1113.2000) .
PMC 111444 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC111444) . PMID 10627520 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.g
ov/pubmed/10627520).
9. Rowe, T; Qu, L; Reyes, J; Jabbour, N; Yunis, E; Putnam, P; Todo, S; Green, M (1997)."Use of quantitative
competitive PCR to measure Epstein-Barr virus genome load in peripheral blood of pediatric transplant patients with
lymphoproliferative disorders"(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC229802). Journal of Clinical
Microbiology. 35: 1612–1615. PMC 229802 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC229802) .
PMID 9163497 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9163497).

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