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BeamDesign PDF
BeamDesign PDF
References
Basic Theory
Shapes that are built up from plate elements are usually called plate
h
girders; the difference is the height-thickness ratio of the web.
tw
⎧ h E
⎪ ≤ 5.70 beam
⎪ tw Fy
⎨
⎪ h > 5.70 E
plate girder
⎪t Fy
⎩ w
Bending
M = bending moment at the cross section under consideration
y = perpendicular distance from the neutral plane to the point of
interest
I x = moment of inertia with respect to the neutral axis
S x = elastic section modulus of the cross section
Mc M M
f max = = =
Ix I x / c Sx
This is valid as long as the loads are small and the material remains
linearly elastic. For steel, this means f max must not exceed Fy and
M y = Fy S x
⎛ A⎞
M p = Fy ⎜ ⎟a = Fy Z
⎝2⎠
M p = plastic moment
⎛ A⎞
Z = ⎜ ⎟a = plastic section modulus of the cross section
⎝2⎠
Shear
Shear stresses are usually not a controlling factor in the design of
beams, except for the following cases: 1) The beam is very short. 2)
There are holes in the web of the beam. 3) The beam is subjected to a
very heavy concentrated load near one of the supports. 4) The beam is
coped.
f v = shear stress at the point of interest
V = vertical shear force at the section under consideration
Q = first moment, about the neutral axis, of the area of the cross
section between the point of interest and the top or bottom of
the cross section
VQ
fv =
Ib
This equation is accurate for small b . Clearly the web will completely
yield long before the flange begins to yield. Therefore, yield of the
web represents one of the shear limit states. Take the shear yield
stress as 60% of the tensile yield stress, for the web at failure
Vn
fv = = 0.60Fy
Aw
h E
No web instability: ≤ 2.45
tw Fy
E h E
Inelastic web buckling: 2.45 < ≤ 3.07
Fy t w Fy
⎛ 2.45 E / Fy ⎞
Vn = 0.60 Fy Aw ⎜ ⎟
AISC Eq. (F2-2)
⎜ h / tw ⎟
⎝ ⎠
E h
Elastic web buckling: 3.07 < ≤ 260
Fy t w
⎡ 4.52 E ⎤
Vn = Aw ⎢ 2⎥ AISC Eq. (F2-3)
⎢⎣ (h / t w ) ⎥⎦
Failure Modes
Shear: A beam can fail due to violation of its shear design strength.
Flexure: Several possible failure modes must be considered. A beam
can fail by reaching M p (fully plastic), or it can fail by
Local Buckling
The hot-rolled steel sections are thin-walled sections consisting of
a number of thin plates. When normal stresses due to bending and/or
direct axial forces are large, each plate (for example, flange or web
plate) may buckle locally in a plane perpendicular to its plane. In
order to prevent this undesirable phenomenon, the width-to-thickness
ratios of the thin flange and the web plates are limited by the code.
AISC classifies cross-sectional shapes as compact, noncompact
and slender ones, depending on the value of the width-thickness
ratios. (LRFD-Specification Table B5.1)
λ = width-thickness ratio
Element λ λp λr
Flange bf E E
0.38 0.83
2t f Fy Fy − 10
Web h E E
3.76 5.70
tw Fy Fy
Design Requirements
Z
M p = Fy Z ≤ 1.5M y or Fy Z ≤ 1.5Fy S or ≤ 1.5
S
Design equation
Applied factored moment ≤ moment capacity of the section
OR
Required moment strength ≤ design strength of the section
M u ≤ φb M n
E
L p = 1.76ry - a section property AISC Eq. (F1-4)
Fy
ry X1
Lr = 1 + 1 + X 2 FL2 - a section property AISC Eq. (F1-6)
FL
web)
Fr compressive residual stress in flange, 10 ksi for rolled shapes;
16.5 ksi for welded built-up shapes
π EGJA
X1 = AISC Eq. (F1-8)
Sx 2
2
4C ⎛ S ⎞
X2 = w ⎜ x ⎟ AISC Eq. (F1-9)
I y ⎝ GJ ⎠
Sx section modulus about the major axis (in.3)
( )
If the shape is compact λ ≤ λ p , no need to check FLB (flange local
⎡ ⎛ Lb − L p ⎞⎤
(
M n = Cb ⎢ M p − M p − M r ⎜ )
⎜ L − L ⎟⎥
⎟⎥ ≤ M
p AISC Eq. (F1-2)
⎢⎣ ⎝ r p ⎠⎦
Note that Mn is a linear function of Lb.
2
π ⎛ πE ⎞
M cr = Cb EI y GJ + ⎜ ⎟ I y Cw ≤ M p
Lb ⎜L ⎟
⎝ b⎠
AISC Eq. (F1-13)
Cb S x X 1 2 X 12 X 2
= 1+
Lb / ry (
2 Lb / ry )
2
( )
If the shape is noncompact λ p < λ ≤ λ r because of the flange, the web
⎡ ⎛ Lb − L p ⎞⎤
(
M n = Cb ⎢ M p − M p − M r ) ⎜
⎜ L − L ⎟⎥
⎟⎥ ≤ M
p AISC Eq. (F1-2)
⎢⎣ ⎝ r p ⎠⎦
⎛ λ − λp ⎞
(
Mn = M p − M p − Mr ⎜ ) ⎟≤Mp
⎜ λr − λ p ⎟ AISC Eq. (A-F1-3)
⎝ ⎠
⎛ λ − λp ⎞
(
Mn = M p − M p − Mr ⎜ ) ⎟≤Mp
⎜ λr − λ p ⎟ AISC Eq. (A-F1-3)
⎝ ⎠
M n = M cr = SFcr ≤ M p
h
Design equation for ≤ 260 :
tw
Vu ≤ φvVn
⎧ h E
⎪0.60Fyw Aw ≤ 2.45
⎪ tw Fyw
⎪
⎪ ⎛ 2.45 E / Fyw ⎞ E h E
Vn = ⎨0.60Fyw Aw ⎜ ⎟ 2.45 < ≤ 3.07
⎜ h / tw ⎟ Fyw t w Fyw
⎪ ⎝ ⎠
⎪
⎪ ⎡ 4.52E ⎤ E h
⎪ Aw ⎢ 2⎥
3.07 < ≤ 260
⎩ ⎢
⎣ (h / t w ) ⎦⎥ Fyw t w
h
Specifications. For > 260 , web stiffeners are required, and the
tw
Design Procedure