Allowable Bending Stress, Fb , for members bent about the weak axis:

A) Members with compact sections:

Fb = 0.75 Fy

B) Members with non-compact sections:

Fb = Fy [ 1.075 – 0.0019(bf / 2tf ) Fy ] for I and H shapes with non-compact

flanges that are continuously connected
to the web.

Fb = 0.60 Fy for other cases.

Actual bending stress:

fb = Mc/I = M/S

where
M = moment at the section
c = distance from the neutral axis to the extreme fibers in tension or compression
I = moment of inertia of the section
S = I/c section modulus (particularly applicable to rolled sections)
Problem: A simply supported beam with a span of 8 meters is subjected to a counter-
clockwise moment at the left support and a clockwise moment at the right
support equal to 25% of the moment at the left support, both acting in the
plane of the minor axis of the beam. The beam is not restrained against
lateral buckling. The beam is W21x62, A36 steel with Fy = 248 Mpa. and with
the ff. properties:
rT = 0.053 m. d = 0.533 m.
bf = 0.210 m. tf = 0.016 m.
Sx = 0.002077 m3

a) determine the slenderness ratios below which the beam is short, and
above which the beam is long, with respect to lateral buckling.
b) determine the allowable flexural stress in the compression flange
c) determine the maximum value of the moment at the left support.

Figure: M 0.25M

L = 8m
Solution:

L/rT = 8000/0.053 = 151

M1 = 0.25M M2 = M
M1 / M2 = - 0.25 ( -ve since the end moments are of opposite sign)
Cb = 1.75 + 1.05 (M1 / M2 ) + 0.30 (M1 / M2 )2
= 1.75 + 1.05(-0.25) + 0.30(-0.25)2
= 1.50625 ≤ 2.3 (OK)

a) the slenderness ratio below which the beam is short w.r.t. lateral buckling is:

703,270 Cb / Fy = 703,270 (1.50625) / 248 = 65.36

the slenderness ratio above which the beam is long w.r.t. lateral buckling is:

3,516,330 Cb / Fy = 3,516,330 (1.50625) / 248 = 146.14

b) Allowable flexural on compression flange:

since L/rT > 3,516,330 Cb / Fy

 Fb = 1,172,100 Cb / (L/rT )2 or
= 82,740 Cb / (Ld/Af ) whichever is larger but ≤ 0.60Fy
for the compression flange

Fb = 1,172,100 (1.50625) / (151)2 = 77.43 Mpa. or

= 82,740 (1.50625) / [(8x0.533)/(0.21x0.016)] = 98.205 Mpa.
whichever is larger but ≤ 0.60(248) or 148.8 Mpa.

Therefore Fb = 98.205 Mpa. for the compression flange

c) Maximum moment at the left support:

fb = M/S

To get the maximum moment M at left support, fb = Fb = 98.205 Mpa.

M = Fb S = (98.205)(0.002077 x 10003 ) = 203,972,282 N-mm.

= 204 kN-m.
NSCP 2010 PROVISIONS ON DESIGN FOR FLEXURE:

General Provisions:

Design flexural strength = фb Mn where фb = 0.9 for LRFD

Allowable flexural strength = Mn / Ω where Ω = 1.67 for ASD

EQUATIONS OF Mn (Nominal flexure strength):

Sec. 506.2. For Doubly Symmetric Compact I-shaped Members and Channels
Bent About their Major Axis, Mn shall be the lowest value obtained
according to the limit states of yielding and lateral-torsional buckling.

Sec. 506.2.1. Yielding

Mn = Mp = Fy Z x where Fy = specified minimum yield strength

Z x = plastic section modulus about x-axis
Sec. 506.2.2 Lateral-Torsional Buckling

1. When Lb ≤ Lp , the limit state of lateral-torsional buckling does not apply.

2. When Lp ≤ Lb ≤ Lr

Mn = Cb Mp - (Mp - 0.7Fy Sx) Lb – Lp ≤ Mp

Lr – Lp
3. When Lb ≥ Lr

Mn = Fcr Sx

where, Lb = length between points that are either braced against lateral
displacement of compression flange, or against twist of the
cross section

Lp = 1.76ry E/Fy

Lr = 1.95 rts (E/0.7Fy ) Jc / (Sx ho ) 1 + 1 + 6.76 [ (0.7Fy Sx ho )/ (EJc)] 2

r2 ts = [ I y Cw ] / Sx
c = 1.0 for doubly symmetric I-shape

c = ho /2 I y / Cw

ho = distance between flange centroid

E = modulus of elasticity of steel , 200GPa

J = torsional constant = 1/3 ∑(bt3) where b and t are the width and thickness,
respectively, of each plate component.
Sx = elastic section modulus about x axis

Fcr = (Cb π2 E)/ (Lb /rts )2 1 + 0.078 Jc Lb 2 where the square root term
Sx h o rts maybe taken as 1.0

If the square root term is taken as 1.0;

Lr = π rts E/ (0.7Fy )
Cw = warping constant (Sectional property)
= Iy ho2 /4 for doubly symmetric I-shapes with rectangular flanges
Note: for other shapes, see tabulation of Cw equations in Appendix C of AISC.
Cb = lateral-torsional buckling modification factor for non-uniform moment diagrams
when both ends of the unsupported segment are braced

Cb = 125 Mmax Rm ≤ 3.0

2.5Mmax + 3MA +4MB + 3Mc

Mmax = absolute value of maximum moment in the unbraced segment

MA = absolute value of moment at quarter point of the unbraced segment
MB = absolute value of moment at centerline of the unbraced segment
Mc = absolute value of moment at three-quarter point of the unbraced segment
Rm = cross-section monosymmetric parameter
= 1.0 for doubly symmetric members
= 1.0 for singly symmetric members subjected to single curvature bending
= 0.5+2(Iyc / Iy )2 singly symmetric members subjected to reverse curvature bending
Iy = moment of inertia about the principal y-axis
Iyc = moment of inertia about the y-axis, referred to the compression flange
or if reverse curvature bending, referred to the smaller flange
Cb = 1.0 for cantilevers where the free end is unbraced
Sec. 506.3. Doubly symmetrical I-shaped Members with Compact Webs and
Non-compact or Slender Flanges Bent about the Major Axis

Sec. 506.3.1. Lateral-torsional buckling

- the same provisions as in Sec. 506.2.2

Sec. 506.3.2 Compression Flange Local Buckling

For sections with non-compact flanges

Mn = MP – (Mp - 0.7Fy Sx ) λ – λpf

λrf – λpf

For sections with slender flanges

Mn = (0.9 Ekc Sx )/ λ2
where:
λ = bf / (2tf )
λpf = limiting slenderness ratio for a compact flange (Table 502.4.1)
λrf = limiting slenderness ratio for a noncompact section (Table 502.4.1)
kc = 4 / h/tw but not less than 0.35 nor greater than 0.76
See other cases for Mn

Sec 506.4. I-shaped Members with Compact or Non-compact Webs

Bent about their Major Axis

Sec 506.5. Doubly Symmetric and Singly Symmetric I-shaped Members

with Slender Webs Bent About their Major Axis

Sec 506.6. I-shaped Members and Channels Bent about their Minor Axis

Sec 506.7. Square and Rectangular HSS and Box-shaped Members

Sec 506.8. Round HSS

Sec 506.9. Tees and Double Angles Loaded in the Plane of Symmetry

Sec 506.10. Single Angles

Sec 506.11. Rectangular and Round Bars
Sec 506.12. Unsymmetrical Shapes
Problem: A built-up beam below is made of A36 steel with Fy = 248 Mpa. The flanges are
connected to the web by means of fillet welds. The beam is simply supported
at its ends, without additional lateral support within its span. Determine the design
and allowable flexural strength if the beam span is (a) 4 meters (b) 6meters
(c) 18 meters .Assume Cb = 1.0.

Figure: bf = 450mm tf = 20mm Solution:

A = 2(450)(20) + 500(20) = 28,000
Ix = (450)(540)3/12 - 2(215)(500)3/12
= 1,425,733,333.33 mm4
Sx = Ix / c = 1,425,733,333.33/(540/2)
= 5,280,494 mm3
ho = (540 – 20) = 520 mm
d = 540mm h = 500mm Iy = 2(20)(450)3/12 + 500(20)3 /12
x x = 304,083,333.33 mm4
ry = Iy / A = 104.21 mm
Cw = Iy h02 / 4 = 2.055 x 1013 mm6
J = torsional constant (not polar moment of inertia)8
tw =20mm J = 1/3(∑bt3 )= 1/3[( 2(450)(20)3+500(20)3 ] = 3,733,333mm4
c = 1.0 for doubly symmtric I-shape
20mm rts 2 = Iy Cw /(Sx); rts = 122.36 mm

Plastic neutral axis divides the section into Zx = sum of moment of areas above and below
two equal areas. For symmetric I-shapes, plastic neutral axis
it coincides with the centroidal x-axis. Zx = 2 [450(20)(260)+250(20)(125)] = 5,930,000 mm3
Unstiffened flange: stiffened web:
bf /2 tf = 450/(2x20) = 11.25 h/ tw = 500/20 = 25
λp = 0.38 E/ Fy = 10.79 3.76 E/Fy = 106.77
λr = 0.95 E/ Fy = 26.98 h/ tw < 3.76 E/Fy
0.38 E/ Fy < bf /2 tf < 0.95 E/Fy therefore, the web is compact
therefore, the flange is noncompact
but not slender

Lp = 1.76ry E/Fy = 1.76 (104.21) E/Fy = 5,208 mm = 5.208m

Jc / (Sx ho ) = 3,733,333(1)/ (5,280,494x520) = 0.036

1 + 6.76 [ (0.7Fy Sx ho )/ (EJc)] 2 = 1.937

Lr = 1.95rts (E/0.7Fy ) Jc / (Sx ho ) 1 + 1 + 6.76 [ (0.7Fy Sx ho )/ (EJc)] 2

= [1.95(122.36)(200,000)/(0.7x248)](0.036) 1 + 1.937
= 16,959 mm. = 16.959 m.
For Doubly symmetrical I-shaped Members with Compact Webs and
Non-compact or Slender Flanges Bent about the Major Axis,
Sec 506.3 applies.

a) When Lb = 4.0m , Lb < Lp

i) Lateral-torsional buckling:

When Lb = < Lp the limit state of lateral-torsional buckling does

not apply. (Sec. 506.2.2 in relation to Sec. 506.3.1)

ii)Compression Flange Local Buckling:

For sections with noncompact flanges

Mn = MP – (Mp - 0.7Fy Sx ) λ – λpf Mp = Fy Zx = 248(5,930,000)

λrf – λpf = 1,470.640 kN-m.

Mn = 1,470.64 – [1,470.64 – 0.70(248)(5,280,494)x10-6] 11.25 - 10.72

26.8 – 10.72
= 1452.38 kN-m. (answer)
Design Mu = φ Mn Allowable Mall = Mn /Ω
b) When Lb = 6.0m , Lp < Lb < Lr

i) Lateral-torsional buckling:

When Lp < Lb < Lr

Mn = Cb Mp - (Mp - 0.7Fy Sx) Lb – Lp ≤ Mp given Cb = 1.0
Lr – Lp

= 1.0 1,470.64 – [1,470.64 – 0.70(248)(5,280,494)x10-6] 6 - 5.208

12.954 - 5.208
= 1414.00 kN-m. < Mp

ii) Compression Flange Local Buckling:

Mn = MP – (Mp - 0.7Fy Sx ) λ – λpf Mp = Fy Zx = 248(5,930,000)

λrf – λpf = 1,470.640 kN-m.
= 1452.38 kN-m.

Thus Mn = 1414.00 kN-m. (answer)

Design Mu = φ Mn Allowable Mall = Mn /Ω
b) When Lb = 18.0m , Lb > Lr
i) Lateral-torsional buckling:

Mn = Fcr Sx ≤ Mp

Fcr = (Cb π2 E)/ (Lb /rts )2 1 + 0.078 Jc Lb 2 where the square root term
Sx h o rts maybe taken as 1.0

Jc = [3,733,333(1)/ (5,280,494x520) = 0.00136

Sx h o

Lb /rts = (18,000/122.36) = 147.11

Thus:
Fcr = [(1.0)(π2 )(200,000)/ (147.11)2 ] 1 + 0.078 (0.00136)(147.11)2
= 165.58 MPa.
Mn = Fcr Sx = (165.58)(5,280,494) N-mm
= 874.34 kN-m. which is lesser than Mp (=1,470.640 kN-m.)
Mn = 874.34 kN-m.
ii)Compression Flange Local Buckling:

For sections with noncompact flanges

Mn = MP – (Mp - 0.7Fy Sx ) λ – λpf Mp = Fy Zx = 248(5,930,000)

λrf – λpf = 1,470.640 kN-m.

Mn = 1,470.64 – [1,470.64 – 0.70(248)(5,280,494)x10-6] 11.25 - 10.72

26.8 – 10.72
= 1452.38 kN-m.

Thus, Mn = 874.34 kN-m. (answer)

Design Mu = φ Mn Allowable Mall = Mn /Ω