TIMBER DESIGN

BENDING STRESS
MC
fb=
1
6M
fb=
bd ²
M
fb=
S
fb=bending stress
2
bd
S= ( section modulus )
6
I =moment of inertia at t h e neutral axis
bd ³
I=
12
d
c=
2

SHEARING STRESS
VQ
fv=
Ib
fv=s h earing stress
V =max . vertical s h ear
Q=statical moment of area
Q= A y
bd d
Q=
2 4

b d2
Q=
8
I =moment of inertia at neutral axis
3
bd
I=
12
b=widt h at critical s h ear
1 For rectangular section :
3V
fv=
2bd
2 For triangular section :
bd ³
I=
36

Q=
( )( )( )
b d d
2 2 3
=
bd
2

2 24
b
b=
2

VQ
fv=
Ib
2
bd
V
24
fv= 3
bd b
36 2

3V
fv=
bd
2
2
3V
fv=
2A
3 For circular cross−section :
VQ
fv=
Ib

π r4
I=
4
Q= Ay
π r2 4 r
Q=
2 3π
2 3
Q= r
3
b=2 r
2 3
V r
3
fv= 4
πr
2r
4
 4v
fv= 2
3π r

4V
fv=
3A

Allowable Bending Stress

A) Size Factor Adjustment

When the depth of a rectangular sawn lumber bending member 125 mm or
thicker exceeds 300 mm, the allowable bending stress Fbshall be multiplied by
the size factor Cf .
1 /9
300
Where Cf =( )
d
'
F b =CfFb
Cf =¿ ¿
d=depth of beam

For beams of circular cross section having a diameter greater than 340 mm the
size factor Cf may be determined on the basis of an equivalent conventionally
loaded square beam.

300 1 /9
Cf =( )
d
πD ²
=d ²
4
2 π 2
d = ( 340 )
4
d=301.3> 300 mm

Note: The size factor adjustment shall not apply to visually graded lumber 50 mm
to 100 mm thick or to machine stress-rated lumber.

B) Form Factor

Beam Section Form Factor

Circular 1.180
Square 1.414

The form factor shall be cumulative with the size factor adjustment except for
lumber I-beams and box beams.
 Allowable Bending Stress for Laterally Unbraced Beams with Less
Variability

Slenderness Factor
When the depth of a bending member exceeds its breadth, lateral support maybe
required and the slenderness factor Cs shall be computed using the relation:

Cs=
√Led
b²
Cs=slenderness ratio
¿=effective length of beam
d=depth of beam
b=breadth of beam
Effective length of Beams

Type of Beam Span and Nature of Effective length Le

Load: Le = 1.61 Lu
1 Single span beam, load concentrated Le = 1.92 Lu
at center Le = 1.84 Lu
2 Single span beam, uniformly Le = 1.69 Lu
distributed load Le = 1.06 Lu
3 Single span beam, equal end
moments
4 Cantilever beam, load concentrated at
unsupported end
5 Cantilever beam, uniformly distributed
load
6 Cantilever beam, uniformly distributed
load with concentrated load at cantilever
end.
7 Single span, or cantilever beam, any
other load.
Lu=unsupported length of beam (mm).

A.Short Beam
When Slenderness factor Cs<10 Use F b ' =Fb
B. Intermediate Beam
When Cs>10 but less than C k
Where C k=0.956
√ E
Fb
For glued-laminated beam and machine stress-rated lumber

'
F b =Fb 1− .
[ ( )]
1 Cs
3 Ck
¼

C. Long Beam:
0.609 E
F b'= For glued-laminated beam and machine stress-rated lumber
Cs ²

48. Problem:

A single span beam having an unsupported span of 20 m. carries a uniform load

of “W” kN/M throughout its span. The beam has a cross section of 150 mm x 600
mm. Allowable bending stress of the wood is Fb = 12.4 MPa with a modulus
elasticity of 13800 MPa.

1 Compute the allowable bending stress with size factor adjustment.

2 Compute the allowable bending stress with slenderness factor adjustment.
3 Compute the load “W” that the beam could carry.

Solution:

1 Size factor adjustment:

d >300 mm
Cs= ( )
300 1 /9
d
Cs= ( )
300 1 /9
600
Cs=0.926

Allowable bending stress

¿ 0.926 ( 12.4 )
¿ 11.48 MPa

2 Slenderness factor adjustment:

¿=1.92 Lu ( uniformly distributed load )

¿=1.92 ( 20,000 )
¿=38,400 mm

Cs=
√ Led
b²
Cs=
√ 38400 ( 600 )
(150 )
2
Cs=32

C k=0.811
E
Fb√
C k=0.811
C k=27.06
√
13800
12.4

Cs>C k but<50

Use:
0.438 E
fb=
( Cs )2

0.438 ( 13800 )
fb=
( 32 )2
fb=5.9 MPa

3 Safe Load “W”

6M
fb= 2
bd
6M
5.9=
( 150 ) ( 600 )2
'
M =53.1 kN . m
WL ²
M=
8
W ( 20 )2
53.1=
8
kN
W =1.062
m
N
W =1062
m