TIMBER DESIGN

Design and Analysis of Timber Beams

BENDING STRESS
Any section

Mc
fb 
I
Rectangular Sections

6M
fb  2
bd
 SHEAR
• Any section

VQ
fv 
Ib
• Rectangular sections

3V
fv 
2bd
• Where
fb = bending stress
fv = shearing stress
M = bending moment
V = vertical shear
I = moment of inertia about the nuetral axis
Q = statical moment of area
b = width
d = depth
Allowable bending stress:
a) size adjustment Factor
When the depth of rectangular sawn lumber bending
member 125 mm or thicker exceeds 300 mm the
allowable bending stress Fb shall be multiplied by the
size factor Cf
 1
300
Cf  ( ) 9
d
Fb '  Cf Fb
Where :
Fb’ = allowable bending stress considering size
adjustment Factor
d = depth of the beam
Note :
for beams of circular cross section having a diameter of 340
mm or greater , the size factor maybe determined on the basis of an
equivalent conventionally loaded square beam.
 b) Form Factor

Beam Section Form Factor

Circular 1.180
Square 1.414

The form factor shall be cumulative with the size factor

adjustment except for lumber I-beams and box beams

c) Slenderness Factor
When the depth of a bending member exceeds its
breadth,lateral support maybe required and the slenderness
factor Cs shall be computed using the following relation:
 Led
Cs  2
b
Where
Cs = slenderness Factor d = depth of the beam
Le = effective length of beam b = breadth of the beam
EFFECTIVE LENGTH OF BEAMS

Type of beam span and nature of load Effective length Le

1. Single span beam, concentrated load at center Le =1.61Lu
2. Single span beam, uniformly distributed load Le =1.92Lu
3. Single span beam, equal end moments Le =1.84Lu
4. Cantilever beam, load concentrated at unsupported end Le =1.69Lu
5. Cantilever beam, uniformly distributed load Le =1.06Lu
6. Cantilever beam, uniformly distributed load
with concentrated load at the cantilever end Le =1.69Lu
7. Single span or cantilever beam, any other load Le =1.92Lu
Where : Lu = unsupported Length
Short Unbraced Beams
Cs < 10
Fb’ = Fb

Intermediate Unbraced Beams

10 < Cs < Ck
For Visually graded sawn lumber

E
C k  0.811
Fb
For glued laminated beams and machine stress rated lumber

E
C k  0.956
Fb
 1 Cs 4
F  Fb [1  ( ) ]
'
b
3 Ck
Long Unbraced Beams
Cs > Ck where Cs < 50
For Visually graded sawn lumber

0.438E
F 
'
b 2
Cs
For glued laminated beams and machine stress rated lumber

0.609E
F 
'
b 2
Cs
Where
E = modulus of elasticity of wood
Fb = allowable unit stress for extreme fiber in bending
Fb’ = allowable unit stress for extreme fiber in bending adjusted for
slenderness

Problems:

1. CE Board May 2006

A timber beam having a simple span of 4 m carries a total load including
its weight of 10 kN/m. It is 200 mm wide and 260 mm deep made up of
apitong 80 % stress grade with the following properties; Fb = 16.5 MPa,
fv = 1.73 MPa, Ew = 7310 MPa. Using dressed dimensions by reducing
its dimension by 10 mm;
a) Which of the following is the maximum flexural stress ?
a) 10.11 MPa b) 9.11 MPa c) 8.11 MPa d) 7.11 MPa
b) Which of the following is maximum the shearing stress ?
a) 0.73 MPa b) 0.63 MPa c) 0.53 MPa d) 0.43 MPa
c) Which of the following is the maximum deflection ?
a) 12.14 mm b) 14.26 mm c) 16.24 mm d) 18.43 mm
Maximum Moment
wL2 10(4) 2
M   20 kN.m
8 8
Bending stress
6M 6(20)(10) 6
fb  2  2
 10.11MPa
bd 190(250)

Maximum Shear
wL 10(4)
V   20 kN
2 2
Shearing stress
3V 3(20)(10)3
fv    0.63MPa
2bd 2(190)( 250)
Maximum Deflection
5wL4 5(10)( 4000) 4
  3
 18.43mm
384 EI 190(250)
384(7310)
12
Analysis of Timber Beams

Given: beam size, Fb, Fv ,E, L, Allowable deflection

Required : Analyze the beam for adequacy against, bending, shear and deflection

General Procedure

1. Solve for the maximum moment using any available method

2. If necessary solve for the adjusted allowable bending stress Fb’ considering
a) size adjustment factor
b) Slenderness Factor
3. Compute the actual bending stress fb

Mc 6M
fb  or f b  2
I bd
For adequacy in bending f b  Fb or Fb'
4. Solve for the maximum shear using any available method
5. Compute the actual shearing stress fv

VQ 3V
fv  or f v 
Ib 2bd
For adequacy in shear f V  FV

6. Compute the actual maximum deflection using any available method

7. Compare actual deflection from allowable deflection
For adequacy in deflection, actual deflection should not exceed allowable
deflection
190 mm
10 kN/m
250 mm

4m

wL2 10(4) 2
M   20kN .m wL 10(4)
8 8 V   20kN
1kN .m  (10)6 N .mm 2 2
1kN  (10)3  1000 N
6M N .mm N
Fb  2
 2
 2
 MPa 3V N N
bd mm(mm) mm Fv    2
 MPa
2bd mm(mm) mm
6(20)(10)6
Fb  2
 10.11MPa
190(250) 3(20)(1000)
Fv   0.63MPa
2(190)(250)
 N
4 (mm) 4
5wL
 max   mm  mm
384 EI N 4
( mm)
(mm) 2
kN N
1 1
m mm

bh 3
I
12

5(10)( 4000) 4
 max  3
 18.43mm
190(250)
384(7310)
12
2. A 50 mm by 200 mm floor joists carries a dead load of 2.8 kPa and live
load of 2.4 kPa.The joist is provided with adequate lateral supports with a
simple span of 3.5 m. Wood weighs 7.8 kN per cubic meter. Allowable
stress for bending is 15.9 MPa and for shear 1.0 MPa. Deflection is limited
to 1/300 of span with modulus of elasticity of wood of 13800 MPa.
Determine the maximum spacing of the joists that will satisfy the above
mentioned condition .
S S S

5.2S kN/m

3.5 m
Uniform dead and live load
W=(2.8+2.4)S=5.2S
3.5 m Weight of Beam
Tributary area
WB = 0.05(0.2)(7.8)=0.08kN/m

S
Total uniform Load WT  5.2S  0.08
Maximum Moment
WT L2 (5.2S  0.08)(3.5) 2
M    1.53(5.2S  0.08)kN .m S in m
8 8

6M
Fb 
bd 2
6(1.53)(5.2 S  0.08)(10) 6
15.9 
50( 200) 2
3.46  5.2 S  0.08
S  0.65m
Maximum Shear

WT L (5.2S  0.08)(3.5)
V    1.75(5.2S  0.08)kN
2 2

3V
fv 
2bd
3(1.75)(5.2 S  0.08)1000
1
( 2)50( 200)
3.81  5.2 S  0.08
S  0.72m
Maximum Deflection

5wL4
 max 
384 EI
L 3500
 max    11.67mm
300 300
5(5.2 S  0.08)(3500) 4
11.67 
50(250) 3
384(13800)
12
5.37  5.2 S  0.08
S  1.02m

Use S =0.65 m
3. A footbridge is simply supported on a span of 9.0 m. The bridge is
composed of logs of approximately constant diameter. Each log supports a
load of 6.5 kN/m including its weight. Determine the minimum diameter of
this log if the allowable bending and shearing stresses are 8.6 MPa and
0.70 MPa respectively.

6.5 kN/m
D

9.0 m

WT L2 (6.5)(9) 2
M    65.81kN .m
8 8
 Mc D 4
fb 
I
C=D/2 I
D
64
6
65.81(10)
8 .6  2
D 4
64
6
65. 81(10 ) (32)
D 3

 (8.6)
65.81(10) 6 (32)
D3  427.16mm
 (8.6)
 wL 6.5(9)
V   29.25kN
2 2
bD

D
4
2D 4R 2 2D
y y  
3 3 3 3

Q  Ay D 2
A
D 2 2 D D 3 8
Q 
8(3) 12

VQ
fv 
Ib
 3
D
29.25(1000)
0 .7  12
D 4
D
64
29.25(1000)64
0 .7 
12D 2
29.25(1000)64
D 2

12 (0.7)
29.25(1000)64
D  266.34mm
12 (0.7)

Use D=427.16 mm say 430 mm

4. A cantilever beam 3.0 m long has its end resting on rigid supports and
carries a uniform load of 4.6 kN/m including its own weight. The section
of the beam the beam is in the form of an I framed by four 200 mm x 50mm
planks as shown. Determine the additional concentrated load that can be
applied at the free end if the bending stress is not to exceed 12 MPa and
the shearing stress not to exceed 0.8 MPa.

200

50

200

50

50 50
 200

50
c=150mm

200 N.A

50

50 50

I  I BR  I SR
3
200(300)3 100(200)
I   383.33x106 mm4
12 12
 200
50
c=150mm
100

N.A

Q  QBR  QSR   Ay
Q  200(150)75  100(100)50  1750 x103 mm3
b  100mm
 P
MOMENT CAPACITY
3m

Mc
fb  4.6 kN/m
I
M (150)
12 
383.33(10) 6
383.33(10) 6 (12
M  30.67 x106 N .mm  30.67kN .m
150
M  4.6(3)1.5  3P
4.6(3)1.5  3P  30.67
P  3.32kN
 P
Shear CAPACITY
3m

VQ
fV  4.6 kN/m
Ib
V (1750)(10)3
0.8 
383.33(10) 6100
V  17,524 x103 N  17.52kN .m
V  P  3(4.6)
17.52  P  4.6(3)
P  3.72kN
Use P =3.32 kN
5. A single span wooden beam 250 mm by 350 mm has a simple span of
6 m. If the allowable bending and and shearing stresses are 10.8 MPa
and 0.75 MPa respectively, determine the following:
a) Size factor adjustment
b) Allowable bending stress considering size factor adjustment
c) max concentrated load that could be applied at the midspan based
on size factor adjustment for flexure and allowable shearing stress

P
250 mm 3m

350 mm

6m
 Size factor adjustment

1 1
300 9 300 9
Cf  ( ) ( )  0.98
d 350

Allowable bending stress

considering size factor adjustment
Fb '  C f Fb  0.98(10.8)  10.58MPa
6M
Fb ' 
bd 2
6M
10.58 
250(350) 2
10.58(250)(350) 2
M   54kN .m
6(10) 6
PL
M 
4
P (6)
54 
4
P  36kN
 considering shear
3V
Fv 
2bd
3V
0.75 
2(250)(350)
0.75(2)( 250)(350)
V  3
 43.75kN
3(10)
P
V 
2
P
43.75 
2
P  87.5kN
Use
P  36kN
6. A simply supported beam 9 m long is to support a concentrated
load at its midspan. The beam is 200 mm wide and 350 mm deep.
Allowable bending stress is 9.8 MPa and the modulus of elasticity
of wood is 14000 MPa. Neglecting the weight of the beam;
determine the following:
a) Allowable bending stress with size factor adjustment
b) Allowable bending stress with slenderness factor adjustment
c) Safe concentrated load P that the beam can carry at the
midspan

P
200 mm 4.5m

350 mm

9m
 Size factor adjustment
1 1
300 9 300 9
Cf  ( ) ( )  0.98
d 350
Allowable bending stress
with size factor adjustment
Fb '  C f Fb  0.98(9.8)  9.6MPa
Slenderness factor adjustment

Le  1.61Lu  1.61(9000)  14490mm

Le d 14490(350)
Cs  2
 2
11.26
b (200)

E
Ck  0.811
Fb
14000
Ck  0.811  30.65
9.8
10  C s  Ck
 1 Cs 4
F  Fb [1  ( ) ]
b
'

3 Ck
1 11.26 4
Fb '  9.8[1  ( ) ]  9.74MPa
3 30.65
Use
Fb '  9.6MPa
6M
9.6 
bd 2
6M
9.6 
200(350) 2
9.6(200)(350) 2
M   39.2kN .m
6(10) 6
PL
M 
4
P (9)
39.2 
4
P  17.42kN
7. A cantilever beam 4.5 m long supports a concentrated load P at
its free end. The beam is 100 mm wide and 400 mm deep. Allowable stress for
bending is 12.6 MPa and modulus of elasticity is 5600 MPa. Determine the
following :
a) Allowable bending stress with slenderness factor adjustment
b. Maximum value of P
P 100 mm
4.5 m

400 mm

Le  1.69 Lu  1.69(4500)  7600mm

Le d 7600(400)
Cs  2
 2
17.44  10
b (100)
 E
Ck  0.811
Fb
5600
Ck  0.811  17.1
12.6
10  Cs  Ck , Cs  50
0.438E 0.438(5600)
Fb'  2
 2
 8.06 MPa
Cs (17.44)
bd 2 Fb ' 100( 400) 2 8.06
M   6
 21.49kN .m
6 6(10)
M  4.5 P
4.5 P  21.49
P  4.78kN
Plate No. 1 : Analysis of Timber Beams

1. A 75 mm by 200 mm floor joists carries a dead load of 3.0 kPa and

live load of 2.5 kPa.The joists are spaced at 0.7 m on centers and is
provided with adequate lateral supports with a simple span of 3.0 m.
Wood weighs 6.8 kN per cubic meter. Allowable stress for bending is
18 MPa and for shear 1.0 MPa. Deflection is limited to 1/360 of span
with modulus of elasticity of wood of 13800 MPa. Determine if the
joists are adequate to support the given loading condition .

2. A simply supported beam 3.0 m long carries a uniform load of 4.0

kN/m including its own weight. The section of the beam the beam is in
the form of an I framed by four 200 mm x 50mm planks as shown.
Determine the additional concentrated load that can be applied at the
midspan if the bending stress is not to exceed 15 MPa and the
shearing stress not to exceed 1.2 MPa.
 200

50

200

50

50 50

3. A simply supported beam 6m long is to support a concentrated

applied at the third points of the beam. The beam is 200 mm wide and
400mm deep. Allowable bending stress is 10.8 MPa and the modulus
of elasticity of wood is 14000 MPa. Neglecting the weight of the beam;
determine the following:
a)Allowable bending stress with size factor adjustment
b)Allowable bending stress with slenderness factor adjustment
c) Safe concentrated load P that can be applied at the third points of the
beam.
 4. A cantilever beam 4.0 m long supports uniform load throughout its length .
The beam is 150 mm wide and 400 mm deep. Allowable stress for bending is
13.2 MPa and modulus of elasticity is 7800 MPa. Determine the
following :
a) Allowable bending stress with slenderness factor adjustment
b. Maximum value of uniform load
DESIGN OF RECTANGULAR TIMBER BEAMS

Given
Loads, span, properties of wood, allowable bending stress and shearing stress,
Allowable deflection.

Req’d : size of beam that will satisfy given conditions

General Solution

1. Assume the weight of the beam. ( 5% to 10 % of total load).

2. By any method compute the design moment.
3. Determine the size using
6M
bd  2

4. Check the assumed weight

Fb
5. If d > 300 mm, determine the size adjustment factor and solve for adjusted
bending stress Fb’
6. Determine the adjusted bending stress Fb’ for slenderness factor
7. Using the lower value of Fb’, compute the moment capacity of the
section. 2
bd Fb '
M
6
This capacity must be greater than or equal to the design moment.
Adjust size if necessary. 3V
6. Determine the actual shearing stress f v 
2bd
This stress must be less or equal to than the given allowable shearing stress.
Adjust size if necessary.
7. Determine the actual deflection. This deflection must be less than
or equal to the allowable deflection. Adjust size if necessary.
Problem
Design a simply supported rectangular timber beam 6 m long to support a uniformly
distributed load of 6 kN.m applied along its length and a concentrated load of
12 kN applied at the midspan. Use guijo 80 % stress grade with an allowable
deflection of 1/360 of span.

From NSCP 12
Guijo 80% stress grade 3.0 m
Fb =21.8 MPa
E = 8.47x1000 =8470 MPa
6 kN/m
fv = 2.4 MPa
Wt =0.7(9.8) =6.86 kN/m3

Assuming 5% weight 6m
PL wL2
M  1.05(  )
4 8
12(6) 6(6) 2
M  1.05[  ]  47.25kN .m
4 8
 6M
bd 
2

Fb
6M
d
bFb
try b  200mm
6(47.5)(10)6
d  256mm Say 300 mm
200(21.8)

Check weight of beam WB  0.2(0.3)6.86  0.4116kN / m

Assumed weight of beam 0.05( 6+12/6)=0.400kN/m ok

No need for size adjustment factor check

since d does not exceed 300 mm
Le  1.92 Lu  1.92(6000)  11520mm

Le d 11520(300)
Cs  2
 2
 9.29  10
b (200)
No need for slenderness factor adjustment, hence no need for check on bending

Check for shear

P wL
V  , w  6  0.4116  6.4116kN / m
2 2
12 6.4116(6)
V   25.23kN
2 2
3V 3(25.23)1000
fV    0.63MPa  2.4MPa
2bd 200(300)
 Check for deflection
L 6000
Allowable deflection  all    16.67mm
360 360

Actual deflection

PL3 5wL4
 
48EI 384 EI

12(1000)(6000)3 5(6.4116)(6000) 4
 3
 3
 42.56mm
200(300) 200(300)
48(8470) 384(8470)
12 12
 Revise , Try b = 250 mm , d = 400 mm

PL3 5wL4
 
48EI 384 EI
12(1000)(6000)3 5(6.4116)(6000) 4
 3
 3
 14.26mm  16.67mm
250(400) 250(400)
48(8470) 384(8470)
12 12

Use 250 mm by 400 mm timber beam

Problem
A wooden bridge 6 m long is supported by eight timber beams symetrically spaced .
Each beam supports a uniform load of 6 kN/m ( weight included) along its length.
The bridge is to support a moving vehicle with front load of 80 kN and rear load
of 20 kN spaced at 3 m on centers. Assuming that this moving load is equally
carried by the beams, design the beams using yacal 63% stress grade. Limit
deflection to 1/300 of span.

Yakal 63% stress grade

Fb =19.3MPa
E = 7.7x1000 =7700 MPa
fv = 1.96 MPa
100 kN

80 kN 20 kN 80 kN 3m 20 kN
3m

Position of resultant
100x =20(3)
x=0.6 m
 0.3 0.3

Position of load
To produce 100 kN
Maximum moment
80 kN 3m 20 kN

0.6
A B
M B 0
3m 3m R(6)  100(2.7)  0
80 kN
R  45kN
R
M  M

A
M  45(2.7)  121.5kN .m
Maximum moment on one beam due to moving load
121.5
2.7 m
ML   15.19kN.m
8
R =45 kN
A 6 kN/m
B

6m

R =6(6)/2=18 kN
Moment due to dead load

M  MB
A 6 kN/m
2.7
M D  18(2.7)  6(2.7)
2.7 m
2
M D  26.34kN .m

R =18 kN Design Moment

M  M D  M L  15.19  26.34  41.53kN .m

 6M
bd 
2

Fb
6M
d
bFb
tryb  200mm
6(41.53)(10) 6
d  254mm Say 300 mm
200(19.3)

No need for size adjustment factor check

since d does not exceed 300 mm
Le  1.92 Lu  1.92(6000)  11520mm
Le d 11520(300)
Cs  2
 2
 9.29  10
b (200)

No need for slenderness factor adjustment, hence no need for check on bending
Position of loadings to produce max shear

80 kN 20 kN Maximum Shear

M
3m
B 0
V (6)  80(6)  20(3)  6(6)3  0
A 6 kN/m V  108kN
B

6m

V
 3V 3(108)1000
fV    2.7 MPa  1.96MPa
2bd 2(200)(300)

Try 250 mm x 400 mm

3V 3(108)1000
fV    1.62MPa  1.96MPa
2bd 2(250)( 400)
Position of load to produce maximum deflection ( at midspan)
80 kN 20 kN
2.7 m 3m
0.3m

A 6 kN/m
B

6m

V
 1 Pb
1 
EI
 48
(3L2  4b 2 )]

1 80000(2700) 20000(300)
1  [ (3[6000)  4(2700) ]) 
2 2
(3[6000]2  4[300]2 )
EI 48 48
3.68(10)14 3.68(10)14
 1  3
 35.84mm
EI 250(400)
7700
12
6000
 allow   20mm
300 3.68(10)14 3.68(10)14
 1  3
 15.29mm
EI 300(500)
Try 300 mm x 500 mm 7700
12
5wL4 5(6)(6000) 4
2   3
 4.21
384 EI 300(500)
Use 300 mm x 500 mm 384(7700)
12
 total  15.29  4.21  19.5mm  20mm
Optional : Re-Check for bending
1 1
300 300
Cf  ( ) ( 9
)  0.94 9
d 500
Fb '  C f Fb  0.94(19.3)  18.14MPa
Le  1.92 Lu  1.92(6000)  11520mm
Le d 11520(500)
Cs  2
 2
 8  10 No need to check for
b (300) slenderness

Actual bending stress

6M
F b 2
bd
6(41.53)(10) 6
Fb  2
 3.32MPa  18.14MPa
300(500)
 Plate No. 2 : Design of Timber Beams

Design a simply supported rectangular timber beam 6 m long to support a uniformly

distributed load of 8 kN/m applied along its length and concentrated loads of
30 kN applied at the third points of the beam. Use apitong 63% stress grade
with an allowable deflection of 1/360 of span.

Design a cantilever rectangular timber beam 3m long to support a uniformly

distributed load of 9 kN/m applied along its length and concentrated load of
15 kN applied at the free end of the beam. Use Yakal 63% stress grade
with an allowable deflection of 1/360 of span. Neglect the weight of the beam

Design a simply supported circular timber beam 6 m long to support a uniformly

distributed load of 5 kN/m applied along its length and concentrated load of
45 kN applied at the midspan . Use apitong 80% stress grade
with an allowable deflection of 1/360 of span.
 FLEXURE AND AXIAL COMPRESSION

Members subject to both flexure and axial compression

shall be proportioned such that:

fC fb Le
 11
 '  1.0 j d
FC Fb  jFc
'
k  11

Note:Le/d is taken from Fc’

j must be greater than
zero but not to exceed 1
where:
Fb’ = corrected bending stress for slenderness factor
Fc’ = allowable unit stress in compression parallel to the
grain adjusted for Le/d ratio
fc = actual unit stress in compression parallel to the grain
fb = actual unit stress for extreme fiber in bending
 Problem:
A simply supported beam 4.0 m long carries a uniform load of 12
kN/m including its own weight and an axial compressive force of 90
kN. The beam is 200 mm wide and 300 mm deep made up of apitong
80 % stress grade with the following properties:
Bending and tension parallel to the grain = 16.5 MPa
Compression parallel to the grain = 9.56 MPa
Compression perpendicular to the grain = 2.2 MPa
Modulus of elasticity in bending = 7310 MPa
Determine if the beam is safe, unsafe or not allowed by the code.

wL2 12(4) 2 Le  1.92 Lu  1.92(4000)  7680mm

M    24kN .m
12 12
Le d 7680(300)
6 M 6(24)(10) 6 C s    7.59  10
fb    5.33MPa
2 2
2 2
b (200)
bd 200(300)
Fb'  Fb  16.5MPa
P 90(1000)
fc    1.5MPa
A 200(300)
 Le 1.0(4000)
  20
d 150
E 7310
K  0.671  0.671 18.55
Fc 9.56
20  18.55
Le
K
d
0.3E 0.3(7310)
F 
c
'
 2
 5.48MPa
Le 2 (20)
( )
d

Le
 11
d 20  11
j   1.19 Use j =1
k  11 18.55  11
fC fb
 '  1.0
FC Fb  jFc
'

1.5 8
  1.43
5.48 16.5  1(9.56)
Beam is unsafe
 FLEXURE AND AXIAL TENSION

Members subject to both flexure and axial tension

shall be proportioned such that:

ft fb fb  ft
  1.0 and
'
 1.0
Ft Fb Fb
T w kN/m T

where :
ft= actual axial stress Ft = allowable axial stress
fb= actual bending stress Fb = allowable bending stress
Fb’ = allowable bending stress for extreme fiber in
bending adjusted for slenderness
Problem
A simply supported beam 3.6 m long carries a uniform load
of 16 kN/m including its own weight and an axial tensile force
of 175 kN. The beam is 150 mm wide and 300 mm deep made
up of apitong 80 % stress grade with the following properties:
Bending and tension parallel to the grain = 16.5 MPa
Compression parallel to the grain = 9.56 MPa
Compression perpendicular to the grain = 2.2 MPa
Determine :
a) interaction value for both bending and tensile stress
b) ratio of the difference between actual bending stress and
tensile stress to the adjusted bending stress for slenderness

b = 150 mm
d= 300 mm
Ft = 16.5 MPa
Fb = 16.5 MPa
T 16 kN/m T=175 kN

3.6 m
 T T 175(1000)
ft     3.89
A bd 150(300)
wL2 16(3.6) 2
M   25.92kN .m
8 8
6M 6(25.92)(10) 6
fb  2  2
 11.52MPa
bd 150(300)
ft fb
  1 .0
Ft Fb
3.89 11.52
  0.93
16.5 16.5
Le  1.92 Lu  1.92(3600)  6912mm
Le d 6912(300)
Cs  2
 2
 9.6  10
b (150)
Fb '  Fb  16.5MPa

fb  ft
'
 1 .0
Fb
11.52  3.89
 0.46
16.5
 AXIALLY LOADED COLUMNS

Allowable unit stress for rectangular or square simple solid

columns
Le
1. Short Columns
 11
d
Fc  Fc
'

2. Intermediate Columns

Le
11 K Le
d 1 d 4
Fc  Fc [1  ( ) ]
'
E 3 K
K  0.671
Fc
 3. Long Columns

Le
K
d
0.3E
Fc 
'
Le 2
( )
d
Effective Column Length Le = KeL
where:
Fc = allowable compressive stress parallel to the grain
E = modulus of elasticity of wood
Le = Effective column length
Ke = buckling factor
d = least dimension of the column
L = unsupported height of the column
Fc’ = reduced allowable compressive stress parallel to the grain
Column Capacity : P = AFc’
A = cross sectional area
 BUCKLING FACTORS Ke

Ke=0.65 Ke =0.8 Ke = 1.2 Ke = 1.0 Ke = 2.1 Ke =2.4

Rotation fixed, translation free

Rotation fixed, translation fixed

Rotation free, translation fixed Rotation free, translation free

Analysis of axially loaded columns

Given : column size, Allowable compressive stress parallel to

the grain Fc, L, ke, E

Required
Axial load capacity of column P
General solution

1. Solve for effective column length Le =keL

2. Solve for Le/d
3. Select the appropriate column stress reduction formula to
determine the reduced allowable compressive stress Fc’
4. Solve for axial load capacity P =AFc’
CE Board May 2003
A timber column of square cross section has a length
of 3.0 m and dimension of 150 mm x 150 mm. It is fixed at both ends so that
Ke=0.67. The column is unseasoned apitong 80% stress grade with
allowable compressive stress parallel to the grain of 9.56 MPa and modulus
of elasticity of 7310 MPa. Determine the axial load capacity of the column.
Solution
Given : FC  9.56 MPa, L  3.0 m, E  7310 MPa
Column size 150 mm x 150 mm , K e  0.67

Le  Ke L  0.67(3000)  2010mm
Le 2010
  13.4
d 150
E 7310
K  0.671  0.671 18.55
Fc 9.56
13.4  11  18.55
Le
 11  K
d
 Le
1 d 4
Fc  Fc [1  ( ) ]
'

3 K
1 13.4 4
Fc  9.56[1  (
'
) ]  8.69MPa
3 18.55
P  AFc  150(150)8.69  195525N  195.52kN
'
 CE Board November 2001
A timber column of square cross section has a length of 3.0 m and
dimension of 140 mm x 140 mm. It is hinged at both ends so that Ke = 1.0.
The column is unseasoned apitong 80% stress grade with allowable
compressive stress parallel to the grain of 9.56 MPa and modulus of
elasticity of 7310 MPa. Determine the axial load capacity of the column.

Le (3000)
Le  Ke L  1(3000)  3000mm   21.14
d 140
E 7310
K  0.671  0.671 18.55
Fc 9.56
21.14  18.55
Le P  AFc'  140(140)4.78
K
d P  93688N  93.68kN
0.3E 0.3(7310)
Fc'   2
 4.78MPa
L (21.14)
( e )2
d
Design of axially loaded columns

Given : column load, Allowable compressive stress parallel to

the grain Fc, L, ke, E

Required
size of the column
General solution
1. Solve for the trial area
and determine
the column size
P
A
0.6to0.75Fc
2 . Solve for effective column lengthLe =keL
3. Solve for Le/d
4. Select the appropriate column stress reduction formula to determine the
reduced allowable compressive stress Fc’
5. Check for axial load capacity P’ =AFc’ > P
Design a timber column 6 m long to support an axial load of
200 kN
The column is fixed at both ends. Use apitong 63% stress
grade

Fc = 7.53 MPa
E = 5760 MPa
Ke =0.65
P 200(1000)
A   44268mm 2
0.6to0.75 Fc 0.6(7.53)
A  bd assume b  200mm
44268  200d d  221.34 say 250 mm
try 200mm by 250mm
A  50000mm 2
Le  0.65(6000)  3900mm
Le 3900
  19.5
d 200
 E 5760
K  0.671  0.671 18.56
Fc 7.53
19.55  18.56
Le
K
d

0.3E 0.3(5760)
F 
c
'
 2
 4.54MPa
L (19.5)
( e )2
d
P  AFc'  (50000)4.54
P  227000 N  227kN  200kN
Use 200 mm by 250 mm column
Design a timber column 5 m long to support an axial load of
250 kN
The column is hinged at both ends. Use Guijo 63% stress
grade.
Fc = 10.4 MPa
E = 6670 MPa
Ke =1.0

P 250(1000)
A   36982mm2
0.6to0.75Fc 0.65(10.4)
A  bd try b  200 mm 36982  200d d  185mm say 200 mm
200mmby 200mm
A  40000mm2
Le  1.0(5000)  5000mm
Le 5000
  25
d 200
 E 6670
K  0.671  0.671 17
Fc 10.4
25  17
Le
K
d

0.3E 0.3(6670)
F 
c
'
 2
 3.20MPa
L (25)
( e )2
d
P  AFc'  (40000)3.20
P  128000 N  128kN  250kN
Redesign try 250 mm by 250 mm column
 Le 5000
  20
d 250

0.3E 0.3(6670)
F 
c
'
 2
 5.0MPa
Le 2 (20)
( )
d
P  AFc'  (250)(250)5.0
P  312500 N  312.5kN  250kN

Use 250 mm x 250 mm column

Design a timber column 5 m long to support an
axial load of 250 kN. The column is hinged one end
and fixed at the other end.
Use Guijo 63% stress grade.
Fc = 10.4 MPa
E = 6670 MPa
Ke =0.8
P 250(1000)
A   36982mm2
0.6to0.75 Fc 0.65(10.4)
A  bd try b  200 mm 35982  200d d  185mm say 250 mm
200mmby 250mm
A  50000mm2
Le  0.8(5000)  4000mm
Le 4000
  20
d 200
 0.3E 0.3(6670)
F 
c
'
 2
 5.0MPa
Le 2 (20)
( )
d

P  AFc'  (50000)5.0
P  250000 N  250kN
Use 200 mm x 250 mm column
Design a circular timber column 4.5 m long to
support an axial load of 280 kN The column is
hinged at both ends. Use yakal 50% stress grade.
Fc = 9.55 MPa
E = 3110 MPa
Ke =1.0
P 280(1000)
A   48865mm 2
0.6to0.75Fc 0.60(9.55)
D 2
A
4
D 2
48865 
4
D  249mm
try300mm
Le  1(4500)  4500mm
 Equivalent square dimension to determine d

D 2
d2 
4
 (300) 2
d2 
4
d  265.87mm
Le 4500
  16.93
d 265.87
E 3110
K  0.671  0.671 12.11
Fc 9.55
16.93  12.11
Le
K
d
 0.3E 0.3(3110)
F 
c
'
 2
 3.26MPa
Le 2 (16.93)
( )
d
 (300)2
P  AF  c
'
(3.26)  230435kN  280000 N
4
tryD  325mm
D 2
d2 
4
 (325) 2
d2 
4
d  288mm
Le 4500
  15.62
d 288
 15.62  12.11
Le
K
d
0.3E 0.3(3110)
F 
c
'
 2
 3.82MPa
L (15.62)
( e )2
d

 (325) 2
P  AFc'  (3.82)  316898N  280000 N
4
UseD  325mm
Plate # 3 : Design and Analysis of Timber columns

1. Design a circular timber column 4.5 m long to support an axial load of 320 kN
The column is hinged at both ends. Use yakal 80% stress grade.

2. Design a rectangular timber column 4.5 m long to support an axial load of 280 kN
The column is hinged at both ends. Use yakal 63% stress grade.

3. Design a rectangular timber column 5 m long to support an axial load of 280 kN

The column is fixed at both ends. Use yakal 50% stress grade.

4. Design a rectangular timber column 5 m long to support an axial load of 280 kN

The column is hinged at one end and fixed at the other. Use yakal 63% stress grade
 Eccentrically Loaded Columns

P P P P M=Pe
e e

P =
=

fb f
For adequacy  c'  1.0
of column: Fb Fc
where :
fc= actual axial stress
Fb = allowable bending stress
fb= actual bending stress
Fc’= reduced allowable compressive stress
parallel to the grain
Design of Eccentrically loaded columns

Given : column load, eccentricity Allowable compressive stress parallel to

the grain Fc, L, ke, E, Allowable bending stress Fb

Required
size of column
General solution
1. Solve for the trial area

P
2 . Solve for effective column 
Alength Le =keL
3. Solve for Le/d
0 .4to 0.5Fc
4. Select the appropriate column stress reduction formula to
determine the reduced allowable compressive stress Fc’
5. Check for actual axial stress

P
fc 
 6. Solve for actual bending stress
Mc
fb 
I

7. Solve for adequacy of section

fb fc
 '  1.0
Fb Fc

1. Design a rectangular timber column 5m long to support an axial load of

280 kN and an eccentric load of 120 kN placed 100 mm from center of column
The column is hinged at both ends. Use yakal 63% stress grade.
280 P=280+120=400 kN =400 000 N
M =Pe =120(100)=12000 kN.mm= 12,000,000 N.mm
120 Fc = 12 MPa
100 E = 7700 MPa
Ke =1.0
L=5m From NSCP handbook
Fb = 19.3 MPa

P 400000
A   66,666.67 mm
0.5 Fc 0.5(12)
try 250mmx300mm
A  250(300)  75000mm 2
Le  1.0(5000)  5000mm
Le 5000
  20
d 250
E 7700
k  0.671  0.671  17
Fc 12
20  17 Fc 
' 0.3E 0.3(7700)
  5.775MPa
2
L (20)
Le ( e )2
K d
d
P 400000
fc    5.33MPa
A (250)(300)
6M 6(12000000)
fb  2
 2
 3.2 MPa
bd (250)(300)
fb fc
 '  1.0
Fb Fc
3.2 5.33
  1.09  1.0  Re design
19.3 5.775
 A  300(300)  90000mm 2
try 300mmx300mm
Le 5000
  16.67
d 300
E 7700
k  0.671  0.671  17
Fc 12
Le
 11  k
d
Le
1 d 4
Fc  Fc [1  ( ) ]
'

3 K
1 16.67 4
Fc  12[1  (
'
) ]  8.30MPa
3 17
 P 400000
fc    4.44MPa
A (300)(300)

6 M 6(12000000)
fb  2
 2
 2.67 MPa
bd (300)(300)

fb fc
 '  1 .0
Fb Fc
2.67 4.44
  0.674  1.0
19.3 8.3

Use 300 mm x 300 mm column

 2. Design a rectangular timber column 4m long to support an axial load of
280 kN and an eccentric load of 80 kN and 60 kN placed 100 mm and 60 mm
from center of column as shown in the figure. The column is fixed at both
ends. Use yakal 80 % stress grade.

P=280+80+60=420 kN =420 000 N

280 kN M =Pe =80(100) - 60(60)=4400 kN.mm
= 4,400,000 N.mm
60 kN 80 kN
100
60

Fc = 15.8 MPa
E = 9780 MPa
Ke =0.65
L=4m
Fb = 24.5 MPa
 P 420000
A   53,164.56mm
0.5 Fc 0.5(15.8)
try 200mmx300mm
A  200(300)  60000mm 2
Le  0.65(4000)  2600mm
Le 2600
  13
d 200
E 9780
k  0.671  0.671  16.69
Fc 15.8
Le
 11  k
d
Le
1
Fc'  Fc [1  ( d ) 4 ]
3 K
1 13 4
Fc'  15.8[1  ( ) ]  13.86MPa
3 16.69
 P 420000
fc    7 MPa
A 200(300)

6M 6(4400000)
fb  2
 2
 1.47 MPa
bd (200)(300)

fb fc
 '  1. 0
Fb Fc
1.47 7
  0.565  1.0
24.5 13.86

Use 200 mm by 300 mm column

3. Design a circular timber column 4.5 m long to support an axial load of 300
kN and an a moment of 50 kN.m. The column is fixed at both ends. Use
yakal 80 % stress grade.

Fc = 15.8 MPa P 300000

E = 9780 MPa A   37974.7 mm 2
Ke =0.65
0.5 Fc 0.5(15.8)
L = 4.5 m D 2
Fb = 24.5 MPa A
4
D 2
37974.7 
4
D  219mmSay300mm
Le  0.65(4500)  2925mm
E 9780
k  0.671  0.671  16.69
Fc 15.8
 D 2
d2 
4
 (300) 2
d2 
4
d  265.87mm
Le 2925
  11
d 265.87
Fc '  Fc  15.8MPa
P 300(1000)
fc    4.24MPa
A  (300) 2

4
 D 4  (300) 4
I 
64 64
I  397.6 x106 mm 4
D
c   150mm
2
Mc
fb 
I
50(10) 6150
fb  6
 18.86MPa
397.6(10)
fb fc
 '  1.0
Fb Fc
Adjust size to 325 mm
18.86 4.24
  1.02  1.0
24.5 15.8
 D 2
d2 
4
 (325) 2
d2 
4
d  288mm
Le 2925
  10.15  11
d 288
Fc '  Fc  15.8MPa
P 300(1000)
fc    3.61MPa
A  (325) 2

4
 D 4  (325) 4
I 
64 64
I  547.56 x106 mm 4
D
c   162.5mm
2
Mc
fb 
I
50(10) 6162.5
fb  6
 14.84MPa
547.65(10)
fb fc
 '  1.0
Fb Fc
14.84 3.61
  0.83  1.0
24.5 15.8
Use 325 mm circular column
PLATE No.4 : Design of eccentric column

1. Design a rectangular timber column 5m long to support an axial load of

300 kN and an eccentric load of 150 kN placed 150 mm from center of column
The column is hinged at both ends. Use Guijo 80% stress grade.

2. Design a rectangular timber column 4.5m long to support an axial load of

250 kN and an eccentric load of 60 kN and 45 kN placed 90 mm and 60 mm
0n opposite sides of the center of column . The column is fixed at both ends.
Use yakal 63 % stress grade.

3. Design a circular timber column 4.0 m long to support an axial load of 360
kN and and a moment of 60 kN.m. The column is fixed at both ends.
Use yakal 80 % stress grade.
 SPACING of RIVETS/BOLTS

RI
S
VQ
S S

Where :
S = spacing of bolt/rivet
R = shear or bearing capacity of rivet/bolt
I = moment of inertia about the nuetral axis
V = vertical shear
Q = statical moment of area (about the NA) of the area
that resist the movement of the bolts
Problems

A built up section is made by bolting together three planks 80 mm by 200

mm as shown in the figure. If each bolt can withstand a shearing force of 8
kN, determine the spacing if the beam is loaded to cause a maximum
shearing stress of 1.4 MPa.

200 mm
200(360)3 120(200)3
I   697.6 x106 mm4
12 12
80 mm
Q  200(180)90  120(100)50  2.64 x106 mm3
VQ
80 mm 200 mm
fV 
Ib
V 2.64(10) 6
1.4 
80 mm 697.6(10) 6 80
V  29595 N
 200 mm

80 mm

140 mm
NA

Q'  Ay  200(80)140  2.24 x106 mm4

RI ( N )mm4
S  3
 mm
VQ ' ( N )mm
8(1000)697.6(10) 6
S
29595(2.24)(10) 6
S  84.2mm
Problem:
A 4.0 m long walkway of a scaffold is made by bolting two 300 mm by 12 mm sheets
of plywood to 40mm x 90 mm timber as shown. The bolts are spaced 100 mm apart
along the length of the walkway. Bolt diameter is 6 mm with an allowable shearing
stress of 50 MPa.The working stress in bending and shear for the plywood and the
timber are 6.2 MPa and 0.7 MPa respectively.
a) What limit should be placed on the weight of a person “W” who can walk
across the plank if the capacity of the bolts should not be exceeded ?
b) What limit should be placed on the weight of a person “W” who can walk across the
plank if the bending stress of plywood and timber should not be exceeded ?
c) What limit should be placed on the weight of a person “W” who can walk across the plank
if the shearing stress of plywood and timber should not be exceeded ?
Figure : All dimensions in mm

300
12

40

12

90 90
Position that W
Would produce
Max shear on
The walkway

4m

Maximum shear V=W

Position that W
2m
Would produce
Max Moment on
The walkway

4m WL W (4)
Maximum moment
M 
4 4
M W
 300
12

40

12

90 90
300(64)3 120(40)3
I   5.91x106 mm 4
12 12
a) Bolt Capacity

 (6) 2
R  2 b Abolt  2(50)  2827.43N
4
 300
12
26 20

Q=Ay =300(12)26= 93600 mm3

RI
S
VQ
2827.43(5.91)(10) 6
100 
93600V
V  1785.27 N
W V
W  1785.27 N
b)
Mc
Fb 
I
M (32)
6 .2 
5.91(10) 6
6.2(5.91)(10) 6
M   1.15 x10 6 N .mm
32
M  1.15kN .m
V M
V  1.15kN  1150 N
c)
300
12
20

120 mm

Q=300(32)16 – 120(20)10 = 129600 mm3

b=2(90) =180 mm
VQ
fV 
Ib
V (129600)
0.70 
5.91(10) 6 (180)
0.7(5.91)(10) 6 (180)
V  5745.8 N
129600
V W
W  5745.8 N
 TIMBER CONNECTORS AND FASTENERS

Loads at angle to the grain- Allowable bolt loads acting in a direction

inclined shall be determined by Hankinson’s Formula for total bolt
loads stated as follows:

PQ
N
PSin 2   QCos2 

Where :
θ = angle between the direction of the load and direction of the grain
N = Allowable load per bolt in a direction at inclination θ w/ the grain
P = Allowable load per bolt in compression parallel to the grain
Q = Allowable load per bolt in perpendicular parallel to the grain
CE Board November 2002
Figure shown below is a bolted connection composed of 6 bolts used
in fastening the timber members belonging to species group III with
properties taken from NSCP table of allowable loads in kN in one bolt
at both ends (double shear) normal duration as shown in the next page.
a) What is the force carried by one bolt ?
b) What is the required diameter if failure occur
at the secondary member ?
c) What is the required diameter if failure occur
at the main member ?
 Figure

75 mm x 250 mm
Secondary members

100 mm thick
Main member 300

+
A) Load carried by one bolt

44
P  7.33kN / bolt
6
b) If failure will occur on the secondary member
try d = 16 mm
From table for length of bolt of 150 mm
P = 8.45 kN > 7.33 kN ; use 16 mm bolt for secondary member
c) If failure will occur on the main member
try d = 16 mm
From table for length of bolt of 100 mm
P = 8.47 kN Q =5.41 kN   30 0

PQ
N
PSin 2  QCos 2
8.47(5.41)
N  7.42kN  7.33kN
8.47 Sin 30  5.41Cos 30
2 0 2 0

use 16 mm bolt for main member

Allowable loads in kN in one bolt at both ends (double shear) normal duration

Length of Bolt in Diameter of bolt d Parallel to Grain Perpendicular

Main Member (mm) P to Grain
(mm) (kN) Q
(kN)

13 5.58 4.07
16 8.47 5.41
100 20 13.1 6.68
22 15.4 7.35
25 18.9 7.52

16 8.45 5.28
20 13.2 8.11
150 22 16.0 9.21
25 20.6 10.9
28 25.9 12.1
CE Board November 2002
Two pieces of 75 mm x 400 mm Yacal members under tension are
connected together by means of a lap splice as shown. The working stress
For 80% visually stress – graded unseasoned Yacal are as follows :
Bending and tension parallel to the grain = 24.5 MPa
Compression parallel to the grain = 15.8 MPa
Compression perpendicular to the grain = 6.27 MPa
Bolt diameter = 20 mm
Determine the following:
a) Net area of a timber member considering the hole to be 2 mm larger
than the bolt diameter
b) Safe value of P considering the net area of the member
c) Safe value of P considering the the bearing of bolts in the timber

Figure

P 400 mm
P
 400 mm

75 mm

22 mm 22 mm 22 mm

a) Net area An  75[400  3(22)]  25,050mm2

b) Safe value of P considering net area of timber
P  pAn  (24.5)25,050  613725N  613.72kN
c) Safe value of P considering bearing of bolts on the timber

P  q(d  2)tN  (6.27)(20  2)75(9)  93109 N  93.10kN

 FLEXURE AND AXIAL TENSION

Members subject to both flexure and axial tension

shall be proportioned such that:

ft fb fb  ft
  1.0 and
'
 1.0
Ft Fb Fb
T w kN/m T

where :
ft= actual axial stress Ft = allowable axial stress
fb= actual bending stress Fb = allowable bending stress
Fb’ = allowable bending stress for extreme fiber in
bending adjusted for slenderness
 Size factor adjustment
1 Cs 4
300
1
300
1 Fb'  Fb [1  ( ) ]
Cf  ( ) (
9
)  0.968
9 3 Ck
d 400
1 10.73 4
Fb'  11.8[1  ( ) ]  11.7 MPa
Allowable bending stress 3 26.92
considering size factor adjustment
6M
Fb '  C f Fb  0.968(11.8)  11.42MPa Fb ' 
bd 2
6M
Le  1.92 Lu  1.92(6000)  11520mm11.42  200(400) 2
Le d 11520( 400) 11.42(200)( 400) 2
Cs  2
 2
10.73 M 
6(10) 6
 59.73kN .m
b ( 200)
PL
M 
E 4
Ck  0.811 P (6)
Fb 59.73 
3
13000 P  29.87 kN
Ck  0.811  26.92
11.8
10  C s  Ck
solution to No. 2 E 7310
k  0.671  0.671  18.55
Fc 9.56
D 2
d2  0.3E 0.3(7310)
4 Fc 
'
 2
 4.3MPa
Le 2 (22.57)
 (150) 2 ( )
d2  d
4 P  4.3(132.93) 2  75,982 N
d  132.93mm
Le 3000
  22.57
d 132.93
4. A built up section is made by bolting together three planks 75 mm by
200 mm as shown in the figure. If each bolt can withstand a shearing
force of 8 kN, determine the spacing if the beam is loaded to cause a
maximum shearing stress of 1.4 MPa.
Prelim Exam : Steel and Timber Design

1. A simply supported beam 6 m long is to support a concentrated

applied at the third points of the beam. The beam is 400 mm in
diameter. Allowable bending stress is 11.8 MPa and the modulus
of elasticity of wood is 13000 MPa. Neglecting the weight of the beam;
determine the following:
a)Allowable bending stress with size factor adjustment
b)Allowable bending stress with slenderness factor adjustment
c) Safe concentrated load P that can be applied at the third points of
the beam.

2. A timber column rectangular in cross section has a length of 3.0 m and of

250 mm x 400 mm in cross section . It is fixed at both ends . The column is
unseasoned apitong 80% stress grade with allowable compressive stress
parallel to the grain of 9.56 MPa ,modulus of elasticity of 7310 MPa and
allowable bending stress of 16.5 MPa. The column is subject to an axial load
of 250 kN applied 150 mm from the center of the column. Analyze the
adequacy of this column
 Solution to #2

M  Pe  250(100)  25000kN .mm

fc fb
  1.0
6M 6(25)(10) 6
Fc ' Fb
fb    3.75MPa 2.5 3.75
  0.487
2 2
bd 250(400)
9.56 16.5
P 250(1000)
fc    2.5MPa column section is adequate
A 250(400)

Le 0.67(3000)
  8.04
d 250
Fc '  Fc
Fc '  9.56MPa
3. A cantilever beam 2.4 m long has its end resting on rigid supports and
carries a uniform load of 4.6 kN/m including its own weight. The section
of the beam the beam is in the form of T framed by two 200 mm x 50mm
planks as shown. Determine the additional concentrated load that can be
applied at the free end if the bending stress is not to exceed 12 MPa and
the shearing stress not to exceed 0.8 MPa.

200

50

200
 200

50
y

200

A y   ay
2( 200)50 y  200(50) 25  200(50)150
y  87.5
200(50) 3 50( 200) 3
I  200(50)(62.5) 
2
 200(50)(62.5) 2
12 12
I  113.54 x106 mm 4
 Mc
fb 
I
M (162.5)
12 
113.54
M  8.38kN .m
wL2
M  PL 
2
4.6( 2.4) 2
8.38  2.4 P 
2
P  2.02kN section is inadequate
Q  Ay  200(162.5)81.25  2.64 x10 6 mm3
V ( 2.64)
0.8 
113.54(50)
V  1720 N  1.72kN
1.72  P  4.6( 2.4)
P  9.32kN
4. Design a circular timber column 4.5 m long to support an axial load of
320 kN and and a moment of 45 kN.m. The column is fixed at both ends.
Use yakal 80 % stress grade.
Prelim Exam

1. A simply supported beam 5.0 m long carries a uniformly distributed load

load of 12 kN/m throughout its length and a concentrated load of 25 kN applied
at the center. Determine the maximum moment ,shear and deflection
due to these loads.

PL wL2
M 
4 8
25(5) 12(5) 2
M   68.75kN .m
4 8
P wL 25 12(6)
V     48.5kN
2 2 2 2
PL3 5wL4
 
48EI 384 EI
25(5)3 5(12)(5) 4 162.76
   kN .m3
48EI 384 EI EI
Slenderness Factor
When the depth of a bending member exceeds its breadth,lateral
support maybe required and the slenderness factor Cs shall be computed using
the following relation

Led
Cs  2
b
Where
Cs = slenderness Factor d = depth of the beam
Le = effective length of beam b = breadth of the beam
EFFECTIVE LENGTH OF BEAMS

Type of beam span and nature of load Effective length Le

1. Single span beam, concentrated load at center Le =1.61Lu
2. Single span beam, uniformly distributed load Le =1.92Lu

Short Unbraced Beams Long Unbraced Beams

Cs < 10 Cs > Ck where Cs < 50
Fb’ = Fb For Visually graded sawn lumber

Intermediate Unbraced Beams

10 < Cs < Ck 0.438E
For Visually graded sawn lumber F 
'
b 2
E Cs
C k  0.811
Fb
1 Cs 4
F  Fb [1  ( ) ]
'
b
3 Ck
2. A simply supported beam 6m long is to support a concentrated
applied at the midspan of the beam. The beam is 200 mm wide and
400mm deep. Allowable bending stress is 10.8 MPa and the modulus
of elasticity of wood is 14000 MPa. Neglecting the weight of the beam;
determine the following:

a)Allowable bending stress with slenderness factor adjustment

b) Safe concentrated load P that can be applied at the midspan of the beam.

Le  1.61Lu
Le  1.61(6000)  9660mm

Led 9660(400)
Cs  2
Cs 
(200) 2 Cs  9.83
b
 F  Fb F  10.8MPa
'
Cs  10 b
'
b

6M
Fb  2
bd
6M
10.8  2 M  57.6 x10 N .mm
6
200(400)
M  57.6kN.m
PL P(6)
M 57.6  P  38.4 kN
4 4
Allowable unit stress for rectangular or square simple solid
columns

1. Short Columns
Le
 11
d
Fc  Fc
'
2. Intermediate Columns

Le
11 K Le
d 1 d 4
Fc  Fc [1  ( ) ]
'
E 3 K
K  0.671
Fc
3. Long Columns Effective Column Length Le = KeL
Both ends hinged ke=1.0
Le Both ends fixed ke = 0.5
K
d
0.3E
Fc 
'
Le 2
( )
d
3. A timber column of square cross section has a length of 3.0 m and
dimension of 300 mm x 300 mm. The column is unseasoned apitong
80% stress grade with allowable compressive stress parallel to the grain
of 9.56 MPa and modulus of elasticity of 7310 MPa. Determine the axial
load capacity of the column when
a) Both ends are fixed
b) Both ends are hinged

Le  Ke L Le
a)  11
d
Le  0.5(3000)
Fc  Fc
'

Le  1500mm
Fc  9.56MPa
'
Le 1500
 P  AFc'
d 300 P  300(300)9.56  860,400 N
Le
5
d P  860.4kN
b) Le  Ke L
Le  1.0(3000)
Fc'  Fc
Le  3000mm
Fc  9.56MPa
'
Le 3000
 P  AFc '

d 300 P  300(300)9.56  860,400 N

Le
 10 P  860.4kN
d
 Le
b) Le  Ke L  11
d
Le  1.0(3000)
Fc'  Fc
Le  3000mm
Fc  9.56MPa
'
Le 3000
 P  AFc '

d 300 P  300(300)9.56  860,400 N

Le
 10 P  860.4kN
d
 Prelim Exam : Steel and Timber Design

1. A simply supported beam 6 m long is to support a concentrated

applied at the third points of the beam. The beam is 200 mm wide and
400 mm deep. Allowable bending stress is 11.8 MPa and the modulus
of elasticity of wood is 13000 MPa. Neglecting the weight of the beam;
determine the following:
a)Allowable bending stress with size factor adjustment
b)Allowable bending stress with slenderness factor adjustment
c) Safe concentrated load P that can be applied at the third points of
the beam.
Size factor adjustment Le  1.92 Lu  1.92(6000)  11520mm
1
300 9 300 9
1
Le d 11520( 400)
Cf  ( ) ( )  0.968 Cs  2
 2
10.73
d 400 b ( 200)
Allowable bending stress E
considering size factor adjustment Ck  0.811
Fb
Fb '  C f Fb  0.968(11.8)  11.42MPa
13000
Ck  0.811  26.92
11.8
10  C s  Ck
 1 Cs 4
Fb'  Fb [1  ( ) ]
3 Ck
1 10.73 4
Fb'  11.8[1  ( ) ]  11.7 MPa
3 26.92

6M
Fb ' 
bd 2
6M
11.42 
200( 400) 2
11.42(200)( 400) 2
M   59.73kN .m
6(10) 6
PL
M 
3
P (6)
59.73 
3
2. A timber column of circular in cross section has a length of 3.0 m and
diameter of 150 mm. It is hinged at both ends . The column is unseasoned
apitong 80% stress grade with allowable compressive stress parallel to the
grain of 9.56 MPa and modulus of elasticity of 7310 MPa. Determine the
axial load capacity of the column.

D 2
k  0.671
E
 0.671
7310
 18.55
d2  Fc 9.56
4
 (150) 2
Fc 
' 0.3E 0.3(7310)
  4.3MPa
d2  L (22.57) 2

4 ( e )2
d
d  132.93mm P  4.3(132.93) 2  75,982 N
Le 3000
  22.57
d 132.93
3. A cantilever beam 2.4 m long has its end resting on rigid supports and
carries a uniform load of 4.6 kN/m including its own weight. The section
of the beam the beam is in the form of T framed by two 200 mm x 50mm
planks as shown. Determine the additional concentrated load that can be
applied at the free end if the bending stress is not to exceed 12 MPa and the
shearing stress not to exceed 0.8 MPa.

200

50

200
4. Analyze the adequacy of a 300 mm x 350 mm rectangular timber column
3.6 m long to support an axial load of 320 kN and an eccentric load of 100 kN
and 80 kN placed 100 mm and 60 mm from center of column as shown in the
figure. The column is fixed at both ends. Use yakal 80 % stress grade.
Fc = 15.8 MPa
320 kN E = 9780 MPa
ke =0.65
80 kN 100 kN
L=4m
100 Fb = 24.5 MPa
60
4. Figure shown below is a bolted connection composed of 9 of 20 mm diameter bolts used
in fastening the timber members. Properties taken from NSCP table of allowable loads in
kN in one bolt at both ends (double shear) normal duration for 20 mm bolts of length
100 mm are : P = 13.1 kN, Q =6.68. kN. Determine the maximum value of F if failure
will occur on the main member.

75 mm x 250 mm
Secondary members

100 mm thick
Main member 300