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ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IS RE-SHAPING OUR CORPORATE

WORLD
BY
Soumyajit Majumder & Sami Wisal

Abstract
Enterprise seems to be entering a new era ruled by data. What was once the realm of science
fiction, AI in business intelligence is evolving into everyday business as we know it.
Companies can now use machines algorithms to identify trends and insights in vast reams of
data and make faster decisions that potentially position them to be competitive in real-time.
AI has gained momentum, prominent application providers have gone beyond creating
traditional software to developing more holistic platforms and solutions that better automate
business intelligence and analytics processes. Businesses and the people that work at
companies are able to utilize the power of artificial intelligence to help them work more
efficiently and to increase their productivity. The utilization of this technology was only a
far-away goal about a decade ago, but now we use artificial intelligence in many different
parts related to running a business successfully

Keywords: Machine learning, AI in corporate, strategy with artificial intelligence.

Introduction ( by Amir Husain,

2019)

In the current business environment, artificial intelligence has a wide range of uses. In fact,
most of us interact with artificial intelligence in some form or another on a daily basis. From
the mundane to the breathtaking, artificial intelligence is already disrupting virtually every
business process in every industry. As artificial intelligence technologies proliferate, they are
becoming an imperative for businesses that want to maintain a competitive edge.
 Rather than serving as a replacement for human intelligence and ingenuity, artificial
intelligence is generally seen as a supporting tool. Although artificial intelligence currently
has a difficult time completing commonsense tasks in the real world, it is adept at processing
and analyzing troves of data far more quickly than a human brain could. Artificial
intelligence software can then return with synthesized courses of action and present them to
the human user. In this way, humans can use artificial intelligence to help game out possible
consequences of each action and streamline the decision-making

“Artificial intelligence is kind of the second coming of software," (by Amir Husain)
founder and CEO of machine learning company Spark Cognition. "It's a form of software
that makes decisions on its own, that's able to act even in situations not foreseen by the
programmers. Artificial intelligence has wider latitude of decision-making ability as opposed
to traditional software."

Those traits make artificial intelligence highly valuable throughout many industries, whether
it's simply helping visitors and staff make their way around a corporate campus efficiently or
performing a task as complex as monitoring a wind turbine to predict when it will need
repairs.
Machine learning is used often in systems that capture vast amounts of data. For example,
smart energy management systems collect data from sensors affixed to various assets. The
troves of data are then contextualized by machine learning algorithms and delivered to human
decision-makers to better understand energy usage and maintenance demands.
Artificial intelligence is even an indispensable ally when it comes to looking for holes in
computer network defences,

"You really can't have enough cyber security experts to look at these
problems, because of scale and increasing complexity," he said. "Artificial
intelligence is playing an increasing role here as well." (by Amir Husain).

Artificial intelligence is also changing customer relationship management (CRM) systems.

Software like Sales force or Zoho requires heavy human intervention to remain up to date and
accurate. But when you apply artificial intelligence to these platforms, a normal CRM system
transforms into a self-updating, auto-correcting system that stays on top of your relationship
management for you. [For those in brand-new companies, read our report on CRM tools for
start-ups.]

Another example of artificial intelligence's versatility is within the financial sector. Dr.
Hossein Rahnama, founder and CEO of artificial intelligence concierge company Flybits and
visiting professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, worked with TD Bank to
integrate artificial intelligence into regular banking operations, such as mortgage loans.
We're no longer expecting the user to constantly be on a search box Googling what they
need," he added. "The paradigm is shifting as to how the right information finds the right user
at the right time

Statement of the problem

Understand how AI is being used in practice to manage customer experiences, operations,

and business support functions based on more than 50 use cases from a variety of companies
and industries

 Learn about AI applications across 20+ industries with modules dedicated to three
that are leaders in AI led business transformation: Autonomous Vehicles, Financial
Services, and Healthcare
 Leverage proprietary AI frameworks such as the AI Radar, the AI Canvas, and the AI
Capability Maturity Model – developed specifically for this program – to drive your
AI strategy
 Learn from real-world examples such as Microsoft, Oracle, Netflix, Airbnb, Danske
Bank, Infosys, Teradata, Reliance Jio, Fruit of the Loom and many other companies
based on the personal consulting experience of the faculty
 Learn how to transform your business through AI—from strategy and capabilities to
organization and implementation
Determining the Need for Artificial intelligence ( Dr. Mark Esposito,2019 )

Several factors may be indicative of the need for Artificial intelligence.

Artificial intelligence is already widely used in business applications, including automation,

data analytics, and natural language processing. Across industries, these three fields of AI are
streamlining operations and improving efficiencies.

Automation alleviates repetitive or even dangerous tasks. Data analytics provides businesses
with insights never before possible. Natural language processing allows for intelligent search
engines, helpful chat bots, and better accessibility for people who are visually impaired.

Other common uses for AI in business include:

 Transferring and cross-referencing data; updating files

 Consumer behavior forecasting and product recommendations

 Fraud detection

 Personalized advertising and marketing messaging

 Customer service via telephone or chat bots

Harvard Business Review reports that AI stands to make the greatest impact in marketing
services, supply chain management, and manufacturing.
Literature review

(By Shruthi Anand Edited by Amber Sinha and Udbhav Tiwari Research Assistance by
Sidharth Ray The Centre for Internet and Society, India, 2018)

With origins dating back to the 1950s Artificial Intelligence (AI) is not necessarily new. With
an increasing number of real-world implications over the last few years, however, interest in
AI has been reignited over the last few years. The rapid and dynamic pace of development of
AI have made it difficult to predict its future path and is enabling it to alter our world in ways
we have yet to comprehend. This has resulted in law and policy having stayed one step
behind the development of the technology. Understanding and analyzing existing literature on
AI is a necessary precursor to subsequently recommending policy on the matter. By
examining academic articles, policy papers, news articles, and position papers from across
the globe, this literature review aims to provide an overview of AI from multiple
perspectives.
imparted during the programming stage, or by the AI itself observing in and learning from its
environment. The top-down approach reflects the former, where the AI would be trained to
compute the consequences of all its actions before narrowing on the one it decides to
undertake. The bottom-up approach depicts the latter, where the AI derives answers from its
experiences, making it more spontaneous.

(Bostrom, N. (2003). Ethical issues in advanced artificial intelligence. Science Fiction

and Philosophy: From Time Travel to Superintelligence, 277-284.)

compares superintelligent AI to general AI, but opines that it will surpass humans by much
more. According to him, the only precaution against such kind of intelligence is to program
empathy as one of its core objectives. Once this is done, exponential improvement will lead
to an enhancement of this quality, thereby diluting AI’s potential threat to mankind. Bostrom
also addresses arguments that call for a halt to AI development due to its dangers. He states
that AI is an inevitability; thus, utilizing precautionary measures before destructive AI is built
would be a better solution.
(Pavaloiu and Kose, 2007 How the Machine ‘Thinks’ : Understanding Opacity in
Machine Learning Algorithms. Big Data and Society)

note that while the top-down approach is appealing at first glance, it possesses inherent
biases, the most prominent one being the data interpretation bias. For example, the AI might
indirectly infer if an individual is depressed based on her social media feed, which could
affect prospective employment.

(Allen, C., Smit, I., & Wallach, W. (2005). Artificial morality: Top-down, bottom-up,
and hybrid approaches. Ethics and Information Technology, 7(3), 149-155.)

point out that the top-down approach allows the designer to tailor ability. At the same time,
however, there would be conflict arising from the rules encoded and constant pressure to
predict and compute outcomes for every action. It is because of the latter that this approach is
untenable—very few computers possess such computational capacity and there would have to
be a universal minimum standard for AI.

The structure taken by the literature review is as follows:

1. Overview of historical development;
2. Definitional and compositional analysis;
3. Ethical & Social, Legal, Economic and Political impact and sector-specific
solutions;
4. The regulatory way forward.

Theoretical foundation

Artificial intelligence Concept ( By Adam C. Uzialko, Writer April 22, 2019)

"Artificial intelligence" is a broad and general term that refers to any type of computer
software that engages in humanlike activities, including learning, planning and problem-
solving. Calling specific applications "artificial intelligence" is like calling a 2013 Honda
Accord a "vehicle" – it's technically correct, but it doesn't cover any of the specifics. To
understand what type of artificial intelligence is predominant in business, we have to dig
deeper.

Machine learning

Machine learning is one of the most common types of artificial intelligence in development
for business purposes today. Machine learning is primarily used to process large amounts of
data quickly. These types of artificial intelligence are algorithms that appear to "learn" over
time, getting better at what they do the more often they do it. Feed a machine learning
algorithm more data and its modeling should improve. Machine learning is useful for putting
vast troves of data – increasingly captured by connected devices and the internet of things –
into a digestible context for humans.

For example, if you manage a manufacturing plant, your machinery is likely hooked up to the
network. Connected devices feed a constant stream of data about functionality, production
and more to a central location. Unfortunately, it's too much data for a human to ever sift
through, and even if they could, they would likely miss most of the patterns. Machine
learning can rapidly analyze the data as it comes in, identifying patterns and anomalies. If a
machine in the manufacturing plant is working at a reduced capacity, a machine learning
algorithm can catch it and notify decision-makers that it's time to dispatch a preventive
maintenance team.

But machine learning is also a relatively broad category. The development of artificial neural
networks, an interconnected web of artificial intelligence "nodes," has given rise to what is
known as "deep learning."

Deep learning

Deep learning is an even more specific version of machine learning that relies on neural
networks to engage in nonlinear reasoning. Deep learning is critical to performing more
advanced functions, such as fraud detection. It can do this by analyzing a wide range of
factors at once. For example, for self-driving cars to work, several factors must be identified,
analyzed and responded to at once. Deep learning algorithms are used to help self-driving
cars contextualize information picked up by their sensors, like the distance of other objects,
the speed at which they are moving and a prediction of where they will be in 5-10 seconds.
All this information is calculated side by side to help a self-driving car make decisions like
when to change lanes.

Deep learning has a great deal of promise in business and is likely to be more commonly used
soon. Older machine learning algorithms tend to plateau in their capability once a certain
amount of data has been captured, but deep learning models continue to improve their
performance as more data is received. This makes deep learning models far more scalable
and detailed; you could even say deep learning models are far more independent.

Artificial intelligence is changing work ( Vivian

Michaels,2017)

Businesses and the people that work at companies are able to utilize the power of artificial
intelligence to help them work more efficiently and to increase their productivity. The
utilization of this technology was only a far-away goal about a decade ago, but now we use
artificial intelligence in many different parts related to running a business successfully.
Racounter explains that law firms are using AI to scan through e-mails, records and
documents to speed up their processes (AI is saving them more than 95% of time used to
perform these tasks manually). Marketing technology is using AI to show relevant
advertisements to web surfers — a person that often visits or searches for “business
productivity tips” would see advertisements related to apps and reports that will help them
increase their productivity, no matter where they go, and financial companies are also using
AI to help make important decisions faster.

These are only a few methods that utilize the advancements that are being made in artificial
intelligence. Smaller businesses, no matter what industry they are in, are also using certain
aspects related to AI technology to boost the way the business and its employees work. One
of the most popular examples is the use of an artificial intelligent Chabot to offer customer
service to visitors on their website. Instead of employing hundreds of agents to chat with
visitors, they employ a smart Chabot that can have a conversation with the potential customer
and provide them with relevant answers. If the Chabot is unable to resolve the issue in an
appropriate manner, it then forwards the query to an agent to manually check the problem and
sends the customer a notification that their query has been forwarded to someone that will get
back to them soon.

Personalized User Interfaces

While a company may have a lot of employees, they all have their own unique functions in
the business and need to perform certain tasks daily to ensure the success of the company.
Since employees need to perform different tasks, they do not all use the same set of software
and access the same content. Artificial intelligence can be used to personalize the user
interface of devices that employees are using — as the technology learns more about what the
employee’s role in the company is, it will start to prioritize apps and right content that the
employee needs to use and remove the unneeded ones from desktops and home screens.

Enhanced Productivity

Word processors are predicting what a user will type next and automatically correcting
spelling mistakes. Messaging apps can learn how the user “speaks” and then adapt itself to
help the user type faster. In factories, robotic hands are used to solder small pieces and to put
together heavy objects. This can greatly enhance the productivity of physical workers by
allowing them to focus on more important tasks that would be less time consuming to
perform. Artificial technology is also used to perform some tasks that are repetitive and time-
consuming.

Computerized Assistants

Hiring an assistant can be expensive. People who recently started their own business may not
be able to afford hiring an assistant to help them improve their organization and productivity,
but an assistant can be useful and speed up many processes. For these people, utilizing an
intelligent virtual assistant may be the better solution. Many platforms offer an affordable
assistant that can respond to e-mails, schedule appointments and more.

Pros & Cons

Businesses that have transformed operations with A.I ( Derek du Preez

May 24, 2018)
One company that’s successfully integrated AI tech into multiple aspects of its business is
Unilever, a consumer goods corporation. In addition to streamlining hiring and on boarding,
AI is helping Unilever get the most out of its vast amounts of data.
Data informs much of what Unilever does, from demand forecasts to marketing analytics.
The company observed that their data sources were coming from varying interfaces and APIs,
according to “Diginomica”. This both hindered access and made the data unreliable.

In response, Unilever developed its own platforms to store the data and make it easily
accessible for its employees. Augmented with Microsoft’s Power BI tool, Unilever’s platform
collects data from both internal and external sources. It stores the data in a universal data lake
where it’s preserved—to be used indefinitely for anything from business logistics to product
development.

Amazon is another early adopter. Even before its virtual assistant Alexa was in every other
home in America, Amazon was an innovator in using machine learning to optimize inventory
management and delivery.

With a fully robust, AI-empowered system in place, Amazon was able to make a successful
foray into the food industry via its acquisition of Whole Foods, which now uses Amazon
delivery services.

Esposito says this kind of scalability is key for companies looking to develop new AI
products.  They can then apply the tech to new markets or acquired businesses, which is
essential for the tech to gain traction.

Both Unilever and Amazon are exemplary because they’re solving current problems with
technology that’s already available. And they’re predicting industry disruption so they can
stay ahead of the pack.

Of course, these two examples are large corporations with deep pockets. But Esposito
believes that most businesses thinking about AI realistically and strategically can achieve
their goals.

Challenges to AI ( Kaja Polachowska

June 6, 2019)
1. Data quality and quantity
As mentioned above, the quality of the system relies heavily on the data that’s fed into it. AI
systems require massive training datasets. Artificial intelligence learns from available
information in a way similar to humans, but in order to identify patterns, it needs much more
data than we do. It makes sense when you think about: we’re also better at tasks the more
experience performing them. The difference is that AI can analyze data with a speed we as
humans can’t even dream of, so it learns fast. The better data you give it, the better outcomes
it will provide.

How can you solve the data problem? First of all, you need to know what data you already
have and compare that to what data the model requires. In order to do that, you need to know
what model you’ll be working on – otherwise, you won’t be able to specify what data is
needed. List the types and categories of data you have: is the data structured or unstructured?
Do you collect data about your customers’ demographics, purchase history, on-site
interactions, etc? When you know what you already have, you’ll see what you’re missing.

2. Data labelling

A few years back, most of the data was structured or textual. Nowadays, with the Internet of
Things (IoT) a large share of the data is made up of images and videos. There’s nothing
wrong with that, and it may seem like there’s no problem here, but the thing is that many of
the systems utilizing machine learning or deep learning are trained in a supervised way, so
they require the data to be labelled. The fact that we produce vast amounts of data every day
doesn’t help either; we’ve reached a point where there aren’t enough people to label all the
data that’s being created. There are databases that offer labelled data, including ImageNet
which is a database with over 14 million images. All of them manually annotated by
ImageNet’s contributors. Even though in some cases, more appropriate data would be
available elsewhere, many computer vision specialists use ImageNet anyway only because
their image data is already labelled.

3. Explain ability
With many “black box” models, you end up with a conclusion, e.g. a prediction, but no
explanation to it. If the conclusion provided by the system overlaps with what you already
know and think is right, you’re not going to question it. But what happens if you disagree?
You want to know HOW the decision has been made. In many cases, the decision itself is not
enough. Doctors cannot rely solely on a suggestion provided by the system when it’s about
their patients’ health.

4. Case-specific learning

Our intelligence allows us to use the experience from one field to a different one. That’s
called the transfer of learning – humans can transfer learning in one context to another,
similar context. Artificial intelligence continues to have difficulties carrying its experiences
from one set of circumstances to another. On one hand, that’s no surprise – we know that AI
is specialized – it’s meant to carry out a strictly specified task. It’s designed to answer one
question only, and why would we expect it to answer a different question as well? On the
other hand, the “experience” AI acquires with one task can be valuable to another, related
task. Is it possible to use this experience instead of developing a new model from scratch?
Transfer learning is an approach that makes it possible – the AI model is trained to carry out a
certain task and then applies that learning to a similar (but distinct) activity. This means that a
model developed for task A is later used as a starting point for a model for task B.

5. Bias

Bias is something many people worry about: stories of AI systems being “prejudiced” against
women or people of color make the headlines every once in a while. But how does that
happen? Surely, AI cannot have bad intentions. Or can it…?

No, it cannot. An assumption like that would also mean that AI is conscious and can make its
own choices when in reality AI makes decisions based on the available data only. It doesn’t
have opinions, but it learns from the opinions of others. And that’s where bias happens.

6. Privacy Concerns

Most privacy concerns related to AI are those that stem from the use of big data – to that
extent, the impact of big data on privacy can be said to be relevant for AI as well.207 This
section focuses on privacy concerns above and beyond these, which are likely to be caused by
AI as a technology, in addition to providing suggestions as to their resolution.

How Artificial Intelligence is Transforming the Corporate World

(Darrell M. West and John R. Allen, Tuesday, April 24, 2018)

Artificial intelligence has increased business productivity and Precision at lower costs.
Its every business aim to lower its operational cost that results from common mistakes and
errors in operation. Superior AI systems have played an important role in minimizing these
losses from these mistakes and failures. With an updated AI system in a business
environment, the organization will enjoy a higher precision and efficiency in its operations
since human mistakes and errors will be eliminated creating a business environment with
minimal risks and more profits.
AI involves working with machines such as computers that work faster increasing the
productivity of the business at lower costs since they do not need payment but maintenance
that is easily affordable. Furthermore, AI programs have stronger and faster computing
abilities that process large sets of data much quicker. This helps businesses achieve
significant levels in directing, projecting and forecasting for business growth. Companies that
utilize artificial intelligence analytics programs to operate their businesses can identify and
rectify productivity drains, improve inventory ordering and maintenance plans, and discover
more efficient ways to do other business chores.

Artificial intelligence helps develops business customer relationship.

AI has done a good job of helping businesses better understand and meet the needs of their
audience. Computer programs and websites such as an advanced GPU database that stores
customer’s information help business organization establish their customer service platform.
The Artificial intelligence database will analyze large amounts of data from both the
customer’s side and the inventory side. This helps to form predictive analytical programs
about customer behavior that helps in satisfying their needs.

Artificial Intelligence has enhanced global Enterprise mobility.

Enterprise mobility through the implementation of artificial intelligence will continue to

influence the future of business.. The ability to shift the central office working model to
either work from home or remote locations will increase the efficiency of business and
productivity. AI programs have enabled business organization employees to work from any
locations. This allows them to take control of their working environments and schedules to
improve productivity.

Current and future trends of artificial intelligence ( Vivian

Michaels,2017)

The Motley Fool reports that artificial intelligence will be able to interact with a person
similar to the way they interact with a friend by the year 2018. They also report that in as
little as one year, artificial intelligent software will produce up to 20% of all content
published by businesses — this includes legal documentation, press releases, reports,
sponsored blog posts and even social media posts. Other interesting facts about artificial
intelligence that are also noteworthy:

• Artificial intelligence has an economic impact of up to $33 trillion per year.

• Self-driving cars are becoming more popular and provide people with up to 50 minutes
extra per day — which can be used to do important tasks related to work or their personal
life while they sit back and wait for the car to drive them to a location.

• In as little as three years, up to 85% of corporate customer service channels will utilize
artificial intelligence to communicate with their customers.

• More than 30% of all corporate executives are using voice recognition software to help
make their lives easier and to perform certain tasks faster.

AI affects the economy both at a micro (jobs) and macro (economic development) level.
From an analysis of the literature, authors seem to have mixed opinions as to how much of an
impact AI will have and whether it be, on balance, negative or positive.

Economic Progress (Robert D. Atkinson,2017)

Apart from job-creation and job-supplementing, there are also macro-positives that AI will
bring to the economy. Robert D. Atkinson357 argues that those who claim that AI
undermines the labour market consider only the first order effects whereby the machine
replaces the worker. There exist second order effects as well which have gone unnoticed –
there is increased productivity, leading to increased savings which is ploughed back into the
economy in the form of lower prices, higher wages for the remaining workers, or higher
profits. He relies on an OECD analysis between productivity and employment, noting that:
“Historically, the income-generating effects of new technologies have proved more powerful
than the labor-displacing effects: technological progress has been accompanied not only by
higher output and productivity, but also by higher overall employment.

(Purdy & Daugherty,2016)

Analyzing the impact of AI on 12 developed economies, Purdy & Daugherty conclude that
AI has the potential to double annual economic growth in them.359 Chen focus on the broad
economic impact of AI. They primarily utilize two approaches for their analysis361:

• The bottom-up approach – using the premise that investment in technology is an

indicator of its future potential, the authors examine private sector and venture capital
investments in AI. Accounting for overlap, they estimate that the total economic impact
of investments by these sectors would imply $359.6 billion to $773.2 billion in economic
growth over the next ten years.
• The top-down approach – the authors examine the impacts of prior technologies as
benchmarks. Relying on the impacts of technologies such as IT investment, broadband
internet, mobile phones and industrial robotics, the authors conclude the economic
impact of AI to be between $1.49 trillion and $2.95 trillion.

The Mckinsey Study points out that automation can help in closing the GDP gap. The
declining birth rates will lead to an increase in the average age and consequent decrease in the
working capacity of the population. This will create an economic growth gap as labour, the
factor of growth, evaporates. Automation, through AI, can compensate for some of this. The
macroeconomic factor of an ageing demographic would require that all remaining humans
and robots engage in productive labour to ensure sustained economic growth.362 The Study
calls for policy-makers to encourage investment and market incentives to encourage
continued progress and innovation.
Conclusion:

Businesses are catching on quickly to the rave of incorporating artificial intelligence to boost
the productivity of employees and the potential of a company itself. From using applications
that learn about the user to customize the layout and order of things to suit the specific
employee, to providing a way to conduct certain tasks that would normally be performed by a
virtual assistant without occurring the expensive charges of hiring yet another employee. At
the rate artificial intelligence is growing now, businesses are advised to enable the use of this
technology in their businesses to utilize their abilities, which can enhance the way the
company works. The field of AI offers tremendous promises as solutions and optimisation for
a variety of problem statements we face. However, equally importantly, AI also throws up
key normative and practical questions of ethics and governance that will play a central role
with increased adoption of these technologies.
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