List of amendments of the Constitution of India

As of January 2020, there have been 104[1] amendments of the Constitution of India since it was first
enacted in 1950.[2]

There are three types of amendments to the Constitution of India of which second and third type of
amendments are governed by Article 368.

The first type of amendments includes that can be passed by "simple majority" in each
house of the Parliament of India.
The second type of amendments includes that can be effected by the parliament by a
prescribed "special majority" in each house; and
The third type of amendments includes those that require, in addition to such "special
majority" in each house of the parliament, ratification by at least one half of the State
Legislatures.
The third type amendments that are made to the constitution are amendments No. 3, 6, 7, 8, 13, 14, 15,
16, 22, 23, 24, 25, 28, 30, 31, 32, 35, 36, 38, 39, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 51, 54, 61, 62, 70, 73, 74, 75, 79, 84,
88, 95, 99, 101, 102, 103 and 104.[3]

Contents
List of amendments of the Constitution of India
References
External links

List of amendments of the Constitution of India


No. Amendments
15, 19, 85, 87, 174, 176,
341, 342, 372 and 376.
1st
Insert articles 31A and 31B.
Insert schedule 9.[4]
2nd Amend article 81(1)(b).[5]
3rd Amend schedule 7.[6]
Amend articles 31, 35 band
305.
4th
Amend schedule 9.[7]
5th Amend article 3.[8]
Enforced Prime
Objectives President
since Minister
Added special provision for Jawaharlal Rajendra
the advancement of any Nehru Prasad
socially and educationally
backward classes or for the
Scheduled Castes and
Scheduled Tribes (SCs and
STs). To fully secure the
constitutional validity of
zamindari abolition laws
and to place reasonable
10 May restriction on freedom of
1951 speech. A new
constitutional device, called
Schedule 9 introduced to
protect against laws that
are contrary to the
Constitutionally guaranteed
fundamental rights. These
laws encroach upon
property rights, freedom of
speech and equality before
law.
Removed the upper
population limit for a
1 May
1953
parliamentary constituency
by amending Article 81(1)
(b).
Re-enacted entry 33 of the
Concurrent List in the
Seventh Schedule with
relation to include trade
and commerce in, and the
production, supply and
distribution of four classes
22
of essential commodities,
February
viz., foodstuffs, including
1955
edible oil seeds and oils;
cattle fodder, including
oilcakes and other
concentrates; raw cotton
whether ginned or
unginned, and cotton
seeds; and raw jute.
Restrictions on property
27 April rights and inclusion of
1955 related bills in Schedule 9
of the constitution.
24 Empowered the President
December to prescribe a time limit for
1955 a State Legislature to
convey its views on
proposed Central laws
relating to the formation of
new States and alteration
of areas, boundaries or
names of existing States.
Also permitted the
President to extend the
prescribed limit, and
prohibited any such bill

Amend articles 269 and
6th 286.
Amend schedule 7.[9]
Amend articles 1, 3, 49, 80,
81, 82, 131, 153, 158, 168,
170, 171, 216, 217, 220,
222, 224, 230, 231 and
232.
7th Insert articles 258A, 290A,
298, 350A, 350B, 371,
372A and 378A.
Amend part 8.
Amend schedules 1, 2, 4
and 7.[10]
8th Amend article 334.[11]
9th Amend schedule 1.[12]
Amend article 240.
10th
Amend schedule 1.[13]
Amend articles 66 and
11th
71.[14]
Amend article 240.
12th
Amend schedule 1.[15]
Amend article 170.
13th
Insert new article 371A.[16]
14th Amend articles 81 and 240.
Insert article 239A.
from being introduced in
Parliament until after the
expiry of the prescribed or
extended period.
11 Amend the Union List and
September State List with respect to
1956 raising of taxes.
Reorganisation of states on
1 linguistic lines, abolition of
November Class A, B, C, D states and
1956 introduction of Union
territories.
Extended the period of
reservation of seats for the
Scheduled Castes and
5 January Scheduled Tribes and
1960 Anglo-Indians in the Lok
Sabha and the State
Legislative Assemblies till
1970.
Minor adjustments to
territory of Indian Union
28
consequent to agreement
December
with Pakistan for settlement
1960
of disputes by demarcation
of border villages, etc.
Incorporation of Dadra and
11 August Nagar Haveli as a Union
1961 Territory, consequent to
acquisition from Portugal.
Election of Vice President
by Electoral College
consisting of members of
both Houses of Parliament,
instead of election by a
19
Joint Sitting of Parliament.
December
1961
Indemnify the President
and Vice President Election
procedure from challenge
on grounds of existence of
any vacancies in the
electoral college.
Incorporation of Goa,
20
Daman and Diu as a Union
December
1961
Territory, consequent to
acquisition from Portugal.
Formation of State of Sarvepalli
1
Nagaland, with special Radhakrishnan
December
1963
protection under Article
371A.
28 Incorporation of
December Pondicherry into the Union
1962 of India and creation of
 Amend schedules 1 and Legislative Assemblies for
4.[17] Himachal Pradesh, Tripura,
Manipur and Goa.
Raise retirement age of
Amend articles 124, 128, High Court judges from 60
217, 222, 224, 226, 297, to 62 and other minor
5 October
15th 311 and 316. amendments for
1963
Insert article 224A. rationalising interpretation
Amend schedule 7.[18] of rules regarding judges
etc.
Make it obligatory for
Amend articles 19, 84 and seekers of public office to
173. 5 October swear their allegiance to
16th
1963 the Indian Republic and
Amend schedule 3.[19]
prescribe the various
obligtory templates.
To secure the constitutional
validity of acquisition of
Amend article 31A. 20 June Estates and place land
17th
Amend schedule 9.[20] 1964 acquisition laws in
Schedule 9 of the
constitution.
Technical Amendment to
include Union Territories in
27 August
18th Amend article 3.[21] 1966
Article 3 and hence permit
reorganisation of Union
Territories.
Abolish Election Tribunals
11
and enable trial of election
19th Amend article 324.[22] December
petitions by regular High
1966
Courts.
Indemnify & validate
judgments, decrees, orders Lal
and sentences passed by Bahadur
judges and to validate the Shastri
appointment, posting,
promotion and transfer of
22 judges barring a few who
20th Insert article 233A.[23] December were not eligible for
1966 appointment under article
233. Amendment needed
to overcome the effect of
judgment invalidating
appointments of certain
judges in the state of Uttar
Pradesh.
10 April Include Sindhi as an official Indira
21st Amend schedule 8.[24]
1967 language. Gandhi
Amend article 275. 25 Provision to form V. V. Giri
22nd Insert articles 244A and September Autonomous states within
371B.[25] 1969 the State of Assam.

23rd Amend articles 330, 332, 23 Discontinued reservation of

333 and 334.[26] January seats for the Scheduled
1970 Tribes in Nagaland, both in
the Lok Sabha and the
State Legislative Assembly
and stipulated that not
more than one Anglo-
Indian could be nominated
by the Governor to any
 State Legislative Assembly.
Extend reservation for SCs
and STs and Anglo Indian
members in the Lok Sabha
and State Assemblies for
another ten years, i.e. up to
1980.
Enable parliament to dilute
5
Amend articles 13 and fundamental rights through
24th November
368.[27] 1971
amendments to the
constitution.
Restrict property rights and
compensation in case the
state takes over private
property. However, the
Supreme Court quashed a
part of Article 31C, to the
Amend article 31. extent it took away the
20 April
25th power of judicial review.
Insert article 31C.[28] 1972
This was done in the
landmark case of
Kesavananda Bharati v.
State of Kerala (1973) 4
SCC 225 which for the first
time enunciated the Basic
structure doctrine.

Amend article 366. Abolition of privy purse paid

Insert article 363A. 28 to former rulers of princely
26th Remove articles 291 and December states which were
1971 incorporated into the Indian
362.[29]
Republic.
Amend articles 239A and Reorganisation of Mizoram
15
240. into a Union Territory with a
27th February
Insert articles 239B and legislature and council of
1972
371C.[30] ministers.

Rationalise Civil Service

Insert article 312A. rules to make it uniform
29 August
28th across those appointed
Remove article 314.[31] 1972
prior to Independence and
post independence.
Place land reform acts and
9 June amendments to these act
29th Amend schedule 9.[32]
1972 under Schedule 9 of the
constitution.
Change the basis for
appeals in Supreme Court
27
of India in case of Civil
30th Amend article 133.[33] February
Suits from value criteria to
1973
one involving substantial
question of law.
Increase size of Parliament
from 525 to 545 seats.
Amend articles 81, 330 and 17 Increased seats going to
31st October the new states formed in
332.[34]
1973 North East India and minor
adjustment consequent to
1971 Delimitation exercise.
32nd Amend article 371. 1 July Protection of regional rights
Insert articles 371D and 1974 in Telangana and Andhra
 371E. regions of State of Andhra
Amend schedule 7.[35] Pradesh.

Prescribes procedure for

resignation by members of
parliament and state
Amend articles 101 and 19 May legislatures and the
33rd
190.[36] 1974 procedure for verification
and acceptance of
resignation by house
speaker.
Place land reform acts and Fakhruddin Ali
7
amendments to these act Ahmed
34th Amend schedule 9.[37] September
under Schedule 9 of the
1974
constitution.
Amend articles 80 and 81. Terms and Conditions for
1 March
35th Insert article 2A. the Incorporation of Sikkim
1975
Insert schedule 10.[38] into the Union of India.

Amend articles 80 and 81.

Insert article 371F. Formation of Sikkim as a
26 April
36th Remove article 2A. State within the Indian
1975
Amend schedules 1 and 4. Union.
Remove schedule 10.[39]

Amend articles 239A and Formation of Arunachal

3 May
37th Pradesh legislative
240.[40] 1975
assembly.
Amend articles 123, 213, Enhances the powers of
1 June
38th 239B, 352, 356, 359 and President and Governors to
1975
360.[41] pass ordinances.

39th Amend articles 71 and 329. 10 August Amendment designed to

Insert article 329A. 1975 negate the judgement of
Amend schedule 9.[42] Allahabad High Court
invalidating Prime Minister
Indira Gandhi's election to
parliament. Amendment
placed restrictions on
judicial scrutiny of post of
Prime Minister. The
amendment was introduced
and passed in the Lok
Sabha on August 7, 1975
and again introduced and
passed in the Rajya Sabha
on August 8, 1975. As
many as 17 State
Assemblies, summoned on
Saturday, August 9 ratified
this amendment and
President Fakhruddin Ali
Ahmad gave his assent on
Sunday, August 10 and the
civil servants issued
gazette notification on
Sunday, August 10, 1975.
As a consequence of this
amendment to the
Constitution of India,
Supreme Court of India's
scheduled hearing on
August 11, 1975 of Petition
challenging Prime Minister

Amend article 297.
40th
Amend schedule 9.[44]
41st Amend article 316.[45]
Amend articles 31, 31C,
39, 55, 74, 77, 81, 82, 83,
100, 102, 103, 105, 118,
145, 150, 166, 170, 172,
189, 191, 192, 194, 208,
217, 225, 226, 227, 228,
311, 312, 330, 352, 353,
42nd 356, 357, 358, 359, 366,
368 and 371F.
Insert articles 31D, 32A,
39A, 43A, 48A, 131A,
139A, 144A, 226A, 228A
and 257A.
Insert parts 4A and 14A.
Amend schedule 7.[46]
43rd Amend articles 145, 226,
Indira Gandhi's election
became infructuous.[43]
Later however, Article
329A was struck
down by the Supreme
Court in case of State
of Uttar Pradesh v.
Raj Narain 1976 (2)
SCR 347, for being in
violation of basic
structure.
Enable Parliament to make
laws with respect to
Exclusive Economic Zone
and vest the mineral wealth
with Union of India.
27 May Place land reform &
1976 other acts and
amendments to these
act under Schedule 9
of the constitution.
Raise Retirement Age Limit
of Chairmen and Members
7 of Joint Public Service
September Commissions and State
1976 Public Service
Commissions from sixty to
sixty two.
Amendment passed during
internal emergency by
Indira Gandhi. Provides for
curtailment of fundamental
rights, imposes
fundamental duties and
changes to the basic
structure of the constitution
by making India a "Socialist
Secular" Republic.
However, the
2
November Supreme Court, in
1976 Minerva Mills v. Union
of India, quashed the
amendments to
Articles 31C and 368
as it was in
contravention with the
basic structure of the
Constitution.
13 April Amendment passed after Morarji Neelam
 228 and 366. 1978 revocation of internal Desai Sanjiva Reddy
Remove articles 31D, 32A, emergency in the Country.
131A, 144A, 226A and Repeals some of the more
228A.[47] 'Anti-Freedom'
amendments enacted
through Amendment Bill
42.
Amend articles 19, 22, 30,
31A, 31C, 38, 71, 74, 77,
Amendment passed after
83, 103, 105, 123, 132,
revocation of internal
133, 134, 139A, 150, 166,
emergency in the Country.
172, 192, 194, 213, 217,
Provides for human rights
225, 226, 227, 239B, 329,
6 safeguards and
352, 356, 358, 359, 360
44th September mechanisms to prevent
and 371F.
1978 abuse of executive and
Insert articles 134A and
legislative authority. Annuls
361A.
some Amendments
Remove articles 31, 257A
enacted in Amendment Bill
and 329A.
42.
Amend part 12.
Amend schedule 9.[48]
Extend reservation for SCs
and STs and nomination of
25
Anglo Indian members in
45th Amend article 334.[49] January
Parliament and State
1980
Assemblies for another ten
years i.e. up to 1990.

Amend articles 269, 286 Amendment to negate Zail Singh

and 366. 2 February judicial pronouncements on
46th
1983 scope and applicability on
Amend schedule 7.[50]
Sales Tax.
Place land reform acts and
26 August amendments to these act
47th Amend schedule 9.[51]
1984 under Schedule 9 of the
constitution.
Article 356 amended to
26 August permit President's rule up
48th Amend article 356.[52]
1984 to two years in the state of
Punjab.
Recognise Tripura as a Indira
Amend article 244. 11 tribal state and enable the Gandhi
49th Amend schedules 5 and September creation of a Tripura Tribal
6.[53] 1984 Areas Autonomous District
Council.
Technical Amendment to
curtailment of Fundamental
Rights as per Part III as
11
prescribed in Article 33 to
50th Amend article 33.[54] September
cover Security Personnel
1984
protecting property and
communication
infrastructure.
Provide reservation to
Scheduled Tribes in
Nagaland, Meghalaya,
Amend articles 330 and 29 April Mizoram and Arunachal
51st
332.[55] 1984 Pradesh in Loksabha,
similarly for Meghalaya and
Arunachal in their
Legislative Assemblies.
52nd Amend articles 101, 102, 15 Anti Defection Law - Rajiv
190 and 191. February Provide disqualification of Gandhi
Insert schedule 10.[56] 1985 members from parliament
and assembly in case of
defection from one party to
other. However, parts of the
10th Schedule to the
Constitution of India was
struck down by the
Supreme Court in the case
of Kihoto Hollohan v.
Zachillhu 1992 SCR (1)
686, for being in
contravention with Article
368 of the Constitution.
20 Special provision with
53rd Insert article 371G.[57] February respect to the State of
1986 Mizoram.
Increase the salary of Chief
Justice of India & other
Amend articles 125 and Judges and to provide for
1 April
54th 221. determining future
1986
Amend schedule 2.[58] increases without the need
for constitutional
amendment.
Special powers to
20
Governor consequent to
55th Insert article 371H.[59] February
formation of state of
1987
Arunachal Pradesh.
Transition provision to
30 May
56th Insert article 371I.[60] 1987
enable formation of state of
Goa.
Provide reservation to R.
Scheduled Tribes in Venkataraman
21
Nagaland, Meghalaya,
57th Amend article 332.[61] September
Mizoram and Arunachal
1987
Pradesh Legislative
Assemblies.
Provision to publish
authentic Hindi translation
9
Insert article 394A. of constitution as on date
58th December
Amend part 22.[62] 1987
and provision to publish
authentic Hindi translation
of future amendments.
Article 356 amended to
permit President's rule up
to three years in the state
Amend article 356. of Punjab, Articles 352 and
30 March
59th Article 359A amended to
Insert article 359A.[63] 1988
permit imposing emergency
in state of Punjab or in
specific districts of the state
of Punjab.
Profession Tax increased
20
from a minimum of Rs.
60th Amend article 276.[64] December
250/- to a maximum of Rs.
1988
2500/-.
28 March Reduce age for voting
61st Amend article 326.[65]
1989 rights from 21 to 18.
62nd Amend article 334.[66] 20 Extend reservation for SCs V. P. Singh
December and STs and nomination of
1989 Anglo Indian members in
Parliament and State
Assemblies for another ten
years i.e. up to 2000.
Emergency powers
Amend article 356. applicable to State of
6 January
63rd Punjab, accorded in Article
Remove article 359A.[67] 1990
359A as per amendment
59 repealed.
Article 356 amended to
permit President's rule up
16 April
64th Amend article 356.[68] 1990
to three years and six
months in the state of
Punjab.
National Commission for
Scheduled Castes and
12 March Scheduled Tribes formed
65th Amend article 338.[69]
1990 and its statutory powers
specified in The
Constitution.
Place land reform acts and
7 June amendments to these act
66th Amend schedule 9.[70]
1990 under Schedule 9 of the
constitution.
Article 356 amended to
4 October permit President's rule up
67th Amend article 356.[71]
1990 to four years in the state of
Punjab.
Article 356 amended to
12 March permit President's rule up
68th Amend article 356.[72]
1991 to five years in the state of
Punjab.
To provide for a legislative P. V.
assembly and council of Narasimha
Insert articles 239AA and 1 February ministers for National Rao
69th
239AB.[73] 1990 Capital Territory of Delhi.
Delhi continues to be a
Union Territory.
Include National Capital
Amend articles 54 and 21 Territory of Delhi and Union
70th December Territory of Pondicherry in
239AA.[74]
1991 Electoral College for
Presidential election.
Include Konkani, Manipuri Shankar Dayal
31 August
71st Amend schedule 8.[75] 1992
and Nepali as official Sharma
languages.
5 Provide reservation to
72nd Amend article 332.[76] December Scheduled Tribes in Tripura
1992 State Legislative Assembly.
Statutory provisions for
24 April
73rd Insert part 9.[77] 1992
Panchyat Raj as third level
of administration in villages.
74th Insert part 9A, amend 1 June Statutory provisions for
article 280.[78] 1992 Local Administrative bodies
as third level of
administration in urban
 areas such as towns and
cities.
15 May Provisions for setting up
75th Amend article 323B.[79]
1994 Rent Control Tribunals.
Enable continuance of 69%
reservation in Tamil Nadu
31 August by including the relevant
76th Amend schedule 9.[80]
1994 Tamil Nadu Act under 9th
Schedule of the
constitution.
A technical amendment to
17 June protect reservation to SCs
77th Amend article 16.[81]
1995 and STs Employees in
promotions.
Place land reform acts and
30 August amendments to these act
78th Amend schedule 9.[82]
1995 under Schedule 9 of the
constitution.
Extend reservation for SCs Atal Bihari
and STs and nomination of Vajpayee
25
Anglo Indian members in
79th Amend article 334.[83] January
Parliament and State
2000
Assemblies for another ten
years i.e. up to 2010.
Implement Tenth Finance
Commission
Amend articles 269 and recommendation to simplify
9 June
80th 270. the tax structures by
2000
Remove article 272.[84] pooling and sharing all
taxes between states and
The Centre.
Protect SCs and STs
9 June
81st Amend article 16.[85] 2000
reservation in filling backlog
of vacancies.
Permit relaxation of
K. R.
8 qualifying marks and other
Narayanan
82nd Amend article 335.[86] September criteria in reservation in
2000 promotion for SCs and STs
candidates.
Exempt Arunachal Pradesh
8
from reservation for
83rd Amend article 243M.[87] September
Scheduled Castes in
2000
Panchayati Raj institutions.
Extend the usage of 1971
Amend articles 55, 81, 82, 21 national census population
84th February figures for statewise
170, 330 and 332.[88]
2002 distribution of parliamentary
seats.
A technical amendment to
protect Consequential
4 January
85th Amend article 16.[89] 2002
seniority in case of
promotions of SCs and STs
Employees.
86th Amend articles 45 and 51A. 12 Provides Right to A. P. J. Abdul
Insert article 21A.[90] December Education until the age of Kalam
2002 fourteen and Early
childhood care until the age
of six.
 Extend the usage of 2001
Amend articles 81, 82, 170 national census population
22 June
87th figures for statewise
and 330.[91] 2003
distribution of parliamentary
seats.
Amend article 270. 15 To extend statutory cover
88th Insert article 268A. January for levy and utilisation of
Amend schedule 7.[92] 2004 Service Tax.

The National Commission

for Scheduled Castes and
Scheduled Tribes was
28
Amend article 338. bifurcated into The National
89th September
Insert article 338A.[93] 2003
Commission for Scheduled
Castes and The National
Commission for Scheduled
Tribes.
28 Reservation in Assam
90th Amend article 332.[94] September Assembly relating to
2003 Bodoland Territory Area.
Restrict the size of council
Amend articles 75 and 164. of ministers to 15% of
1 January
91st Insert article 361B. legislative members & to
2004
Amend schedule 10.[95] strengthen Anti Defection
laws.
Include Bodo, Dogri,
7 January
92nd Amend schedule 8.[96] 2004
Santali and Mathili as
official languages.
To enable provision of Manmohan
reservation (27%) for Other Singh
20
Backward Class(OBCs) in
93rd Amend article 15.[97] January
government as well as
2006
private educational
institutions.
To provide for a Minister of
Tribal Welfare in newly
12 June created Jharkhand and
94th Amend article 164.[98]
2006 Chhattisgarh States
including Madhya Pradesh
and Orissa.
To extend the reservation Pratibha Patil
of seats for SCs and STs
25
and Anglo-Indian in the Lok
95th Amend article 334.[99] January
Sabha and states
2010
assemblies from Sixty
years to Seventy years.
23
Substituted "Odia" for
96th Amend schedule 8.[100] September
"Oriya".
2011
97th Amend Art 19 and added 12 Added the words "or co-
Part IXB.[101] January operative societies" after
2012 the word "or unions" in
Article 19(l)(c) and insertion
of article 43B i.e.,
Promotion of Co-operative
Societies and added Part-
IXB i.e., The Co-operative
Societies.

To insert Article 371J in the
98th
Constitution[103]
Insertion of new articles
124A, 124B and 124C.
99th Amendments to Articles
127, 128, 217, 222, 224A,
231.[104]
Amendment of First
Schedule to
100th
Constitution[107]
101st Addition of articles 246A,
269A, 279A. Deletion of
Article 268A.
Amendment of articles
248, 249, 250, 268,
269, 270, 271, 286,
The amendment
objective is to
encourage economic
activities of
cooperatives which in
turn help progress of
rural India. It is
expected to not only
ensure autonomous
and democratic
functioning of
cooperatives, but also
the accountability of
the management to
the members and
other
stakeholders.[102]
To empower the Governor Pranab
2 January of Karnataka to take steps Mukherjee
2013 to develop the Hyderabad-
Karnataka Region.[103]
Formation of a National Narendra
Judicial Appointments Modi
Commission. 16 State
assemblies out of 29 States
including Goa, Rajasthan,
Tripura, Gujarat and
13 April Telangana ratified the
2015[105] Central Legislation,
enabling the President of
India to give assent to the
bill.[106] The amendment
was struck down by the
Supreme Court on 16
October 2015.
Exchange of certain
enclave territories with
Bangladesh and
conferment of citizenship
1 August rights to residents of
2015 enclaves consequent to
signing of Land Boundary
Agreement (LBA) Treaty
between India and
Bangladesh.
1 July Introduced the Goods and
2017 Services Tax.
 366, 368, Sixth
Schedule, Seventh
Schedule.[108]

Addition of articles 338B,

342A, and Added Clause
26C.
Constitutional status to
Omiited Article 340. 11 August
102nd National Commission for
2018
Modification of articles Backward Classes
338, 366.[109]

A maximum of 10%
Reservation for
Economically Weaker
Sections (EWSs) of citizens
Amendment to Article 15, of classes other than the
added Clause [6], classes mentioned in
clauses (4) and (5) of
Amendment to Article 12
Article 15, i.e. Classes
103rd January Ram Nath
16, added Clause other than socially and
2019 Kovind
educationally backward
[6].[110] classes of citizens or the
Scheduled Castes and the
Scheduled Tribes. Inserted
Clause [6] under Article 15
as well as Inserted Clause
[6] under Article 16.
To extend the reservation
of seats for SCs and STs in
the Lok Sabha and states
assemblies from Seventy
25
years to Eighty years.
104th Amend article 334.[111] January
Removed the reserved
2020
seats for the Anglo-Indian
community in the Lok
Sabha and state
assemblies.[112]

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original on 22 November 2018. Retrieved 11 March 2019.
2. "The Constitution Amendment Acts" (https://web.archive.org/web/20080427052233/http://in
diacode.nic.in/coiweb/coifiles/amendment.htm). Indiacode.nic.in. Archived from the original
(http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/coifiles/amendment.htm) on 27 April 2008. Retrieved
19 November 2011.
3. "Constitution Amendment: Nature and Scope of the Amending Process, (page 10)" (https://
web.archive.org/web/20131203013055/http://164.100.47.134/intranet/CAI/1.pdf) (PDF). Lok
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External links
Pykih Data Visualization of Constitutional Amendments (http://constitution-of-india.pykih.co
m/)
Know The Genesis of 103rd Constitutional Amendment (http://abclive.in/103rd-constitutional
-amendment/)

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