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1.0 DESIGN CALCULATIONS

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INTRODUCTION
This design calculation shall cover the structural design of OILY WATER SEPARATOR. This design
specifications is as given below:

Structure Name Approximate

Approximate Length Width Water Depth
No.

1 Oily Water Separator 9.2m 3.8m 1.65m

Geotechnical Design Data

Site Condition and Recommendation
The soil bearing capacity shall be assumed 100kN/m2. The foundation designs will be verified against the
data and recommendations received from the soil investigations.

Design Criteria
Design Loading

Dead Load:

The following densities and dead load allowances will be adopted in the design of the structural elements:
Density of Reinforced Concrete 24.0 kN/m3
Density of Unreinforced Concrete 23.0 kN/m3
Density of Soil 18.0 kN/m3
Submerged Density of Concrete 10 KN/m3
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Submerged Density of Soil 10 KN/m3

Super Imposed Load:

The following super imposed dead loads shall be taken into account:

• Floor Finishes 1.5 KN/m2

• Services 1.0 KN/m2

Live Load:
The following live loads shall be taken into account:
• Surcharge Load: 5 kN/m2
Sand load shall be additive to live loads when area under consideration is used as a work area.
A 0.75 kN/m2 load shall be used in design of slabs.

Earth Pressure
For the design of earth retaining structural elements, the earth pressure will be determined as follows:
Ka (active earth pressure) = (1–sin ¢) /( 1+sin ¢) = 0.33 (used for check of stability)
Kp (passive earth pressure) = (1+sin ¢ )/ (1-sin ¢ )= 3.0
Ko (at rest pressure) = 1-sin ¢ = 0.50 (used for design of section)
Where ¢ is angle of internal friction, and it is equal to 30º.
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Load Combinations
Ultimate Limit State:
Ultimate Limit State Combinations (ULS:
1.4 DL + 1.6 LL + 1.2 EP + 1.4 WP + 1.2 T

Serviceability Limit State(SLS):

1.0 DL + 1.0 LL + 1.0 EP + 1.0 WP + 1.0 T

Legend
D
L Dead Load
L
L Live/Imposed
E
P Earth Pressure
W
P Water Pressure

T Uniform Temperature

Materials
All materials shall conform to the applicable standards as stated herein
Concrete
The following concrete grades and properties shall be used:
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Concrete Grade Structural Element Characteristic Modulus of Elasticity

Strength, fcu

C35 All Structural Elements 35 N/mm2 27 KN/mm2

C20 Blinding / Mass Concrete 20 N/mm2 20 KN/mm2

Reinforcing Steel

Hot rolled reinforcement to BS 4449: 1997 will be specified with the following properties:

Type Designation Yield Strength Modulus of Elasticity

Mild Steel R 250 N/mm2 200 kN/mm2

High Yield Deformed Type 2 T 410 N/mm2 200 kN/mm2

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Concrete Cover

Element Exposure Min. Cover

Raft Earth Faces 75mm

Other Faces 50mm

Retaining Walls Earth Faces 60mm

Exposed to Weather 40mm

Water Tank Walls Water Faces 50mm

Other Faces 40mm

Crack Control

For retaining aqueous liquids structures a maximum crack width of 0.20 mm shall be adopted; crack width
shall be calculated to BS8007.

Codes and Standards

BS 8007 Design of Concrete Structures for Retaining Aqueous Liquids

BS 8110 Structural Use of Concrete
BD 28 Early Thermal Cracking in Concrete
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Preliminary Member Sizing

Walls:
Minimum Span/d = 26
Assumed modification factor = 1.4
Minimum effective depth, d = 1650/(1.4x7) = 168mm
Overall depth of wall = 168+40+12/2 = 214mm
Take h= 200mm

Base Slab:
Minimum Span/d = 26
Assumed modification factor = 1.4
Minimum effective depth, d = 3800/(1.4x26) = 104mm
Overall depth of base slab = 104+50+12/2 = 160mm
Take h= 250mm

DESIGN OF RC WALL -ULTIMATE LIMIT STATE

The maximum water depth = 1.65 m.
The water pressure = 10 * 1.650 = 16.5 kN/m2
Service Moment due to water pressure = 0.50 * 16.5 * 1.65 * 1.65 / 3 = 7.49 kN.m
Ultimate Moment due to water pressure = 1.40 * 7.49 = 10.49 kN.m
The maximum wall height = 1.65 m.
The at rest earth pressure due to soil = 0.50 * 18 * 1.65 = 14.85 kN/m
The at rest earth pressure due to surcharge = 0.50 * 5 = 2.5 kN/m
Service Moment due to earth pressure = 0.50 * 14.85* 1.65* 1.65/ 3 + 2.5 * 1.65 * 1.65/ 2
=6.74 + 3.40 = 10.14 kN.m
Ultimate Moment due to earth pressure = 1.20 * 10.14 = 11.49 kN.m
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Overall depth of slab; h = 200 mm

Cover to tension reinforcement resisting sagging; cb = 40 mm
Trial bar diameter; Dtryx = 12 mm
Depth to tension steel (resisting sagging)
dx = h - cb - Dtryx/2 = 154 mm
Characteristic strength of reinforcement; fy = 410 N/mm2
Characteristic strength of concrete; fcu = 35 N/mm2
Design sagging moment (per m width of slab); msx = 11.49kNm/m

Moment Redistribution Factor; bx = 1.0

Area of reinforcement required

Kx = msx / (bdx2  fcu ) = 0.014

K'x = min (0.156 , (0.402  ((bx - 0.4)) - (0.18  (bx - 0.4)2 )) = 0.156

Outer compression steel not required to resist sagging

Slab requiring outer tension steel only - bars (sagging)

zx = min (( 0.95  dx),(dx(0.5+(0.25-Kx/0.9)))) = 146 mm

Neutral axis depth; xx = (dx - zx) / 0.45 = 17 mm

Area of tension steel required:

Asx_req = msx / (0.87 fy  zx) = 221mm2/m

Tension steel : Provide 12 dia bars @ 200 centres; outer tension steel resisting sagging
Asx_prov = Asx = 565 mm2/m
Area of outer tension steel provided sufficient to resist sagging
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Transverse Steel
Inner layer of transverse steel;
Provide 12 dia bars @ 200centres
Asy_prov = Asy = 565 mm2/m

Check min and max areas of steel resisting sagging

Total area of concrete; Ac = h = 200000 mm2/m
Minimum % reinforcement; k = 0.13 %

Ast_min = k  Ac = 260 mm2/m

Ast_max = 4 %  Ac = 8000 mm2/m

Steel defined:
Outer steel resisting sagging; Asx_prov = 565 mm2/m
Area of outer steel provided (sagging) OK
Inner steel resisting sagging; Asy_prov = 565 mm2/m
Area of inner steel provided (sagging) OK

CONCRETE SLAB DEFLECTION CHECK (CL 3.5.7)

Slab span length; lx = 1.650 m
Design ultimate moment in shorter span per m width; msx = 11.49 kNm/m
Depth to outer tension steel; dx = 154 mm
Tension steel
Area of outer tension reinforcement provided; Asx_prov = 565 mm2/m
Area of tension reinforcement required; Asx_req = 565 mm2/m

Moment Redistribution Factor; bx = 1.00

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Modification Factors
Basic span / effective depth ratio (Table 3.9); ratiospan_depth = 7
The modification factor for spans in excess of 10m (ref. cl 3.4.6.4) has not been included.

fs = 2  fy  Asx_req / (3  Asx_prov  bx ) = 107 N/mm2

Modification factor = min ( 2 , 0.55 + ( 477 N/mm2 - fs ) / ( 120  ( 0.9 N/mm2 + msx / dx2))) = 2

Calculate Maximum Span

This is a simplified approach and further attention should be given where special circumstances
exist. Refer to clauses 3.4.6.4 and 3.4.6.7.

Maximum span; lmax = ratiospan_depth  M.F  dx = 2.2m

Check the actual slab span

Actual span/depth ratio; lx / dx = 10.7

Span depth limit; ratiospan_depth  factortens = 14

Span/Depth ratio check satisfied

DESIGN OF RC WALL-SERVICEABILITY LIMIT STATE

Flexural Tension in Mature Concrete

b
c
fc .b.x / 2 S
x
Neutral axis 
d
h z
c acr
s fs .As
1
S/2
Beam Stresses /
section Strain forces Key dimensions
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Slab details
Section width, b = 1000 mm
Section depth, h = 200 mm
Applied servicability limit state moment, Ms = 11.49 kNm
Material details
Characteristic strength of concrete; fcu = 35 N/mm2
Characteristic strength of reinforcement; fy = 410 N/mm2
Modulus of elasticity of the concrete; Ec = (20kN/mm2 + 200  fcu) / 2 = 13.5 kN/mm2
Modulus of elasticity of reinforcement; Es = 200 kN/mm2
Reinforcement details
Area of tension reinforcement provided= As = 565 mm2
Diameter of tension reinforcement bars,  = 12 mm
Maximum spacing of tension reinforcement bars, S = 200 mm
Minimum cover to tension reinforcement bars, cmin = 40 mm
Calculate design surface crack width
Effective depth of tension reinforcement, d = h - cmin -  / 2 = 154.0 mm
Modular ratio, m = Es / Ec = 14.815
n = As / (b  d) = 0.004
Depth to neutral axis, x = (- m  n + ((m  n)2 + 2  m  n))  d = 39mm
Lever arm, z = dx – x / 3 = 141 mm
Reinforcement stress, fs = Ms / (As  z) = 144 N/mm2
Concrete stress, fc = fs  As / (0.5bx) = 4.2 N/mm2
Strain at Near face of wall, 1 = (fs / Es)  (h - x) / (d - x) = 0.001008
Strain due to stiffening of concrete between cracks,
2 = 1N/mm2  b  (h - x)2 / [3  Es  As  (d - x)] = 0.000665
Average strain at near face of wall, m = 1 - 2 = 0.000343
Distance of crack to surface of nearest tension bar;
acr = ((S / 2)2 + (h - d)2) –  / 2 = 104mm
Design surface crack width;
w = 3  acr  m / (1 + 2  (acr – cmin) / (h - x)) = 0.03mm < 0.2mm (OK)
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Direct Tension in Immature Concrete (Bs8007:1987)

Element details:
Element reference name: RC Wall
Reinforcement direction being considered: Vertical
Type of element; Wall
Overall concrete thickness; h = 200 mm
Maximum cement content; c = 300 kg/m3
Type of formwork; Plywood
Type of aggregate; Granite
Restraint factor; R= 0.50
Design option from BS8007:1987 Table 5.1;
Option 1 (Continuous - no movement joints)
From BS8007:1987 Table A.2
Temperature fall from peak hydration to ambient; T1 = 25.0; degrees C
Temperature fall due to seasonal variation; T2 = 10.0; degrees C
From BS8110-2:1985 Table 7.3
Coefficient of thermal expansion;  = 0.0000100

h/2 h/2

Surface zone face 1 Surface zone face 2

Wall less than or equal to 500mm thick

h
Up to
500 mm
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Reinforcement details
Type of reinforcement: Deformed type 2 bars
Strength of reinforcement: fy = 410 N/mm2
Average concrete to steel bond strength, fb = 2.4 N/mm2

Reinforcement in face 1: 12 mm dia. bars at 200 centres (As1 = 565mm2 per metre)
Reinforcement in face 2: 12 mm dia. bars at 200 centres (As2 = 565mm2 per metre)
Bar diameter in face 1: 1 = 12 mm
Bar diameter in face 2: 2 = 12mm
Check minimum reinforcement (clause A.2)
Direct tensile strength of immature concrete: fct = 0.67x2.4=1.6 N/mm2
Critical steel ratio: crit = fct/fy = 0.0039
Depth of surface zone to face 1: dz1 = 100mm
Depth of surface zone to face 2: dz2 = 100 mm
Minimum area of steel required in face 1:
Asmin1 = crit  dz1  1000mm = 390 mm2 per metre
Minimum area of steel required in face 2:
Asmin2 = crit  dz2  1000mm = 390 mm2; per metre
As1 >= Asmin1 - Area of steel provided in face 1 is greater than minimum required (OK)
As2 >= Asmin2 - Area of steel provided in face 2 is greater than minimum required (OK)
Calculate estimated maximum crack widths (clause A.3)
Steel ratio for face 1: 1 = As1/(dz1  1000mm) = 0.00565
Steel ratio for face 2: 2 = As2/(dz2  1000mm) = 0.00565
Maximum crack spacing for face 1: smax1 = fct/fb  1/(21) = 708 mm
Maximum crack spacing for face 2: smax2 = fct/fb  2/(22) = 708 mm
Maximum crack width in face 1: wmax1 = smax1  R    (T1 + T2) = 0.12 mm
Maximum crack width in face 2: wmax2 = smax2  R    (T1 + T2) = 0.12 mm
Estimated maximum crack width for face 1 is 0.12 mm < 0.2mm (OK)
Estimated maximum crack width for face 2 is 0.12 mm < 0.2mm (OK)
;
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DESIGN OF BASE SLAB- ULTIMATE LIMIT STATE

Check for buoyancy
Before the base is designed, it is prudent to check for buoyancy effect on the pool as a result of
the underground water
Weight of water to be displaced
= Area of base x height of water x unit weight of water
= 8.8 x 3.6 x 1.65 x 10 +0.85 X 5.7X1.3 x 9.81= 575 kN
Weight of Tank:
Wall 01 = 9.2 x 1.9 x0.2x24 = 83.9kN
Wall 02 = 9.2 x 1.9 x 0.2 x24= 83.9kN
Wall 03 =6.1 x 1.5 x0.2 x 24 = 43.92kN
Wall 04 = (4 x 1.9x 0.2 + 1.35 x1.05 x0.2) x24 = 14.46kN
Wall 05 = 4 x 1.35 x 2x 0.2x24 = 51.84kN
Wall 06 = 4 x 0.75 x0.2x24 = 14.4kN
Wall 07 = 4 x 1.9 x0.2x24 = 36.48kN
Wall 08= 1.25 x 1.35 x0.2x24 = 8.1kN
Slab 01 = 9.2 x 4 x0.25x24 = 220.8kN
Slab 02 = 6.1 x 1.25 x0.2x24 = 36.6kN
Cover Slab = 1.05 x 1.175 x0.2x24 x 5 = 29.61kN
Total weight of tank = 624kN
Weight of Tank/Weight of Water = 624/575 = 1.1>1 (OK)
The pool is satisfactory, and cannot be floated by the presence of ground water
Loading
A case of empty tank more critical, hence considered
Tank load = 624kN
Live load = 0.75 x 9.2 x 3.8 =26.22kN
Finishes = 1.5 x 9.2x3.8 =52.44kN
Services = 1.0 x 9.2 x 3.8 =34.96kN
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Total dead Load = 711.4kN

Total live Load = 26.22kN
Total Service Load = 1.0 x 711.4 + 1.0 x 26.22=737.62
Total Ultimate Load = 1.4 x 711.4 + 1.6 x 26.22=995.96 + 41.95 = 1038kN
Earth Pressure = 1038/100 = 10.4kN/m2

ONE SPANNING SLAB DEFINITION - RESTRAINED

Overall depth of slab; h = 250 mm
Outer sagging steel
Cover to outer tension reinforcement resisting sagging; csag = 50 mm
Trial bar diameter; Dtryx = 12 mm
Depth to outer tension steel (resisting sagging)
dx = h - csag - Dtryx/2 = 194mm
Inner sagging steel
Trial bar diameter; Dtryy = 12 mm
Depth to inner tension steel (resisting sagging)
dy = h - csag - Dtryx - Dtryy/2 = 194 mm
Outer hogging steel
Cover to outer tension reinforcement resisting hogging; chog = 50 mm
Trial bar diameter; Dtryxhog = 12 mm
Depth to outer tension steel (resisting hogging)
dxhog = h - chog - Dtryxhog/2 = 194 mm
Inner hogging steel
Trial bar diameter; Dtryyhog = 12 mm
Depth to inner tension steel (resisting hogging)
dyhog = h - chog - Dtryxhog - Dtryyhog/2 = 194 mm
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Materials
Characteristic strength of reinforcement; fy = 410 N/mm2
Characteristic strength of concrete; fcu = 35 N/mm2
Maximum Design Moments
Length of shorter side of slab; lx = 3.8 m
Length of longer side of slab; ly = 9.2 m
ly/lx = 9.2 /3.8 =2.4 ( one way spanning)
Design ultimate load per unit area; ns = 10.4 kN/m2

The idealized load diagram for a metre width of the tank is shown below

The bending moment diagram was obtained through analysis using

STAAD .PRO V8i and it is presented below
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CONCRETE SLAB DESIGN – SAGGING – OUTER LAYER OF STEEL (CL 3.5.4)

Design sagging moment (per m width of slab); msx = 6.25kNm/m
Moment Redistribution Factor; bx = 1.0
Area of reinforcement required
Kx = (msx) / ( bdx2  fcu ) = 0.0047
K'x = min (0.156 , (0.402  (bx - 0.4)) - (0.18  (bx - 0.4)2 )) = 0.156
Outer compression steel not required to resist sagging
Slab requiring outer tension steel only - bars (sagging)
zx = min (( 0.95  dx),(dx(0.5+(0.25-Kx/0.9)))) = 184.3mm
Neutral axis depth; xx = (dx - zx) / 0.45 = 21.6 mm
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Area of tension steel required

Asx_req = (msx) / (0.87 fy zx) = 99 mm2/m
Tension steel
Provide 12 dia bars @ 200 centres; outer tension steel resisting sagging
Asx_prov = Asx = 565 mm2/m
Provide same reinforcement as distribution bar

Concrete Slab Design – Hogging – Outer Layer Of Steel (Cl 3.5.4)

Design sagging moment (per m width of slab); msx = 12.5kNm/m
Moment Redistribution Factor; bx = 1.0
Area of reinforcement required
Kx = (msx) / ( bdx2  fcu ) = 0.0094
K'x = min (0.156 , (0.402  (bx - 0.4)) - (0.18  (bx - 0.4)2 )) = 0.156
Outer compression steel not required to resist hogging
Slab requiring outer tension steel only - bars (hogging)
zx = min (( 0.95  dx),(dx(0.5+(0.25-Kx/0.9)))) = 171mm
Neutral axis depth; xx = (dx - zx) / 0.45 = 51 mm
Area of tension steel required
Asx_req = (msx) / (0.87 fy zx) = 205mm2/m
Tension steel
Provide 12 dia bars @ 200 centres; outer tension steel resisting hogging
Asx_prov = Asx = 565 mm2/m
Provide same reinforcement as distribution bar

Check min and max areas of steel resisting sagging

Total area of concrete; Ac = h = 200000 mm2/m
Minimum % reinforcement; k = 0.13 %
Ast_min = k  Ac = 260 mm2/m
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Ast_max = 4 %  Ac = 8000 mm2/m

Steel defined:
Outer steel resisting sagging; Asx_prov = 565 mm2/m
Area of outer steel provided (sagging) OK
Inner steel resisting sagging; Asy_prov = 565 mm2/m
Area of inner steel provided (sagging) OK
Check min and max areas of steel resisting hogging
Total area of concrete; Ac = h = 500000 mm2/m
Minimum % reinforcement; k = 0.13 %
Ast_min = k  Ac = 260 mm2/m
Ast_max = 4 %  Ac = 8000 mm2/m
Steel defined:
Outer steel resisting hogging; Asxhog_prov = 565 mm2/m
Area of outer steel provided (hogging) OK
; Inner steel resisting hogging ; Asyhog_prov = 565 mm2/m
Area of inner steel provided (hogging) OK

Concrete Slab Deflection Check (Cl 3.5.7)

Slab span length; lx = 9.2 m
Design ultimate moment in shorter span per m width; msx = 6.25 kNm/m
Depth to outer tension steel; dx = 194mm
Tension steel
Area of outer tension reinforcement provided; Asx_prov = 1340 mm2/m
Area of tension reinforcement required; Asx_req = 957 mm2/m
Moment Redistribution Factor; bx = 1.00
Modification Factors
Basic span / effective depth ratio (Table 3.9); ratiospan_depth = 26
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The modification factor for spans in excess of 10m (ref. cl 3.4.6.4) has not been included.
fs = 2  fy  Asx_req / (3  Asx_prov  bx ) = 48 N/mm2
Modification Factor= min ( 2 , 0.55 + ( 477 N/mm2 - fs ) / ( 120  ( 0.9 N/mm2 + msx / bdx2))) = 2
Calculate Maximum Span
This is a simplified approach and further attention should be given where special circumstances
exist. Refer to clauses 3.4.6.4 and 3.4.6.7.
Maximum span; lmax = ratiospan_depth  factortens  dx =10 m
Check the actual beam span
Actual span/depth ratio; lx / dx = 20
Span depth limit; ratiospan_depth  factortens = 52
Span/Depth ratio check satisfied

;
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2.0 BAR BENDING SCHEDULE

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