SC107- Calculus and Complex Variables

Home Work 11

(1) Verify that the following functions (explicit or implicit) are solution of the corresponding
differential equations.

0
(a). y 2 = e2x + c yy = e2x
0
(b). y = cekx y = ky
00
(c). y = c1 sin 2x + c2 cos 2x y = −4y
00
(d). y = c1e2x + c2e−2x y = 4y
solution:
(a):
y 2 = e2x + c ⇒ 2yy 0 = 2e2x ⇒ yy 0 = e2x
(b):
y = cekx ⇒ y 0 = ckekx ⇒ y 0 = ky
(c):
y = c1 sin 2x + c2 cos 2x
⇒ y0 = 2c1 cos 2x − 2c2 sin 2x
⇒ y” = −4c1 sin 2x − 4c2 cos 2x
⇒ y” = −4y
⇒ y” + 4y = 0
(d):
y = c1 e2x + c2 e−2x
⇒ y0 = 2c1 e2x − 2c2 e−2x
⇒ y” = 4c1 e2x + 4c2 e−2x
⇒ y” = 4y
⇒ y” − 4y = 0
(2) Find the general solution.

0
(a). xy = 1
0 2
(b). y = xex

(c). (1 + x2)dy + (1 + y 2)dx = 0

1
(d). y log ydx − xdy = 0
solution:
(a):
dy
x dx = 1 ⇒ dy = dx
x
Integrating y = ln x + c

(b):
dy 2 R R 2
dx
= xex ⇒ dy = xex dx
Let,x2 = t ⇒ 2xdx = dt
⇒ y = et dt2 = 12 et + c
R
2
⇒ y = 12 ex + c

(C):

(1 + x2 )dy + (1 + y 2 )dx = 0
dy dx
⇒ 1+y 2
= − 1+x 2
− −
⇒ tan 1y + tan 1x = c1
− x+y
⇒ tan 1 1−xy = c1
x+y
⇒ 1−xy
= tan c1 = c
⇒ x+y = c(1 − xy)
⇒ y(1 + cx) = c − x
c−x
⇒ y = 1+cx

(d):
y log ydx − xdy = 0
dy dx
⇒ y log y
= x
⇒ log log y = log x + c
logc1 x
⇒ log y = e = c1 x
cx
⇒ y = e
(3) Show that

2 Rx 2
y = ex 0 e−t dt
is a solution of

0
y = 2xy + 1

2
solution:
2 Rx 2
y = ex 0 e−t dt
2 x 2 2
⇒ y 0 = 2xex 0 e− t2 dt + ex [e−x ]
R

⇒ y0 = 2xy + 1
(4)Verify that the following equations are homogeneous and solve them.
0 y
(a). xy = y + 2xe− x
0 p
(b). xy = x2 + y 2
solution:
(a):
It is homogeneous with degree 0
y
y 0 = xy + 2e− x
let xy = z
dy dz
⇒ dx
= z + x dx
⇒ z + x dxdz
= z + 2e−z
dz
⇒ 2e−z
= − dx
x
1 z
⇒ 2
e = − ln x + c1
⇒ ez = −2 ln x + c2
⇒ z = log (log cx2 )
⇒ y = x log (log cx2 )
(b):
It is homogeneous of degree 0
let xy = z
dy
p
x dx = x2 + y 2
dy
1 + ( xy )2
p
⇒ =
dx
dz
√
⇒ z + x dx = 1 + z2
⇒ √ dz = dx
√ 1+z 2 −z x
[ 1+z 2 +z]dz dx
⇒ 1+z2 −z 2 √
=
√ x
z + 1 + z 2  + z 2
z 1

⇒ 1 + z 2 + ln = ln x + c
y
p2 y 2 1
2
y p  2 ( y )2
y 2
⇒ 1 + ( x ) + 2 ln x + 1 + ( x ) + x2
 = ln x + c
p2x p
⇒ y x + y + y + x ln y + x + y  − x ln x = 2x ln x + cx2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2

p  p 
⇒ y x + y + y + x ln y + x + y  − 3x2 ln x =
2 2 2 2 2 2 cx2
 

(5) Find the value of n for which each of the following equations is exact and
solve the equation for that values of n.

3
(a). (xy 2 + nx2y)dx + (x3 + x2y)dy = 0
(b). (x + ye2xy )dx + (nxe2xy )dy = 0
solution:
(a): ∂M
dy
= ∂N
dx
is the necessary condition for exactness

M = xy 2 + nx2 y
∂M
dy
= 2xy + nx2
N = x3 + x 2 y
∂N
dx
= 3x2 + 2xy
By comparison n = 3 As the equation follows the exactness
∂f
M = dx
= xy 2 + 3xy 2
∂f
N = dy
= x3 + x2 y
x2 y 2 3x3
⇒ f = 2
+ 3
y
+ g(y)
∂f
⇒ dy
= 1 2
2
x 2y + x + g 0 (y)
3

0
⇒ g (y) = 0
⇒ g(y) = c1
1 2 2
⇒ f (x, y) = 2
x y + x3 y = c1
2 2 3
⇒ x y + 2x y = c

(b):
M = x + ye2xy
∂M
dy
= e2xy + 2xye2xy
= e2xy (1 + 2xy)
N = nxe2xy
∂N
dx
= ne2xy [1 + 2xy]
n=1
As the equation follows exactness:
∂f
M = ∂x
= x + ye2xy
∂f
N = ∂y
= xe2xy
2 2xy
⇒ f = x
2
+ ye2y + g(y)
x2 2xy
= 2
+ e 2 + g(y)
∂f
∂y
= 1
2
2xe2xy + g 0 (y)
comparing g 0 (y) = 0
⇒ f (x, y) = x2 + e2xy + c
 
∂M − ∂n
∂y ∂x
(6) Show that if N is a function of g(x) then the integrating factor

4
 R
g(x)dx
µ=e
solution:
Let M (x, y)dx + N (x, y)dy = 0 is not exact and µM (x, y)dx + µN (x, y)dy = 0 is exact,
where µ is an integrating factor
∂(µM ) ∂(µN )
⇒ dy
= dx
⇒ µ ∂M
dy
+ M ∂µ
dy
= µ ∂N
dx
+ N ∂u
dx
1 ∂u ∂µ
⇒ µ
(N dx
− M dy
) = ∂Mdy
− ∂N
dx
→ (i)
There are multiple solution for µ are possilbe Let µ is a function of x only, then
dµ
∂u
dx
= dx
and ∂µ dy
=0
1 dµ ( ∂M
dy
− ∂N
dx
)
⇒ µ dx
= N
= g(x)

R
integrating log µ = g(x)dx
R
g(x)dx
⇒ µ = e

Same way if µ is the function of y only then

1 dµ ( ∂M
dy
− ∂N
dx
) R
g(y)dy
= = g(y) ⇒ µ = µ = e
µ dy M

(7) Solve each of the following equations by finding an integrating factor.

(a). exdx + (ex cot y + 2y csc y)dy = 0

(b). ydx + (x − 2x2y 3)dy = 0
(c). (x + 3y 2)dx + 2xydy = 0
solution:
(a):
M = ex
∂M
dy
= 0
x
N = e coty + 2y csc y
∂N
dx
= ex cot y
∂M
dy
− ∂N
dx
−M
= −R cot y = h(y)
µ = e Rh(y)dy
= e− cot ydy
= eln |cos y| = sin y

5
The function µM dx + µN dy = 0

∂f
∂y
= ex cos y + 2y
∂f
∂x
= ex sin y
⇒ f = ex sin y + g(y)
∂f
⇒ ∂y
= ex cos y + g 0 (y)
⇒ g 0 (y) = 2y
⇒ g(y) = y2
⇒ f = ex sin y + y 2 + c
(b):

ydx + (x − 2x2 y 3 )dy = 0

we know d(xy) = xdy + ydx
⇒ d(xy) − (2x2 y 3 )dy = 0
⇒ d(z) − 2yz 2 dy = 0
dz
⇒ z2
= 2ydy
y2
⇒ − 3z13 = 2
+ c1
y2
⇒ 2
+ 3x13 y3 = c
(c):
(x + 3y 2 )dx + 2xydy = 0
M = x + 3y 2
∂M
⇒ dy
= 6y
N = 2xy
∂N
⇒ dx
= 2y
∂M ∂N
⇒ dy
− dx
= 4y
∂M
dy
− ∂N
dx 4y 2
⇒ N
= = = h(x)
R 2xy R x2
h(x)dx dx
⇒ µ = e = e x = e2 log x
= x2
µM dx + µN dy = 0
3 2 2 3
⇒ (x + 3x y )dx + 2x ydy = 0
This is exact
∂f
∂y
= 2x3 y
∂f
∂x
=x3 + 3x2 y
x4 3
⇒ f = 4
+ 3y 2 x3 + g(y)
∂f
∂y
= 2x3 y + g 0 (y)
0
⇒ g (y) = 0
⇒ g(y) = c
⇒ f (x, y) = x + 4y 2 x3
4
= c

6
 dy n
(8) The equation dx +p(x)y = Q(x)y which is known as Bernoullis equation
is linear when n = 0 or 1. Show that it can be reduced to a linear equation for
1−n
any other value of n by the change of variable z = y and apply this method
to solve the following equation.

0
xy + y = x4y 3
solution:
dy
dx
+ P (x)y = Q(x)y n
1
Let z = y (1−n) ⇒ z 1−n = y or y n = z n 1 − n
1 dy
y n dx
+ P (x) yyn = Q(x)
dz
⇒ dx
+ P (x)z = Q(x)

which is a linear equation.

dy
x dx +y = x4 y 3
1 dy
y 3 dx
+ x1 yy3 = x3
dz
dx
+ x1 z = x3 taking z = y −2
R
PR = x1 P dx = log xe RP dx = elog x = x
R
Q d
dx
(e pdx z) = dx (xz) = Qe P dx = x3 x = x4

d
⇒ dx
(xz) = x4
1 5
⇒ xz = 5
x +c
x 1 5
⇒ y2
= 5
x +c
2
⇒ 1 = 5
x y + c yx
1 4 2

⇒ x y + 5cy 2 − 5x
5 2
= 0
which is solution

(9) Solve the following equations.

00 0 0 2
(a). x2y = 2xy + (y )
00 0 2
(b). yy − (y ) = 0
solution:
dy
(a): As y term is missing let p = dx

⇒ x2 dP
dx
− 2xp − p2 = 0
dp p 2
⇒ dx
− 2p
x
= x2

7
 p
Let z = p1−2 = p1 or p−2 =z

1 dp
p2 dx
− x2 pp2 = 1
x2
dz
dx
− x2 z = 1
x2
P (x)R = − x2 Q(x) = x12
e RP dx = e−2Rlog x = x−2
d
dx
(e P dx z) = Qe pdx
⇒ d
dx
(x−2 z) = 1 −2
x2
x = 1
z
x2
= c1 or px12 = c1 or px2 = c2
dy dy 2
As,p = dx dx
x = c2 or dy = c2 dx
x2
c2
y = − 3x3 + c3

(b):
yy 00 − (y 0 )2 = 0
dp dp dy dp
As there is no x term: Let y 0 = p y 2 = dx
= dy dx
= p dy

dp
yp dy − p2 = 0
2
⇒ ypdp = p dy
pdp dy
⇒ p2
= y
dp dy
⇒ p
= y
⇒ p = ln y + c1
⇒ p = c2 y
dy
⇒ dx
= c2 y
dy
⇒ y
= c2 dx
⇒ ln y = c2 x + c3
⇒ y = ec2 x+c3 = c4 ec2 x