HEAT & TEMPERATURE

HEAT
Heat is the quantity of thermal energy
absorbed or given off by an object.

Thermal Energy is the total potential

and kinetic energy of the atoms or
molecules of a body.
 HEAT
Caloric Fluid is an invisible and
weightless substance.

James Prescott Joule, according to him

that heat is just another form of
energy.
Sources of Heat
Natural Sources
Ø Sun
Ø Interior of the earth geothermal
energy
Sources of Heat
Artificial Sources
Ø Chemical Action
Ø Mechanical Energy
Ø Electrical Energy
Ø Nuclear Energy
Effects of Heat
1. Rise in temperature
2. Solids melt
3. Liquid change into vapor state
4. Object expand
5. Chemical change
6. Produced electricity
7. Changes in bodily functions of living
organism
 TEMPERATURE
Temperature
→ is merely the “hotness” or
“coldness” of a body.
→ a measure of the kinetic energy of
a body.
Thermometer is the instrument used
in measuring temperature.
 TEMPERATURE
Mercury Thermometer is the most
commonly used thermometer in the
laboratory. It consists of a glass tube
of narrow (tube) bone with a glass
bulb blown at one end.
 TEMPERATURE
Mercury
→ is the liquid used in a thermometer
because it expands uniformly when
heated.
→ it is suited for measuring high
temperature because of its high
boiling point (3600C).
 TEMPERATURE
Alcohol
→ is suited for measuring low
temperature because it has a very
low freezing point (-130OC).

Thermometry is the science of

measuring thermometer.
 TEMPERATURE
Two fixed points in a thermometer:
Boiling point
→ 100OC → 212OF → 373K
Freezing point
→ 0OC → 32OF → 273K
THERMOMETRIC SCALES
Celsius
→ devised by a Swedish astronomer,
Anders Celsius, based on the
properties of water.
→ formerly known as Centigrade Scale.
THERMOMETRIC SCALES
Fahrenheit
→ devised by a German Physicist,
Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit.
THERMOMETRIC SCALES
Kelvin
→ named after Sir William Thomson
(Lord Kelvin)
→ based on absolute zero (-273 C)
→ used when gases are involved.
THERMOMETRIC SCALES
Rankine
→

Reaumur
→
Example No. 1
A child’s temperature is 100 F. The
normal body temperature is 37 C.
Does the child have a fever?
Example No. 2
Find the Celsius temperature to:
a) a cool room 64 F
b) a hot summer day 82 F
c) a cold day in Baguio 42 F
Example No. 3
Find the Fahrenheit temperature
corresponding to:
a) a melting point of lead 330 C
b) boiling point of lead 1770 C
Example No. 4
The melting point of sulfur is 115 C.
What is the corresponding Fahrenheit
temperature? Kelvin? Rankine?
 Seatwork: Complete the table. Show
your solutions

Celsius Fahrenheit Kelvin Rankine

Scale Scale Scale Scale
122 1. 2. 3.
4. -116.22 5. 6.
7. 8. 228 9.
10. 11. 12. -440
 Seatwork: Complete the table. Show
your solutions
Celsius Fahrenheit Kelvin Rankine
Scale Scale Scale Scale
122 1. 251.6 2. 395 3. 711.6
4. -82.34 -116.22 5.190.66 6. 343.78
7. -45 8. -49 228 9. 411
10. 11. 12. -440
-517.78 -900 -244.78
Assignment No. 1:
Some rocks melts at 2000 F. What is this temperature
in the Celsius scale?
Assignment No. 2:
At what temperature would the Celsius and the
Fahrenheit readings be the same?
Assignment No. 3
Liquid helium boils at -452.02 F. What is its boiling
point in the Kelvin scale?
Assignment No. 4
Liquid oxygen boils at 90K. What is its temperature in
the Fahrenheit scale?
 THERMAL EXPANSION

HEAT CAPACITY is the

quantity of heat necessary to
raise its temperature by 1C.
Specific Heat is the heat
capacity of a material per
unit mass.
Where:
Q → amount of heat
m → mass of the substance
C → specific heat
T → change in temperature
(Tf – To)
UNITS OF HEAT
1. Calorie is the amount of heat
needed to change the temperature
of 1g of water by 1C.

2. Kilocalorie is the amount of heat

needed to change the temperature
of 1kg of water by 1C.
UNITS OF HEAT
3. British Thermal Unit is the amount
of heat needed to change the
temperature of 1lb water in F.

4. Joule is the SI unit

Calorimeter is an instrument used to
measure heat.
Conversion Factors:
1 cal = 4.19 J 1 kcal = 4190 J
1 kcal= 1000 cal 1 BTU = 252 cal
1 Joule = 0.239 cal
Problem No. 1

How many calories of heat

will be needed to raise the
temperature of 300g of iron
f ro m 3 0  C to 8 0  C ? T h e
specific heat of iron is
0.11cal/gC
Problem No. 2

65g of ethyl alcohol are

heated from 10C to 70C.
How much heat was
absorbed in the process?
The specific heat of ethyl
alcohol is 0.57cal/gC.
Problem No. 3

How much heat is required

to raise the temperature of
0.5kg of water from 21C to
40C? The specific heat of
water is 1cal/g C.
Problem No. 4

4.5x10 4 calories of heat is necessary to raise the

temperature of 1000g of ethanol from 20C to 80C.
What is the specific heat of ethanol?
Heat is transferred from one place to
another.
HEAT TRANSFER is a common and
necessary process in daily life.
Types of Heat Transfer

Conduction is the transfer of

heat by the transmission of
energy from molecule to
molecule.
Metal is the best conductors
of heat.
Types of Heat Transfer

Convection is the transfer of

heat by means of the
moving molecules of liquids
a n d ga s s e s i n a c i r c l i n g
current.
Types of Heat Transfer

Radiation is the transfer of

heat by electromagnetic
waves (infrared rays).
THERMAL EXPANSION
EXAMPLES
Law of Heat Exchange

In any heat transfer system,

the heat lost by hot
substance equals to heat
gained by cold substances.
Methods of Mixture
The heat given off by a
substance equals the heat
absorbed by another
substance.
Problem No. 1

A bath tub contains 70kg of

water at 26C. If 10kg of
water at 90C is poured in,
what is the final
temperature of the mixture?
Problem No. 2

200g of water at 40C is

mixed with 100g of water at
2 0  C . W h at i s t h e f i n a l
temperature of the mixture?
Problem No. 3

100g of aluminum at 100C

is mixed with 100g of water
at 10C. What is the final
temperature of the water?
The specific heat of
aluminum is 0.217cal/g C.
Problem No. 4

A 900g brass at 100C is

dropped into a 2.27kg of
water at 1.6C. When mixed
the equilibrium temperature
is 5.1C. Find the specific
heat of brass.
Assignment No. 1
It takes 200 calories to raise the temperature of a block
of metal from 20C to 30C. If the block has a mass of
40g, what is the specific heat of the metal?
Assignment No. 2
If 200g of water is to be heated from 15C to 100C to
make a cup of tea, how much heat is needed?

Assignment No. 3
A block of metal whose mass is 100g is heated to 100C.
It is then immersed in 100g of water at 0C in a
calorimeter of mass 50g and specific heat is 0.2cal/gC.
If the final temperature of the mixture is 70C, what is
the specific heat of the metal?
Quiz No. 1
A 200g lead at 110C is dipped into 500g of cold water at 10C.
If the resulting temperature of the mixture is 11.19C, what is
the specific heat of lead?
Quiz No. 2
How many calories will be given out by 1kg of iron at 95C when
it cools to 15C? Ciron = 0.11 cal/gC
Quiz No. 3
How many kilocalories will be needed to heat a 5kg brass from
50C to 135C? Cbrass = 0.09 cal/gC
Quiz No. 4
How many grams of cold water at 10C must be mixed with 2000
grams of water at 100C to obtain a mixture with a temperature
of 30C? Cwater = 1 cal/gC
 KEY
CELCSIUS FAH KELVIN RANKINE

251.6 395 711.6

-82.34 190.66 343.78

-45 -49 411

-517.78 -900 -244.78

1.
248 393
170.6 350
149 338
14 263
24.8 269
2. 3.
A. 26.67 A. 762
B. -9.44 B. 645
C. -25.56 C. 447
D. 65.56 D. 168
E. -78.89 E. 672
4. 98.6 310