ADIABATIC BOMB CALORIMETER

Experiment conducted on [DATE]

Course:

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Student Name:

March, 2020

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Faculty of Engineering
Adiabatic Bomb Calorimeter

SUMMARY

Topic Investigated and its Significance

The topic of this report will focus on Adiabatic Bomb Calorimeter.

Adiabatic Calorimeter is an apparatus used to measure the calorific content (energy content) of most organic
o
compounds in other word, the Standard Enthalpy of Formation ( ∆ H f ) of the organic compound. This is done
by combusting the organic compound in the presence of Oxygen inside of the bomb calorimeter. As a result of
o
this, the Standard Enthalpy of Combustion (∆ H c ) is determined.

Objectives of the Study

 To measure the water equivalent of the bomb calorimeter

 To measure the enthalpy of combustion of fuel

The Equipment Used

 Bomb
 Calorimeter
 Thermometer
 Water
 Coal
 Benzoic Acid
 Pressurised Oxygen Tank
 Computer for logging data

Key Result Obtained

 ∆ H oc for benzoic acid = -26448kJ/kg

 ∆ H oc for cotton = -17490kJ/kg

 ( Δ H c 0 )fuel =−25391.7 kJ /kg

 W E=0.0009 k g

Main Conclusions

 The enthalpy of combustion Coal was measured and water equivalent of the bomb calorimeter was
calculated, using a bomb calorimeter device.
 The must be an inherent error associated with the computer data acquisition system vis-à-vis
analogue to Digital converter(conversion of the analogue temperature measurement into digital form)
 Error associated with temperature difference was resolved
 Error associated with Water Equivalent was resolved

Learning Outcome from this Experiment

 Learnt how to calculate heat giving off by burning fuel

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Adiabatic Bomb Calorimeter

 Water can be used as an insulator, as it was used in the experiment, to prevent heat from going in or
coming out of the bomb
 Bomb calorimeter can be used to determine the standard enthalpy of combustion of organic
compounds
 Oxygen is needed to burn fuel in the bomb

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Adiabatic Bomb Calorimeter

INTRODUCTION

Background

Calorimetry is a central trial of extraordinary noteworthiness to anybody worried about the creation or use of strong or fluid fills.
One of the most significant tests in the assessment of materials which are singed, as powers, is the assurance of the warmth of
burning, or calorific worth. These estimations can be made with Bomb Calorimeters. Bomb Calorimeter is a great gadget used to
decide the warming or calorific estimation of strong and fluid fuel tests at steady volume. Fundamentally, this gadget consumes
a fuel test and moves the warmth into a known mass of water. From the heaviness of the fuel test and temperature ascent of
the water, the calorific worth can be determined. The calorific worth acquired in a bomb calorimeter test speaks to the gross
warmth of burning per unit mass of fuel test. This is the warmth created when the example consumes, in addition to the warmth
surrendered when the recently framed water fume gathers and cools to the temperature of the bomb. Deciding calorific
qualities is significantly significant; powers are probably the greatest ware on the planet, in light of their calorific worth. The
Bomb Calorimeter study is completed to increase a superior comprehension of the working standards behind the bomb

calorimeter and furthermore to discover the gross calorific estimations of various sorts of fluid fuel . The enthalpy of combustion
can be defined as the total heat released by fuel when combusted in the presence of oxygen at a pressure of 25 atmospheres
and the products of combustion has returned to their initial temperature (also water as a product of combustion has condensed
to liquid). The error involved here is not too significant and it’s comparable to that obtainable in the industries.

As a result of the experiment, the following information will be analysed, presented and discussed:

 Preliminary Period

 Chief Period

 After Period

 Water equivalent of Calorimeter

Aims and Objective

1. To measure the water equivalent of the bomb calorimeter;

2. To measure the enthalpy of combustion of a fuel.

Theory

The Calorimeter = Bomb + Water + Metal Parts

Also the adiabatic nature of the experiment meant that no heat loss to the surrounding was assumed:

Heat Released by Fuel + Heat Released by Cotton Thread = Heat Gained by Calorimeter + Heat Gained by Water

Expressed mathematically we have: ( M ¿¿ f ∆ H oc )fuel ¿ + ( M ¿¿ c ∆ H oc ) cotton ¿ = C pwater( M w ∆ T r + W E ∆ T r )

………………………………(1)

= C pwater ∆ T r ( M w + W E )

Where W E is the water Equivalent of Calorimeter was first determined before the heat of combustion of a fuel is calculated.

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Adiabatic Bomb Calorimeter

Test 1 Equation: ( M ¿¿ f ∆ H oc )Benzoic acid ¿ + ( M ¿¿ c ∆ H oc ) cotton ¿ = C pwater( M w ∆ T r + W E ∆ T r )

…………………………………………………(2)

= C pwater ∆ T r ( M w + W E )

Test 2 Equations

Apparent temperature rise ∆ T a = T f - T i………………………………………………………………………………………………………….(2a)

Using Dickinson formula, a cooling temperature correction T c was applied to the temperature T f , we obtained:

T c = (t a−t i)* slope1 + (t f −t a )* slope2 …………………………………………..……………………………………………………………..(3)

It should be noted that:

 The cooling temperature correction can be negative or positive

 The slope1 and slope2 can be negative depending on the graph

Therefore the real temperature rise T c can be calculated from: ∆ T r = ∆ T a - T c = (T f - T i - T c)………………………………….(4)

It should be noted that T c is always smaller than ∆ T a.

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Adiabatic Bomb Calorimeter

DESCRIPTION OF EXPERIMENTAL EQUIPMENT

Figure 1: Showing the Scheme Bomb Calorimeter

Heat of combustion as decided in an oxygen bomb calorimeter are estimated by a substitution method wherein the warmth got
from the example is contrasted and the warmth got from burning of a comparative measure of benzoic corrosive or other
institutionalizing material whose calorific worth is known. These estimations are gotten by consuming an agent test in a high
weight oxygen environment inside a metal weight vessel or "bomb". The vitality discharged by this ignition is consumed inside
the calorimeter and the subsequent temperature change inside the retaining medium is noted. The warmth of burning of the
example is then determined by duplicating the temperature ascend in the calorimeter by a formerly decided vitality proportional
or warmth limit decided from past tests with an institutionalizing material. Amendments must be applied to change these
qualities for any warmth move happening in the calorimeter, just as for any side responses which are remarkable to the bomb
ignition process.

Basic Parts:

The main parts of Bomb Calorimeter are given below:

 A bomb or vessel in which the combustible charges can be burned.

 A bucket or container for holding the bomb in a measured quantity of water, together with a stirring mechanism.
 An insulating jacket to protect the bucket from transient thermal stresses during the combustion process.
 A thermometer or other sensor for measuring temperature changes within the bucket.

The bomb must be a solid, thick-walled metal vessel which can be opened for em beddings the example, for evacuating the
results of ignition and for cleaning. Valves must be accommodated filling the bomb with oxygen under tension and for
discharging leftover gases at the decision of a test. Anodes to convey a start current to a circuit wire are additionally required.

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Adiabatic Bomb Calorimeter

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE AND OBSERVATION

Experimental Procedure

 The fuel was placed inside the bomb with fuse(cotton thread) connected to the fuel and the firing wire
 10ml of water was poured into the container where the bomb will be immersed
 The bomb lid was covered tightly and pressurised Oxygen was introduced
 The whole arrangement of bomb and water was immersed in a 1.3L water jacket
 The motorised stirrer, the thermometer, firing leads were connected to the bomb
 The power was switched on to initial the Data logging, stirring and firing.
 The fuel was burnt; heat transferred from the bomb to the water, the temperature rise was recorded by the
thermometer. The temperature data was recorded off the data logging computer at 60sec intervals

Two tests were carried out: Test 1 and Test 2.

Test 1: Was used to calibrate the bomb. The benzoic acid with known standard enthalpy of combustion was burnt in the bomb
and the water equivalent of calorimeter was calculated.

Test 2: The value of W E obtained in test 1 was used to determine the standard enthalpy of combustion of coal.

Quantity of materials used during the experiment

Test 1 Test 2
Benzoic Acid – 0.7-0.9 g Coal – 0.7g
Cotton Thread – 0.012 g Cotton Thread – 0.0118g
Water in the Bomb – 10cc Water in the Bomb – 10cc
Water in the Jacket – 1.3L Water in the Jacket – 1.3L

Observation

 Since the test didn’t occur instantaneously, a temperature difference correction must be made to allow for any gain or
loss of heat during the test
 It was noted during the experiment that the bomb and its content have substantial amount of mass this will definitely
conduct heat which will affect the results
 Water equivalent was introduced to counter the effect of bullet point 2 above. The water equivalent is the amount of
water having the same heat capacity as the bomb
 The 1.3L water inside the jacket was emptied after the Test 1. New 1.3L water was poured inside the jacket before the
beginning of Test 2. This was done so that slight increase in temperature of the water used in Test 1 will not introduce
error in temperature to Test 2

Errors

 The must be an inherent error associated with the computer data acquisition system vis-à-vis analogue to Digital
converter(conversion of the analogue temperature measurement into digital form)
 Error associated with temperature difference was resolved
 Error associated with Water Equivalent was resolved

EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS AND CALCULATION

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Adiabatic Bomb Calorimeter

Preliminary Period
19:12:00
14:24:00 f(x) = 0.04 x + 0.46
Time
9:36:00
4:48:00
0:00:00
1 2 3 4 5 6
Temperature

Time Temperature
Linear (Temperature) Linear (Temperature)

Figure 2. Showing Test 1 Graph: Preliminary period Temperature vs Time

After Period
2.5
2.04x + 0.682.04
f(x) = 0.29 2.04 2.04 2.04
2
1.5
Time

1 1
0.4 0.5
0.5 0.2 0.3
0 0 0.1
0
1 2 3 4 5 6
Temperature Difference

Linear ()

Figure 3. Showing Test 2 Graph: After period Temperature vs Time

Test 1 and Test 2 Grahs: Temp Vs

27
Time
26

25
Temperature (°C)

24
Test 1
23 Graph

22

21
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
Time (Sec)

Figure 4. Showing Test 1 and Test 2 Graphs on the same axes

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Adiabatic Bomb Calorimeter

Calculations

(𝑀𝑓∆ ) fuel + (𝑀𝐶∆𝐻𝐶𝑂)cotton = 𝐶𝑃 water(𝑀𝑊∆𝑇𝑟 + 𝑊𝐸∆𝑇𝑟) (1)

= 𝐶𝑃 water∆(𝑀𝑊 + 𝑊𝐸)

WE = (𝑀𝑓∆𝐻𝐶𝑂) fuel + (𝑀𝐶∆𝐻𝐶𝑂)cotton / 𝐶𝑃 water∆𝑇𝑟 - MW

MF = 0.75 g = 0.75/1000 = 0.00075 kg

MC = 0.000004 kg

MW = Density * Volume

= 1000 * 0.01 = 10kg

CP Water = 4.2 j/ kg OC

Put all the vales in equation (1):

WE = 0.0009 kg

Test 2:

By putting all the vales in equation (1),we get:

∆𝐻𝐶oal = 64333.37 KJ.kg-1

Table of Results

Quantities to Result Calculated

Be Determined

( Δ H c 0 )fuel -64333.37 kJ /kg

WE 0.0009 kg

ΔT r 1.95 ℃

Tc 0.577 ℃

Slope 1 4.28 × 10−2 ℃ /s

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Adiabatic Bomb Calorimeter

Slope 2 −2 . 914 ×10−1 ℃ /s

Figure 5. Showing the values obtained during calculations

CHEMICAL ANALYSIS AND SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS

Since tests are totally oxidized during ignition in an oxygen bomb and on the grounds that the burning items are quantitatively
held inside the bomb, methods have been produced for deciding sulfur, incandescent light and different components related to
the warmth of burning.

Maybe the most widely recognized of these helper tests is the one for sulfur in fuels.During the burning procedure in the bomb,
sulfur in the example is oxidized to sulfur trioxide which,in turn, consolidates with the dampness in the bomb to gather as
sulfuric corrosive. The internal surfaces of the bomb are then washed with refined water and the washings are gathered. After
suitable balance and planning, the sulfate present can be controlled by adding barium chloride to deliver a barium sulfate
encourage. The bomb washing method can likewise be utilized to decide chlorine, bromine, iodine, fluorine, arsenic, mercury,
phosphorus, boron, lead, selenium, and different metals in flammable materials.

Preliminary Period on Computer:

Chief Period on Computer:

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Adiabatic Bomb Calorimeter

After Period on Computer:

Safety Considerations:

Ignition responses in an oxygen bomb calorimeter need not be considered bizarrely dangerous as they are completed routinely
in a huge number of research facilities. In any case, since they do include almost hazardous responses at high weights, steady
cautiousness is required to guarantee safe activity. Care must be taken while charging the bomb to be certain that the measure
of test set in the bomb and the charging pressure don't surpass the cutoff points recommended for the bomb being utilized.

It is critical that the bomb be kept up in decent shape consistently. Any bomb that is spilling oxygen from a valve, from an anode
or from some other seal ought to never be terminated. The consolidated fire front and high weight oxygen discharged under
such conditions can light the bomb itself in the region of the hole. Each bomb ought to likewise be exposed to hydrostatic and
verification tests all the time to affirm that it has not been debilitated by consumption or wear, and that it is reasonable for
proceeded with administration.

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Adiabatic Bomb Calorimeter

DISCUSSION

So also, the blunder created by an absence of information on the particular warmth of the example is predominated by different
wellsprings of vulnerability in the temperature fits to discover ΔT. Were the vulnerability in explicit warmth the main type of
mistake in the example, our blunder would be about multiple times littler than our real determined blunder.

The ∆ term relates to the underlying temperature, as we evaded the last equilibration of Tf to Ti by considering the ∆U = m c ∆T
term. In doing as such, we estimated ∆HT1 ≈ ∆cH◦ (standard state.)

The temperature show in the LabVIEW program doesn't peruse 23 ◦C before start since we didn't give a reference temperature
input (normally 0◦C ) to LabVIEW. This winds up not making a difference, on the grounds that lone the relative temperature
distinction has any kind of effect in the conclusive outcome.

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Adiabatic Bomb Calorimeter

CONCLUSION

Exactness in bomb calorimetry is needy upon a repeatable arrangement of working conditions, applied consistently to all
institutionalization and assurance tests. Those components which can't be held consistent will expect revisions to make up for
their belongings. Moreover, any contrasts between the ignition as it happens in the bomb corresponding to the procedure in a
force plant or other application should likewise be considered.

The consuming wire in the bomb contributes extra warmth to the bomb burning. Since the measure of wire devoured in each
test may differ, the vitality contributed by the breaker must be resolved for each test and a rectification applied to make up for
this change. Additionally, if any spiking material or ignition help is utilized to advance total burning of an example that is hard to
consume, the warmth created by the ignition help must be subtracted from the all-out vitality discharge. Since ignition in the
bomb happens in an environment of about unadulterated oxygen at high temperature and weight, a few responses happen this
would not create when consuming a similar material under typical barometrical conditions. These side responses are significant
in light of the fact that they produce an apparent measure of warmth which can't be credited to the example, and for which an
adjustment must be made.

REFERENCES

 The Parr Instrument Company. Oxygen Combustion Bomb Model 1108.

http://www.parrinst.com/products/sample-preparation/oxygen-combustionbombs/oxygen-combustion-bomb-model-
1108/
 http://www.chemhume.co.uk/ASCHEM/Unit%203/13%20Enthalpy/13%20Enthalpyc.htm
 Garland, C.W.; Nibler, J. W.; Shoemaker, D.P. Experiments in Physical Chemistry, 7th ed.; McGraw-Hill: New York, 2002

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Adiabatic Bomb Calorimeter

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