10 A.

We make use of the notation in Fig. 10.3-2. When the wall temperatures are known (i.e. T 0
and T3), Eq. 10.3-29 may be simplified to give:

Qo 2 π ( T 0−T 3 )
=
L ln ( r 1 /r 0 ) ln ( r 2 /r 1 ) ln ( r 3 /r 2)
+ +
k 01 k 12 k 23

The r i for this problem are:

2.067
r0 = =1.03' '
2

r 0 =1.03+0.15=1.18 ' '

r 0 =1.18+2.0=3.18 ' '

r 0 =3.18+2.0=5.18 ' '

Substitution of numerical values into the above formula gives:

Qo 2 π ( 250 ºF−90 ºF )
=
L ln ( 1.18/1.03 ) ln ( 3.18 /1.18 ) ln ( 5.18/3.18 )
2.303 [ 26.1
+
0.04
+
0.03 ]
Qo 320 π
=
L 0.059 0.431 0.212
2.303 [ + +
26.1 0.04 0.03 ]
Qo 1005
=
L 2.303 [ 17.843 ]

Qo BTU
=24 (per foot of pipe )
L h

10 A.2

From Eq. 10.5-1 we may write:

Q=2WLh ( T w −T a ) η

Where η is given by Eq. 10.5-17 as:

η=tanh ¿ ¿ ¿
For the conditions of this problem

¿¿

We may then write:

Q=2.0× 1.0× 0.2 ×120 ×150 × tanh √ 6 / √ 6

BTU
Q=2074
h

10 B.1

a. The differential equation is the same as that derived in Eq. 10.2-30. For constant
thermal conductivity this becomes:

d 2 dT
dx
r (
dr
=0 )
b. Integration twice with respect to r gives:

−C1
T= +C2
r

The boundary conditions are:

At r=R T =T R

At r=∞ T =T ∞

Therefore the temperature distribution is:

T −T ∞ R
=
T R−T ∞ r

c. The heat flux at the wall is then:

dT ( T R−T ∞ )
q r ∖r= R=−k ∖r =R =+k
dr R

We now compare this expression with Newton’s law of cooling:

q r ∖r= R=h ( T R −T ∞ )
Which defines h. Equating these last two expressions we get:

k
h=
R

or

hD
=2
k

Where D is the diameter of the sphere.

10 B.3

Within the fuel element the differential equation is similar to that developed in the text for
the current-car-wire. Hence we write immediately, for constant K f and the given heat-
source:

1 d dTf r 2
−k f
r dr
r (
dr )
=Sn 0 1−b
[ ( )]
Rf

The differential equation for the cladding is similar but contains no source term:

1 d d Tc
−k c (
r dr
r
dr
=0 )
These two second-order differential equations are to be solved with the aid of these
boundary conditions:

B .C .1 : At r=0 T f is finite

B .C .2 : At r=R f T f =T c

B .C .3 : At r=R f −k f ( ddrT )=−k ( ddrT )

f
c
c

B .C .4 : At r =Rc −k c ( ddrT )=h (T −T )

c
L c L

Integration of the above differential equations gives:

Sn 0 R2f r 2 b r 4
Tf=
4kf [( ) ( ) ]
Rf
−
4 Rf
+ F 1 lnr + F 2

T c =C1 ln r +C 2
Application of the boundary conditions then gives, after considerable manipulation:

Sn 0 R2f 2 4
Sn 0 R 2f kc R
T f −T L=
4kf [{( ) } {( ) }]
1−
r
Rf
−
b
4
1−
r
Rf
+
4 kf ( )(
1−
b
2 R c hL
+ ln c
Rf )
The desired answer is obtained from this expression by setting r = 0.

10 B.5

a. A heat balance on a shell of thickness ∆ r gives:

2 πrL q r|r −2 πrL qr|r +∆ r =0

Hence:

d
dr
( r q r ) =0

Then, through use of Fourier’s law we may write:

d dT dT
dr (
−k r
dr
=0 ; k r)dr
=C 1

( T −T 0 )
We now write k ( ¿ ) where ( ¿ ) = just as in last references to obtain:
( T 1−T 0 )
dr
[ k 0+ ( k 1−k 0 ) ( ¿ ) ] dT =C 1 r

Or

1
[ ]
( T 1−T 0 ) k 0 + 2 ( k 1−k 0 ) ( ¿ ) ( ¿ ) =C1 ln r +C 2

The boundary conditions for this problem are:

At r=r 0 ( ¿ ) =0

At r=r 1 ( ¿ ) =1

We may then write:

0=C1 ln r 0 +C 2

1
( T −T ) ( k +k ) =C1 ln r 1 +C2
2 1 0 0 1
The constant C 1 is then:

1
C 1= ( T 1 −T 0 ) ( k 0+ k 1 ) /ln r 1 /r 0
2

Hence the heat-transfer rate at r = r0 is:

dT
Q 0=−2 π r 0 L k 0
dr |
r =r 0
=−2 πLC 1

1
( T −T 0 ) ( k 0+ k 1 )
2 1
Q0= (2 πL )
ln r 1 / r 0

b. We begin by defining ε the wall of thickness, for thin annuli, by

r1 ε
=1+
r0 r0

We then expand ln r 1 /r 0 in a Taylor series to obtain:

ε ε 1 ε 2
( )
ln r 1 /r 0 =ln 1+
r0
=¿ −
r0 2 r 0
+…¿ ( )
If we consider all terms but the first negligible, we get:

Q0=2 π r 0 L ( k +2 k )( T −Tε )
0 1 0 1

This just says:

Heat flow=area ×average thermal conductivity × Temperature gradient