• SEMINAR ON

GYPSUM PRODUCTS

Presented by
Vahneihat Haokip
Roll no. 14
BDS 2nd YEAR
Dental material, Department of Prosthodontics Crown and
Bridge
Dental College,Jnims
CONTENTS

•INTRODUCTION

•MANUFRACTURE OF GYPSUM PRODUCTS

•CLASSIFICATION OF GYPSUM PRODUCTS

•SETTING OF GYPSUM PRODUCTS

•SETTING EXPANSION

•MANIPULATION

• REFERENCES
INTRODUCTION
WHAT IS GYPSUM ?
➖It is a mineral mined from the earth’s crust in various parts of the world.

➖It is also known as Plaster of Paris because it was found in the city
of Paris.

➖ Chemically CaSO4.2H20

GYPSUM PRODUCTS -
These are fine hemihydrate powder that are
Produced by heating Ground Gypsum particles.

Albaster pure white and translucent

APPLICATION OF GYPSUM PRODUCTS:
-For cast preparations
-Model and dies
-Impression materials
-Mounting of casts
-As moulded material for processing of complete dentures
MANUFRACTURE OF GYPSUM PRODUCTS
The process of heating gypsum for the manufracture of plaster is known
as calcination.Mined gypsum is ground and heated.

Figure :Calcination process for gypsum

Depending on the method of calcination,there are two forms of

hemihydrates:
A)Beta hemihydrate(plaster)
B)Alpha hemihydrate (stone)
The difference between alpha-hemihydrate and beta-hemihydrate
is as follows:
SETTING OF GYPSUM PRODUCTS -
When hemihydrate is mixed with water,it takes up one and a half molecule
of water,regains it’s water of crystallization and reverts back to dihydrate.

-SETTING REACTION
(CaSO4)2.H20 + 3H20 → 2CaSO4.2H2O + unreacted (CaSO4)2 +½H2O + heat
Hemihydrate + Water ➝ Dihydrate + unreacted hemihydrate + heat

-THEORIES OF SETTING
Three theories have been proposed:
1) Colloidal theory 2)Hydration theory 3)Dissolution-Precipitation theory

1)Colloidal theory –It proposes that when mixed with water,plaster enters into
a colloidal state through a sol- gel mechanism.In the sol state, hemihydrate
combines with water to form dihydrate.As the water is consumed,the mass turns
to a solid gel.

2)Hydration theory-It proposes that plaster enters into a colloidal state through
a sol-gel mechanism when mixed with water.In the sol state, hemihydrate
combines with water to form dihydrate.As the water is consumed,the mass turns
to a solid gel.
3) Dissolution precipitation theory-According to this theory,the plaster dissolves
and reacts to form gypsum crystals which interlock to form the set solid.The setting
reaction is explained on the basis of difference in solubility of hemihydrate and
dihydrate.Hemihydrate is 4 times more soluble than dihydrate.
•When hemihydrate is mixed in water,it forms a fluid workable suspension.
•Hemihydrate dissolves until it forms a saturated solution.
•Some dihydrates formed due to the reaction and since it’s solubility is lesser
than hemihydrate,it precipitates out.
•And hence the solution is no longer saturated and so it continues to dissolve.It
continues until no further dihydrate precipitates out of the solution.
As the reaction proceeds,gypsum is formed in the form of needle like clusters
called spherulites(fig A&B).Continued growth and intermeshing of crystals of
gypsum leads to thickening and hardening of the mass into a strong solid
structure.
SETTING EXPANSION
•Regardless of the type of gypsum product selected,there is an expansion
during the change from hemihydrate to the dihydrate.
•Depending on the composition of the gypsum product,the observed
linear expansion may be as low as 0.06% or as high as 0.5%

There are two types:

1)Normal setting expansion –All gypsum products show a linear expansion
during setting.Crystals growing from the mesh not only intermesh but also
intercept each other during growth.
2)Hygroscopic setting expansion –Due to Hygroscopic expansion,a greater
expansion is seen when a gypsum product is placed under water before the
initial set stage.
It is used to expand some gypsum bonded investments.
CLASSIFICATION OF GYPSUM PRODUCTS:
ISO 6873:2013
Type 1- Dental plaster for impressions
Type 2- Dental plaste
Class 1-for mounting
Class 2- for models
Type 3- Dental stone for models
Type 4- Dental stone (high strength,low expansion) for dies
Type 5- Dental stone (high strength,high expansion)for dies

TYPE 1- DENTAL PLASTER FOR IMPRESSIONS

Impression plaster was one of the earliest
impression materials in dentistry.
-Because of its rigidity,it often had to be fractured
to remove it from undercut areas in the mouth.
Uses: i)For making impressions in complete denture
and maxillofacial prosthetics (not currently used for
this purpose)
ii)As bite registration material.
 Composition:Dental plaster+ K2SO4+ Borax + Colouring and flavouring agents.
Ideal Requirements:
i)The setting time should be under accurate control.The desirable setting
time is 3 to 5 minutes.
ii)For better accuracy,the setting expansion should be low.Both setting time
and expansion are controlled by modifiers.
iii)The plaster should have enough strength to fracture cleanly without
crumbling to facilitate removal from undercuts.

TYPE 2 OR DENTAL PLASTER,MODEL, MOUNTING

The ISO classified type 2 plaster into two subtypes – class1
and class 2
Uses:i)For making study casts and models.
ii)To make molds for curing dentures
iii) For mounting casts on articulator.
Composition:beta hemihydrate and modifiers
Requirements of an ideal cast material:
i)It should set rapidly but give adequate time for
manipulation
. ii)It should set to a very hard and strong mass
iii)It should neither contract nor expand while setting.
TYPE 3 OR DENTAL STONE,MODEL
It is also known as Class 1 stone or Hydrocal.
Uses: For preparing master casts and to make molds.
Composition:
Alphahemihydrate,Coloring matter, Potassium
Sulphate(K2SO) acting as an accelerator,Borax acting as
retarder.
• Some commercial dental stones contain a small amount of
beta hemihydrate to provide a mix of smoother consistency.
•A stone with a setting time established by the addition of
proper quantities of both accelerator and retarder is called
'balanced stone'

TYPE 4 OR DENTAL STONE,DIE,HIGH STRENGTH,LOW

EXPANSION
It is also known as Class II stone,die
stone,desire,improved stone
•Die stone is the strongest and hardest variety of
gypsum product and is used when high strength and
surface hardness is required.
Uses: As model bases,CAD/CAM dies and dies for fabricating inlay,crown and
bridge wax patterns.

TYPE 5 OR DENTAL STONE,DIE, HIGH STRENGTH,HIGH EXPANSION

- It is the most recent gypsum product having a higher compressive strength

than type 4 stone.
- Improved strength is attained by lowering the w/p ratio
- Setting expansion has been increased from 0.10 to 0.30% to compensate for
the shrinkage of base metal alloys,
during solidification.

Examples of type 5 stone are Hard Rock,Jade Rock,

Resinrock XL5 and Denflo-HX
Uses: To prepare dies with increased expansion.
MANIPULATION
PROPORTIONING
To secure maximum strength a low water/powder ration
should be used.
• Water/powder ratio-It decides the physical and chemical
properties of the final product.
Example :The higher the water-powder ratio,the longer is the
setting time and weaker will be the gypsum product.
•Water requirement of a product is affected by
1)Shape and compactness of crystals
2) Particle size distribution
3)Small amounts of surface active materials like gum arabic plus
lime markedly reduce water requirement of all gypsum products.

MIXING
For hand mixing,the bowl should be parabolic in shape
,smooth and resistant to abrasion.
•The spatula should have a stiff blade and a handle that is
convenient to use.
•While mixing,trapping of air should be avoided to prevent
porosity-surface inaccuracies and weak spots.
CARE OF THE CAST
Once the setting reactions in the cast has been completed,its dimensions
will be relatively constant under normal room temperature and humidity.
•However,it is necessary to soak the gypsum cast in water.When a dry cast is
immersed in water, negligible expansion may occur if it is saturated with
Calcium Sulphate.
•If the water is not saturated, dissolution of the cast will occur.

INFECTION CONTROL
Disinfectant solutions that do not adversely affects the
gypsum products should be used.
•Dental stone containing disinfectant can also be used.
•Useful disinfectants for stone casts include spray
disinfectants, hypochlorites and iodophores.
REFERENCES
1.Phillips Science of Dental Materials,First South Asia Edition

2.Basic Dental Materials ,John J Manapallil,4th Edition

THANK YOU