Gypsum products

CONTENTS
• Introducton
INTRODUCTION

• Gypsum is a naturally occurring, white

powdery mineral .
• chemical name- calcium sulphate dihydrate
(CaSO4 . 2H2O) .
• Gypsum products used in dentistry - calcium
sulphate hemihydrate(CaSO4).½H2O.
Uses in dentistry -
• For the preparation of study models for oral and
maxillofacial structures .
• Form molds and casts on which dental prostheses
and restorations are constructed.
• gypsum dental investment are used to form
molds for the casting of dental restorations with
molten metal.
CLASSIFICATION

ADA specification no.25:-

• Type 1- Impression plaster.
• Type 2- Model plaster.
• Type 3-Dental stone .
• Type 4 -Dental stone, high strength and low
expansion.
• Type 5 -Dental stone, high strength, high
Expansion.
PRODUCTION
• Calcination-heating gypsum for
manufacturing of plaster.
• Caso4.2H2O 110-130°C CaSO4.1/2 H2O
Gypsum Plaster or stone(calcium
(calciun sulfate dihydrate) sulfate hemihydrate)

130-200°C

CaSO4 CaSO4
Orthorhombic 200-1000°C Hexagonal
anhydarte anhydrate
SETTING OF GYPSUM PRODUCTS

(CaSO4)2.H2O+3H2O

2CaSO4.2H2O+Unreacted(CaSO4)2.1/2H2O
+ Heat
SETTING REACTION
• Three theories have been proposed
1 .colloidal theory
2.hydration theory
3.dissolution precipitation theory
COLLOIDAL THEORY
Sol gel mechanism- Machaelis in 1893.
WATER POWDER RATIO
• It is the ratio of water to powder.
• Expressed as amount of water used per 100gm of powder.
• Min. w/p ratio required is18.61%

type w/p ratio

type I 0.40-0.75
type II 0.45-0.50.
type III 0.28-0.30
Type IV 0.22-0.24
Type V 0.18-0.22
• Excess water-actual amount of water is greater than amount
required for reaction.
• Set material dried excess water evaporates porosity.
TYPE 1 DENTAL PLASTER,IMPRESSION

• One of the earliest impression material.

• More useful as a bite registration material.
• Sometimes contain potato starch.
• The impression and cast are put in hot water ,starch
swells and impression disintegrates, making it easy
to separate the cast.
uses
• For making impression in complete denture and
maxillofacial prosthetic

• Bite registartion material.

Ideal properties
•Setting time should be under accurate control
•For better accuracy the setting expansion should be low.
•Should have enough strength to fracture cleanly

•Composition
•Dental plaster+borax+coloring and favouring agent.

• -
TYPE 2 DENTAL PLASTER MODEL
• Also called as laboratory plaster.
Uses-
• For making study cast and models
• To make molds for curing dentures
• For mounting casts on articulator
Requirements of an ideal cast material-
• Should set rapidly,give adequate time for manipulation.
• Should set to a very hard and strong mass.
• flow into all parts of impression
• After setting it should nt wrap or change shape
• Should not lose its strength
Type 3 dental stone model

• Referred as alpha-hemihydrate, Type III stone, or Hydrocal.

Uses-

• Making casts for diagnostic purposes and casts for complete

and partial denture construction.
• The stone is usually yellow.
Type 4 Dental stone high strength, low
expansion
Setting reaction
• hemihydrate is changed back to dihydrate by the
process of hydration.

CaSO4 ・ 1⁄2H2O + 1 ・ H2O → CaSO4 ・ 2H2O +

heat

The calcium sulfate hemihydrate dissolves in the

mixing water to form the dihydrate, which is less soluble
than the hemihydrate.
The calcium sulfate hemihydrate precipitates out of
solution as interlocking crystals,which form a hard mass.
Water power ratio
• The proportion of water to powder used to make a workable mix of a particular gypsum product is
called the water/powder ratio.
• For dental use, an excess amount of measured water above the theoretically correct amount
required for hydration is always necessary.
• This excess amount is needed to make a workable mix or slurry that can be poured and shaped.
The excess water is distributed as free water in the set mass without taking part in the chemical
reaction, and it contributes to subsequent porosity or microscopic voids in the set product.
• The proper water/powder ratio for each product depends on the physical characteristics of the
powder particles.
• Plaster requires more gauging water (measured water) to wet the powder surfaces, fill the pores,
and float the irregular porous particles.
• The dense particles of stone require less gauging water to float them, and their regular shape
allows them to roll over one another more easily. High-strength stone, because of its very dense
and cuboidal type of particle well as modifications made by the manufacturer, requires even less
gauging water than stone.
• For dental use, the proper water/powder ratios (quotients) are
as follows:
• • For the average mix for plaster, 45–50 ml/100 g
• (0.45–0.50)
• • For the average mix for stone, 28–30 ml/100 g
• (0.28–0.30)
• • For the average mix for improved stone, 19–24 ml/
• 100 g (0.19–0.24)
• This difference in the amount of measured water
• that is required to make a workable mix results in different
• consistencies for the products when first mixed
• at the proper water/powder ratio. Plaster is usually thin
• in consistency, like a ‘smoothie,’ whereas improved
• stone is like thick cake batter. Dental stone has an
• intermediate consistency. The water/powder ratio has a
• direct effect on the properties of each gypsum product
• and must be controlled for optimum results
Setting time
• The powder is mixed with water,
• and the time that elapses from the beginning of mixing until
the material hardens
• is known as the setting time. This is usually measured by some
type of penetration
• test, using the instruments shown in Figure 10-4. A number of
stages occur in the
measurements
• Loss of Gloss Test for Initial Set
• As the reaction proceeds, some of the excess water is taken up
in forming the dihydrate
• so that the mix loses its gloss. In Figure 10-5, this loss of gloss
(LG) occurred
• at approximately 9 min, at which time the mass still had no
measurable compressive
• strength. Therefore it could not be safely removed from the
mold.