FLY ASH

REPORT SUBMITTED BY- DHANASHREE GHAG

 FLY ASH:
• It is a fine powder that is a byproduct of burning pulverized coal in electric generation
power plants.
• It is a pozzolanic, a substance containing aluminous and siliceous material that
forms cement in the presence of water.
• When mixed with lime and water, it forms a compound
similar to Portland cement.
• It is a prime material in blended cement, mosaic tiles, and hollow blocks, among
other building materials.
• When used in concrete mixes, it improves the strength and
segregation of the concrete and makes it easier to pump.

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION:

⚫ The chemical composition of fly ash depends upon the type of coal used and the methods used for
combustion of coal.
Physical Properties of Fly Ash:
Fineness of Fly Ash
• The fly ash sample is sieved in 45 micron sieve and the percentage of retained on the 45 micron sieve is calculated.
• It is also measured by Le-Chatelier method and Blaine Specific Surface method.
Specific Gravity of Fly Ash
• The specific gravity of fly ash ranges from a low value of
1.90 for a sub-bituminous ash to a high value of 2.96 for an iron-rich bituminous ash.
Size and Shape of Fly Ash
• particle size ranges in between 10 to 100 micron.
• The shape of the fly ash is usually spherical glassy shaped.
Colour
• The colour of the fly ash depends upon the chemical and
mineral constituents.
• Lime content in the fly ash gives tan and light colours where as brownish colour is imparted by the presence of iron content.
• A dark grey to black colour is typically attributed to an elevated un-burned content.
Type of Fly Ash as per IS Codes (IS 3812-1981)
Grade I
• This grade of Fly ash is derived from bituminous coal having fractions SiO2+Al2O3+Fe2O3 greater
than 70 %.
Grade II
• This grade of Fly ash derived from lignite coal having fractions SiO2+Al2O3+Fe2O3 greater than 50 %.

Type of Fly Ash based on boiler operations

Low temperature(LT) fly ash
• It is produced when the combustion temperature is below 900o C
High temperature(HT) fly ash
• It is generated out of combustion temperature below 1000o C
 Mechanism of Fly Ash
⚫ The chemistry of hydration of Portland cement is that about 50% of Portland cement is composed of the primary mineral tri-calcium silicate, which on
hydration forms calcium silicate hydrate and calcium hydroxide.
⚫ If we have Portland cement, and the fly ash is the pozzolana, it can be represented by silica because non-crystalline silica glass is the principal
constituent of fly ash.
⚫ The silica combines with the calcium hydroxide released on hydration of Portland cement.
⚫ Calcium hydroxide in hydrated Portland cement does not do anything for strength, so therefore we use it up with reactive silica.
⚫ Slowly and gradually it forms additional calcium silicate hydrate which is a binder, and which fills up the space, and gives us impermeability
and more and more strength.

Hydration reaction of Portland cement and fly ash Portland cement

 Applications
⚫ It can be used as prime material in many cement-based products.
⚫ It can be used in Portland cement concrete pavement or PCC
pavement.
⚫ fly ash provides economic benefits in construction projects.
⚫ It is used as embankment and mine fill, and it has increasingly
gained acceptance by the Federal Highway Administration.
⚫ The amount of fine aggregate in the concrete mix must be reduced to
Images of fly ash brick
accommodate the additional volume of the fly ash.
Advantages Disadvantages
⚫ Cost-effective. ⚫ Slower strength gain
⚫ environmentally friendly and it reduces CO2 emissions. ⚫ Seasonal limitation
⚫ It requires less water and it have Great workability ⚫ Increased need for air-entraining admixtures
⚫ High strength gains, depending on use. ⚫ Increase of salt scaling produced by higher proportions of
⚫ Can be used as an admixture. fly ash
⚫ non-shrink material.
⚫ Produces dense concrete with a smooth surface and sharp detail.
⚫ Reduces crack problems, permeability, and bleeding.
⚫ Reduces heat of hydration.
⚫ Allows for a lower water-cement ratio for similar slumps when
compared to no-fly-ash mixes.
ADMIXTURES
 INTRODUCTION
• Admixtures are ingredients other than basic ingredients cement, water and aggregates that are added to concrete
batch immediately before or during mixing to modify one or more of the specific properties of concrete in fresh and
hardened state.
• Added in small quantity either in powder or liquid form
• Combination is used when more than one property to be altered.
PURPOSE
2. To modify harden property
1. To modify fresh property
• Reduce the heat of evolution.
• Increase the workability without increasing the water cement
ratio or decrease the water content at the same workability. • Accelerate the rate of strength development at early
stages.
• Retard or accelerate the time of initial setting.
• Increase the durability
• Reduce or prevent the settlement or create slight expansion.
• Decrease the permeability of concrete.
• Modify the rate or capacity of bleeding.
Classification of admixtures
1. Accelerating admixtures
2. Water reducing admixtures
3. Retarding admixtures
4. Air entraining admixtures
5. Mineral
6. Super plasticizers
1. Accelerating admixtures
• These admixtures when added to concrete,
mortar or grout increases the rate of hydration
of hydraulic cement, shortens the time of set,
accelerates the hardening or development of
strength of concrete/ mortar.
• These admixtures function by interaction with
C3S (Tri- calcium silicate) component of the cement
thus increasing the reaction between cement and water
• Many substances are Known to Act as accelerators for
concrete. They include Alkali Hydroxides, Silicates, Fluoro-
Silicates, Organic Compounds, Calcium Formates, Calcium
Nitrates, Calcium Thio Sulphate, Aluminium Chlorides,
Potassium Carbonates, Sodium Chlorides & Calcium
Chlorides.
Accelerating Admixtures: Advantages
• Shortens the setting time of cement and therefore increases
the rate of gain of strength.
• Enables earlier release from precast moulds thus speeding production.
• Reduces segregation and increase density and compressive strength.

• Cures concrete faster and therefore uniform

winter and summer can be achieved.
• Reduces water requirements, bleeding, shrinkage and time required for initial set.

Effect of use ofAcceleratingAdmixtures

2. Water reducing admixtures
• A material, which either increases workability of freshly
mixed concrete without increasing water cement ratio or
maintains workability with a reduced amount of water, is
termed as water reducing admixture
• As their name implies, the function of water reducing
admixture is to reduce the water content of the mix,
usually by 5 to 10%, sometimes (in concrete of very high
workability) up-to 15%.
• Thus, the purpose of using a water reducing admixture
in a concrete mix is to allow a reduction in the water
cement ratio while retaining the desired workability or,
alternatively,to improve its workability at a given water cement
ratio.
Water-Reducing: Advantages
• They increase the workability of the concrete
without reducing the compressive strength or without
changing water- cement ratio. This is particularly useful
when concrete pores are restricted either due to congested
reinforcement or due to thin sections
• High strength can be obtained with the same cement
content by reducing water cement ratio.
• A saving in the quantity of cement (approx. upto 10%) can
be achieved keeping the same water/ cement
ratio and workability.
3. Retarding admixtures
• This type of chemical admixtures decreases the initial
rate of reaction between cement and water and thereby
retards the setting of concrete.
• It functions by coating the surface of C3S (Tri calcium
silicate) components, thus, delaying this reaction with the
water.

• Reaction products are slow to form as such the setting

and hardening of concrete are delayed reducing early
compressive strengths.
• Retardation in setting time up to 8-10 hours is possible
by suitable use of retarders.
The main ingredients of retarders are as follows:
• Ligno-sulphonic acids and their salts. e.g. Na, Ca or NH4,

• Hydro-carboxylic acids and their salts.

• Carbohydrates including sugar.

•Inorganic salts based on flourates, phosphates, oxides, borax and magnesium salts.

Set-Retarding: Advantages
• Improves workability, cohesion and extends setting time, provides protection against delays and stoppages
and facilitates keeping workable concrete for extended period .
• In the large construction, good workability of the concrete throughout the placing period and
prevention of cold joints is ensured by adding retarders in the concrete.
• Extended setting time minimise risks of long distance delivery in hot weather, improves pumpability of
concrete by extended setting period and improved workability of concrete.
• Reduces bleeding and segregation where sand grading are unavoidable.
• Reduces adverse environmental effects of various nature on concrete and embedded steel by
considerable reduction in permeability.
4. Air entraining admixtures
• An air-entraining agent introduces air in the form of minute bubbles
distributed uniformly throughout the cement paste.

• The main types include salts of wood resins, animal or vegetable fats and oils
and sulphonated hydrocarbons.

• Entrained air is intentionally incorporated, minute spherical bubbles of

size ranging from 5 microns to 80 microns distributed evenly in the entire
mass of concrete.
Air-Entrainment: Advantages
• Durability

• Reduced bleeding and segregation because of :

• Bubble acting as extra fine filler Attachment of air bubbles with

cement particle and linking them.

• Increase in inter particle attraction caused by adsorption of air

entrainer.

and increased total surface area of constituents relative to water volume.

• Water flow between cement particles is restricted.

• Workability increased due to action of air bubbles as ball bearing which

assist movement of particles each other.
5. Mineral
• Mineral admixtures (fly ash, silica fume [SF], and
slags) are usually added to concrete in larger amounts
to enhance the workability of fresh concrete; to improve
resistance of concrete to thermal cracking, alkali-aggregate
expansion, and sulfate attack; and to enable a reduction in
cement content.
• Fly Ash
• Silica Fume
• Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag
6. Super plasticizers
• The admixtures capable of reducing water content by about 30% are known as super plasticizers.

• At a given water /cement ratio and water content in the mix, the dispersing action of
super plasticize increases the workability of concrete, typically by raising the slump from 75mm to 200 mm,
the mix remaining cohesive.

• The resulting concrete can be placed with little or no compaction and is not subject to excessive bleeding or
segregation.
• There exist four main categories of super-
plasticizers based on their chemical
composition:
• melamine formaldehyde condensates

• Sulfonated naphthalene formaldehyde condensates

• Modified lingo-sulfonates

• Others such as sulfonic acid esters and carbohydrate esters

Superplasticizers: Advantages
• Cement content can be reduced to a greater extent keeping the same water/cement ratio. This will lead to
economy.

• Water-cement ratio can be reduced significantly keeping same cement content and workability. This will
lead to increase in strength.

• Higher workability at very low water cement ratio like casting concrete with heavy reinforcement..
• Reduction in permeability

• Where early strength development is required in prestressed concrete or casting of floor, where early
access for finishing equipment is required
Thankyou!