contents

• Terminology
• Requirements of Model and Die Materials
• Types of Die and Model Materials
• Gypsum materials
– production
– Setting reaction
– Properties'
– Advantages and disadvantages
– Recent Developments
• Other Die Dental Materials
• Model: is a replica of the
teeth and/or associated
supporting soft and hard
tissues of the jaw.
• Die: is a model of a single
prepared tooth. Inlay crown,
attatchments , …
• Cast  Model (working model)
On which restoration or
appliances are fabricated. e.g.
complete denture, R.P.D.,
orthodontic appliance.
• Cast should be made with a
high level of accuracy , and
should be handled with great
care.
Requirements of model and die materials:

• Mechanical properties:
– Should have high strength to resist breakage
during use.
– Should be hard, to resist scratching and damage
during use.
• Able to reproduce fine details and sharp
margins of the impression.
• It should have little dimensional change on
setting, and should remain dimensionally
stable.
• Compatible with impression materials, i.e. there
should be no interaction between the surface of the
impression and the model or die.
• Good color contrast with other materials being
used.
• Not be danger to health during handling and if
inhalation
• Ease of use.
• Cheap.
 Gypsum materials
The most commonly used material to pour
impressions to prepare models, casts and dies
for dental use. And it is used extensively in
dentistry.
• Gypsum, is the dihydrates form of calcium
sulfate, it is usually white to milky yellowish
in color and is found in a compact mass in
nature (natural gypsum rock).
Gypsum
 Types of Gypsum products
ADA specification No 25:
1- Impression Plaster (Type I). (Impression)
2- Model Plaster (Type II) study cast, mounting
and flasking.
3- Dental Stone (Type Ill) master cast.RPD
4- Dental Stone, High Strength (Type IV)
master cast for dies inlay crown
5- Dental Stone, High Strength, High
Expansion (Type V) metal dies
 Production of Calcium Sulfate Hemihydrate:

• Commercially, the gypsum is ground and subjected to

temperatures to drive off part of the water of
crystallization to convert
Gypsum → Gypsum products
Calcium sulphate Dihidrates → Calcium sulphate hemihidrates
CaS04.2H2O to CaSO4.1/2H2O.
CaS04.2H2O + heat ↔ CaSO4.1/2H2O +1 1/2H2O
 Production of Calcium Sulfate Hemihydrate:

• Depending on the method of calcination,

different forms of the Hemihydrates can be
obtained.
High strength Dental stone Plaster Difference
stone
30% CaCl2 Autoclave Open air Method
of production
Regular, Regular, Irregular, Particle
the least less porous porous size and shape
porous
High strength Dental stone Plaster Difference
stone

-Secondary cast -Secondary cast. -Primary cast (for Uses

and models for And models for edentulous (Examples)
crown and partially edentulous patient).
bridges work, patients, type III -Impression
type IV material, type I
-High expansion - Binder in
types used for investment material -Flasking model
special dies, plaster, type II
when setting -Articulating,
expansion is "mounting" plaster
needed, type IV

-Binder in
investment.
Mixing of gypsum with water
Due to the change in the particles
size and the shapes of the
different gypsum products and
the porosity of the particles, the
amount of water necessary to
make a workable mix varies in
the various products
Type of Volume of Volume of Excess
gypsum water water water
product required reacted
(100gm
powder)

Plaster 45-50 ml 18.6 26-31ml

Stone 27 -32ml 18.6 8-13ml

improved 22-24 ml 18.6 3-5ml

stone
MANUAL MIXING
VACCUM MACHINE MIXER
 Mixing time
Is the time needed from adding
the powder to the water until the
mixing is completed. It is usually
20 to 30 sec.
 The following was observed during
the setting reaction

Initially the mix can be poured

rigid but not hard initial set

hard and strong final set

Heat given out
 Setting
Settingtime
time
The
Is thesetting time is the
time elapsing time
between
elapsing between the beginning
the beginning of mixing of the
of mixing of the powder and
powder and water, and the
water, and the moment that the
moment that the products
products becomes hard or
becomes hard or sufficiently
sufficiently rigid to withstand
rigid to withstand
the penetration of a needle of the
apenetration of a needle
known diameter underofaa
knownloaddiameter under a
known
known load
 measuring of the setting time .
Two apparatus for measuring the penetration
are known .

• The Gillmore penetrometer

• The vicat needle
• An other way is the loss of gloss
•
Gillmore Vicat needle
 Factor affecting the setting time:
Addition of accelerator or retarder
a) Factors which can only be controlled be
the manufacturer
b) Factors which can be controlled by the
operator
b) Factors which can be controlled by
the manufacturer
Accelerator:
Potassium
Sulfate,
NaCl,
tartarate
Retarder:
• borax,
• Organic materials,
such as glue, gelatin,
and some gums,

alginate.
agar,
blood saliva.
b) Factors which can be controlled by the operator

a- Water powder ratio:

Setting time
 b- Water temperature:
• at 0 C longest setting time
• 0 → 50 C. ↓time by ↑temperature
• 50 → 80 the setting time is constant.
• ↑80 retardation
• At 100 there is no setting
c- Mixing time and rate of setting

• ↑ Mixing time

• ↓setting time
 Manipulation
1-Hemihydrate should be stored in a closed container
to avoid atmospheric moisture
2-Mixing rubber bowel should be clean.
3-Correct water/powder ratio should be used.
4-avoid incorporation of air in the mix
5-vibration is usually used to help: flow into impression,
and elimination of air bubbles
Mechanical mixture under vaccum → better properties.
The important properties of gypsum products include.

• linear setting expansion,

• compressive strength, tensile strength,
• hardness and abrasion resistance,
• fluidity at pouring time, and reproduction of detail.
Expansion of gypsum

• Gypsum products show a measurable linear expansion.

• The percentage of setting expansion varies from one type to
another.

 Typically, over 75% of the expansion observed at 24 hours occurs

during (1st) hour of setting.
 HYGROSCOPIC SETTING EXPANSION

• If during the setting process, the gypsum

materials are immersed in water, the setting
expansion increases slightly. This is called
hygroscopic expansion.
• Impression with water remnants!
Control of Setting Expansion
a) Mechanical (vacuum-mixed) (↓)es setting expansion. than in hand
mixing.
b) The W/P ratio of the mix in an ()es in the ratio reducing the setting
expansion,.
c) The addition of different chemicals affects not only s, but may also
change other properties.
For example, the addition by the manufacturer of sodium chloride (NaC1)
in a small concentration increases the setting expansion of the mass
and shortens the setting time.
• The addition of 1% potassium sulfate, on the other hand, decreases
the setting time but has no effect on the setting expansion
 Strength
• Compressive strength is the Is the capacity
of a material to withstand axially directed
pushing forces.
TENSILE STRENGTH
Tensile strength is the capability of the
material to withstand fracture during
bending.
Hardness and abrasion resistant
• They Are important for we want:

• little or no loss of shape to occur

during manipulation.
• Related to compressive strength.
 Flow and reproduction of fine detail.
• Compatibility of the impression materials to
gypsum products.
 Advantages of gypsum and die materials:
• They have the ability to produce fine details and
sharp margins.
• The dimensional accuracy and stability are good. The
small linear setting expansion is not considered to be
a significant source of error in small dental
procedures.
• Dental stones usually contain pigments, so they have
good colour contrast.
• Inexpensive and easy to be used.
 Disadvantages of gypsum and die materials:
• Their mechanical properties are not ideal.
Fracture of teeth from stone models can occur
with careless handling.
• It is not always sufficiently hard to resist
abrasion during carving of wax pattern.
 Disinfection
Disinfection and infection control:
Models can be disinfected to prevent
cross contamination to the dental
office personnel by micro-organisms
including Hepatitis B Virus and Human
Immunodeficiency Virus ( HIV ).
 References

1- Robert G. Craig, PhD, John M. Powers, PhD

Professor, Marcus L. Ward Professor Emeritus, 11th
edition, 2002.
2- KENNETH J. ANUSAVICE, Phillip's Science of Dental
Materials, 11th edition.
3-Basic and applied biomaterial science in dentistry
written by professors and lecturers of dental bio
material Ain. Shams University Cairo Egypt.
4- JOHN J. MANAPPALLIL, 2nd edition, JAYPEE, Basic
Dental Materials
 Special Gypsum Products
• orthodontist prefers a white stone or plaster
for study models and may even treat
the surface with soap for an added sheen
These products generally have a longer
working time for ease of trimming
• mounting stones or plasters.
• Since 1991, a plethora of new dental stones
have been introduced--fast-setting
HYGROSCOPIC SETTING EXPANSION