Colubio, Crizzan Bel D.

Assignment #1

1. List down the different AM radio stations in Davao City with their corresponding
frequency assignment, station name, call sign, location, and the network name. Include also
the data of its first broadcast or first air started. Identify if the said stations are still on-
air as of this time.

Frequenc First Air Call

Station Name Company Power Location
y Date Sign

1969
Catholic Media
Veritas 549 Radyo
549 AM Network/Global DXHM 10 kW Mati City
Totoo
Broadcasting System

1975 Bombo Radyo

Bombo Radyo
576 AM Bombo Radyo Davao DXMF 10 kW Broadcast Center, San
Philippines
Pedro St., Davao City

June 12, 3rd Floor, San Vicente

DXDC RMN Davao Radio Mindanao
621 AM 1957 DXDC 10 kW Building, A. Bonifacio
621 Network
St. in Davao City

1965 Braveheart Building,

DXRP Radyo Philippine Broadcasting Gen. Douglas
675 AM DXRP 15 kW
Pilipinas 675 Service MacArthur Highway,
Matina, Davao City

2005 Kingdom of Jesus

Christ compound,
DXRD Sonshine Music News, Public
711 AM DXRD 15 kW Philippine-Japan
Radio 711 Davao Affairs
Friendship Highway,
Catitipan, Davao City

Rizal Memorial 1975 Delgar Bldg. along J.P.

Radyo Ni Juan
783 AM Colleges Broadcasting DXRA 10 kW Laurel Street Davao
783 kHz
Corporation City

UM Broadcasting July 1946 Ponciano Reyes

819 AM Radyo Ukay 819 kHz DXUM 10 kW
Network St., Davao City

1998 Shrine Hills, Matina

Aksyon Radyo Davao Manila Broadcasting
855 AM DXGO 10 kW Road, Talomo, Davao
855 kHz Company
City

Radyo Asenso Davao Radio Corporation of 1960s F. Torres St., Davao

981 AM DXOW 20 kW
981 kHz the Philippines City
Colubio, Crizzan Bel D.

Radyo Rapido Diyes January 1, DAMOSA Gateway, J.P

Kalayaan Broadcasting
1017 AM Disisyete (Rapid 2006 DXAM 10 kW Laurel Avenue corner
System
Radio) Mamay Rd, Davao City

Radio Philippines 1961

RPN Compound,
Network; Nine Media
DXKT Radyo Ronda Marfori Heights,
1071 AM Corporation/Aliw DXKT 10 kW
1071 Davao Circumferential
Broadcasting
Road, Davao City
Corporation

March 16, GMA Network

Super Radyo DXGM 1997 Complex, along Shrine
1125 AM GMA Network DXGM 11 KW
1125 Hills, Matina in Davao
City

1972 Circumferential Road,

1197 DXFE The Good Far East Broadcasting
1197 AM DXFE 10 KW Doña Vicenta
News Radio Company
Village, Davao City

DXED Radyo Agila Eagle Broadcasting March

1224 AM DXED 10 kW Agdao, Davao City
1224 Corporation 1988

Manila Broadcasting 1996

DZRH Nationwide
1260 AM Company / RH DXDH 10 kW Matina, Davao City
Davao
Broadcasting, Inc.

March 16, ABS-CBN Broadcasting

DXAB Radyo Patrol 1997 Complex, Broadcast
1296 AM ABS-CBN Corporation DXAB 10 kW
1296 Avenue, Shrine Hills,
Matina, Davao City
Colubio, Crizzan Bel D.

2. List down the different FM radio stations in Davao City with their corresponding frequency
assignment, station name, call sign, location, and the network name. Include also the data of
its first broadcast or first air started. Identify if the said stations are still on-air as of this
time.

Frequenc Station First Air Call

Company Power Location
y Name Date Sign

August 1, 2018 Braveheart Building, Gen.

87.5 FM1 Philippine Broadcasting DXRP- Douglas MacArthur
87.5 FM 10 kW
Davao Service FM Highway, Matina, Davao
City

88.3 Ultrasonic 1995

DShrine Hills,
88.3 FM Energy FM Broadcasting System DXDR 10 KW
Matina, Davao City
Davao Inc.

2013 6th floor unit 13/14

Metrolifestyle Complex
Magic 89.1
89.1 FM Quest Broadcasting Inc. DXBE 10 KW Bldg.,E. Jacinto ext & F.
Davao
Torrres intersection,
Davao City
1988
Davao Verbum Dei Media San Pablo Parish Church
89.9 Spirit Foundation DXGN 10 KW Compound, Juna Subdivision,
89.9 FM
FM Davao (Roman Catholic Matina, Davao City.
Archdiocese of Davao)

90.7 Love 1986

Manila Broadcasting Shrine Hills, Matina
90.7 FM Radio DXBM 20 KW
Company Road, Davao City
Davao
91.5 August 10, 2015
3rd Floor, Gabucan
Brigada Brigada Mass Media
91.5 FM DXKX 10 KW Building, Ulas, Brgy.
News FM Corporation
Talomo, Davao City
Davao
1988 UMBN Broadcast Center,
92.3 Wild UM Broadcasting
92.3 FM DXWT 20 KW Ponciano Reyes
FM Davao Network
Street, Davao City
93.1 November
Mareco Broadcasting Broadcast Avenue, Shrine
93.1 FM Crossover 1998 DXAC 5 KW
Network, Inc. Hills, Matina, Davao City
Davao
May 16, 2002 2/F San Vicente Bldg., Anda
93.9 iFM Radio Mindanao
93.9 FM DXXL 20 KW corner A. Bonifacio
Davao Network
Sts., Davao City
94.7 FM 94.7 One FBS Radio Network 1995 DXLL 10 KW Anda Corporate Center,
Radio Inc. / Rizal Memorial Anda Street, Davao City
Colubio, Crizzan Bel D.

Colleges Broadcasting
Davao
Corporation
ACWS - United 2016
Retro 95.5 Broadcasting
95.5 FM DXKR 10 KW Ponciano St., Davao City
Davao Network / UM
Broadcasting Network
Bombo Radyo 1993
Philippines / Bombo Radyo Broadcast
96.3 Star
96.3 FM Consolidated DXFX 10 KW Center, San Pedro
FM
Broadcasting System, St., Davao City
Inc.
Halo- May 2017 Unit 49, 4th floor of Landco
Ultimate
Halo Corporate Center Bldg.,
97.1 FM Entertainment / Viva DXUR 10 KW
Radio 97.1 J.P. Laurel Avenue Bajada
Live
Davao 8000 Davao City
Mom's November 2015 SBN Compound, Along
Southern Broadcasting
97.9 FM Radio 97.9 DXSS 20 KW Shrine Hills, Matina, Davao
Network
Davao City
98.7 Home 1992
ATU Plaza Commercial
Radio Aliw Broadcasting
98.7 FM DXQM 10 KW Mall, Gov. Duterte
News FM Corporation
Street, Davao City
Davao
Monster 1995 The Peak, Gaisano Mall of
Audiovisual
99.5 FM Radio BT DXBT 10 KW Davao, J.P. Laurel Avenue,
Communicators, Inc.
99.5 Davao Bajada, Davao City
100.3 RJFM Rajah Broadcasting 2010 Shrine Hills, Matina, Davao
100.3 FM DXDJ 20 KW
Davao Network City
2001 ABS-CBN Broadcast Center,
MOR 101.1
101.1 FM ABS-CBN Corporation DXRR 20 KW Shrine Hills Matina, Davao
For Life!
City
Radyo5 December 1,
Nation Broadcasting ABC Heights, Shrine Hills,
101.9 FM 101.9 News 2011 DXFM 25 KW
Corporation Matina, Davao City
FM Davao
102.7 December 2016
Mango RT Broadcast Km. 5 Buhangin Road Davao
102.7 FM DXYP 20 kW
Radio Specialists City.
Davao
Barangay December 18, GMA Network Complex,
103.5 FM FM 103.5 GMA Network 2017 DXRV 10 KW Shrine Hills, Matina, Davao
Davao City
104.3 2015
Century Broadcasting DXMA- Shrine Hills Matina, Davao
104.3 FM HopeRadi 25 KW
Network FM City
o
105.1 Easy July 1, 2009 ATU Plaza Commercial
Cebu Broadcasting
105.1 FM Rock DXYS 25 KW Mall, Governor Duterte
Company
Davao Street, Davao City
Colubio, Crizzan Bel D.

Oriental Mindoro 2014

105.9 Doors 4 and 5, RJ Homes
Management Resources (ended:
105.9 FM Balita FM DXMX 10 KW Bldg., Pelayo St., Davao
Corporation / Real October 1,
Davao City
Radio Network 2016)
107.5 Win Progressive January 4,
Win Radio Bldg., Shrine
107.5 FM Radio Broadcasting 2011 DXNU 25 KW
Hills, Matina Davao City
Davao Corporation

3. Show how was the frequency per station for AM and FM was derived (consider the
bandwidth, guard band, spacing per channel).

Throughout the world, the FM broadcast band falls within the VHF part of the radio
spectrum; usually 87.5 to 108.0 MHz is used. The bandwidth requirement per channel is 200 kHz.
The channel spacing for FM is 8 kHz.
Colubio, Crizzan Bel D.

Assignment #2

1. How to solve the total power of an AM signal? FM signal?

▪ For AM signal:

m2
Pt =Pc (1+ )
2
where:
Pt = total power
Pc = carrier power
m = percentage of modulation
 For FM signal:

where:
PC = the power in the unmodulated carrier
PT = the total power and is by definition equal to the unmodulated carrier power

2. What are the comparison between AM and FM? Give their corresponding advantages and
disadvantages.

AM and FM are ways of broadcasting radio signals. Both transmit the information in

the form of electromagnetic waves. AM works by modulating (varying)
the amplitude of the signal or carrier transmitted according to the information
being sent, while the frequency remains constant. This differs from FM technology in
which information (sound) is encoded by varying the frequency of the wave and the
amplitude is kept constant.

Advantages of AM

▪ AM signals are reflected back to earth from ionosphere layer. Due to this fact, AM
signals can reach far places which are thousands of miles from source. Hence AM
radio has coverage wider compare to FM radio. 

Disadvantages of AM

▪ The most natural as well as manmade radio noise are of AM type. The AM receivers do
not have any means to reject this kind of noise. 
Colubio, Crizzan Bel D.

▪ Weak AM signals have low magnitude compare to strong signals. This requires AM
receiver to have circuitry to compensate for signal level difference. 

Advantages of FM

▪ In FM, recovered voice depends on frequency and not amplitude. Hence the effects of
noise are minimized in FM. 

▪ FM bandwidth covers all the frequency range which humans can hear. Hence FM
radio has better quality of sound in comparison with AM radio.

Disadvantages of FM

▪ At higher frequency, FM modulated signals pass through the ionosphere and do not
get reflected. Hence FM has lesser coverage compare to AM signal. 

3. Draw the block diagram of AM and FM transmitter and receiver and explain the function of
each component.

FM Transmitter:

The FM transmitter has three basic sections.

1. The exciter section contains the carrier oscillator, reactance modulator and the

buffer amplifier.
2. The frequency multiplier section, which features several frequency multipliers.
3. The power output section, which includes a low- 
level power amplifier, the final power amplifier, and the impedance matching
network to properly load the power section with the antenna impedance.
The essential function of each circuit in the FM transmitter may be described as follows.
1. The Exciter
Colubio, Crizzan Bel D.

1. The function of the carrier oscillator is to generate a stable sine wave signal at the
rest frequency, when no modulation is applied. It must be able to linearly
change frequency when fully modulated, with no measurable change in
amplitude.
2. The buffer amplifier acts as a constant high-impedance load on the oscillator
to help stabilize the oscillator frequency. The buffer amplifier may have a
small gain.
3. The modulator acts to change the carrier oscillator frequency by
application of the message signal. The positive peak of the message signal
generally lowers the oscillator's frequency to a point below the rest
frequency, and the negative message peak raises the oscillator frequency to a
value above the rest frequency. The greater the peak-to-peak message signal,
the larger the oscillator deviation.
2. Frequency Multiplier
Frequency multipliers are tuned-input, tuned-output RF amplifiers in which
the output resonant circuit is tuned to a multiple of the input frequency.
Common frequency multipliers are 2x, 3x and 4x multiplication. A 5x Frequency
multiplier is sometimes seen, but its extreme low efficiency forbids widespread
usage. Note that multiplication is by whole numbers only. There can not a 1.5x
multiplier, for instance.
3. Power output section
The final power section develops the carrier power, to be transmitted and
often has a low-power amplifier driven the final power amplifier. The impedance
matching network is the same as for the AM transmitter and matches the
antenna impedance to the correct load on the final over amplifier.
Colubio, Crizzan Bel D.

FM Receiver:

1. RF section
—  Consists of a pre-selector and an amplifier
—  Pre-selector is a broad-tuned band pass filter with an adjustable center frequency
used to reject unwanted radio frequency and to reduce the noise bandwidth.
—  RF amplifier determines the sensitivity of the receiver and a predominant factor in
determining the noise figure for the receiver.

2. Mixer/converter section
—  Consists of a radio-frequency oscillator and a mixer.
—  Choice of oscillator depends on the stability and accuracy desired.
— Mixer is a nonlinear device to convert radio frequency to intermediate frequencies
(i.e. heterodyning process). The shape of the envelope, the bandwidth and the original
information contained in the envelope remains unchanged although the carrier and
sideband frequencies are translated from RF to IF.     
     
3. IF section
— Consists of a series of IF amplifiers and band pass filters to achieve most of the
receiver gain and selectivity.
—  The IF is always lower than the RF because it is easier and less expensive to
construct high-gain, stable amplifiers for low frequency signals.
—  IF amplifiers are also less likely to oscillate than their RF counterparts.

4. Detector section
—  To convert the IF signals back to the original source information (demodulation).
Colubio, Crizzan Bel D.

—  Can be as simple as a single diode or as complex as a PLL or balanced

demodulator.         

5. Audio amplifier section
—  Comprises several cascaded audio amplifiers and one or more speakers

6. AGC (Automatic Gain Control)
—  Adjust the IF amplifier gain according to signal level (to the average amplitude
signal almost constant).
—   AGC is a system by means of which the overall gain of radio receiver is varied
automatically with the variations in the strength of received signals, to maintain
the output constant. AGC circuit is used to adjust and stabilize the frequency of
local oscillator.
Colubio, Crizzan Bel D.

AM Transmitter:

The two types of AM transmitters that are used based on their transmitting powers
are:

·         High Level
·         Low Level

1. Carrier Oscillator

The carrier oscillator generates the carrier signal, which lies in the RF range. The
frequency of the carrier is always very high. Because it is very difficult to
generate high frequencies with good frequency stability, the carrier oscillator
generates a sub multiple with the required carrier frequency. This sub multiple
frequency is multiplied by the frequency multiplier stage to get the required carrier
frequency. Further, a crystal oscillator can be used in this stage to generate a
low frequency carrier with the best frequency stability. The frequency
multiplier stage then increases the frequency of the carrier to its required value.

2. Buffer Amplifier                                                

The purpose of the buffer amplifier is twofold. It first matches the output impedance of
the carrier oscillator with the input impedance of the frequency multiplier, the
next stage of the carrier oscillator. It then isolates the carrier oscillator and
frequency multiplier. This is required so that the multiplier does not draw a large
current from the carrier oscillator. If this occurs, the frequency of the carrier
oscillator will not remain stable.
Colubio, Crizzan Bel D.

3. Frequency Multiplier                                                

The sub-multiple frequency of the carrier signal, generated by the carrier

oscillator, is now applied to the frequency multiplier through the buffer amplifier.
This stage is also known as harmonic generator. The frequency multiplier generates
higher harmonics of carrier oscillator frequency. The frequency multiplier is a
tuned circuit that can be tuned to the requisite carrier frequency that is to be
transmitted.

4. Power Amplifier

The power of the carrier signal is then amplified in the power amplifier stage. This is
the basic requirement of a high-level transmitter. A class C power amplifier gives high
power current pulses of the carrier signal at its output.

5. Audio Chain

The audio signal to be transmitted is obtained from the microphone, as shown in figure
(a). The audio driver amplifier amplifies the voltage of this signal. This
amplification is necessary to drive the audio power amplifier. Next, a class A or a class
B power amplifier amplifies the power of the audio signal.

6. Modulated Class C Amplifier                                                             

This is the output stage of the transmitter. The modulating audio signal and the
carrier signal, after power amplification, are applied to this modulating stage. The
modulation takes place at this stage. The class C amplifier also amplifies the power of
the AM signal to the reacquired transmitting power. This signal is finally passed to
the antenna, which radiates the signal into space of transmission.
Colubio, Crizzan Bel D.

▪ The low-level AM transmitter shown in the figure (b) is similar to a high-level

transmitter, except that the powers of the carrier and audio signals are not
amplified. These two signals are directly applied to the modulated class C power
amplifier.

▪ Modulation takes place at the stage, and the power of the modulated signal is
amplified to the required transmitting power level. The transmitting antenna then
transmits the signal.
Colubio, Crizzan Bel D.

AM Receiver:

1.
1.
M
ixer / frequency translator block:   The tuned and amplified signal then enters one
port of the mixer. The local oscillator signal enters the other port. The
performance of the mixer is crucial to many elements of the overall receiver
performance. It should be as linear as possible. If not, then spurious signals will be
generated and these may appear as 'phantom' received signals.

2. Local oscillator:   The local oscillator may consist of a variable frequency

oscillator that can be tuned by altering the setting on a variable capacitor.
Alternatively it may be a frequency synthesizer that will enable greater levels of
stability and setting accuracy.

3. Intermediate frequency amplifier, IF block:   Once the signals leave the mixer they
enter the IF stages. These stages contain most of the amplification in the receiver as
well as the filtering that enables signals on one frequency to be separated from
those on the next. Filters may consist simply of LC tuned transformers providing
inter-stage coupling, or they may be much higher performance ceramic or even
crystal filters, dependent upon what is required.

4. Detector / demodulator stage:   Once the signals have passed through the IF stages
of the super heterodyne receiver, they need to be demodulated. Different
demodulators are required for different types of transmission, and as a result
some receivers may have a variety of demodulators that can be switched in to
accommodate the different types of transmission that are to be encountered. 

5. Audio amplifier:   The output from the demodulator is the recovered audio. This is
passed into the audio stages where they are amplified and presented to the
headphones or loudspeaker.