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1. Introducción a los sistemas operativos

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2. Evolución histórica de los sistemas operativos

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34
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SALIDA
t Cuarta generación (1980 hasta hoy)."QBSJDJØOEFMBTcomputadoras personales.
4FVUJMJ[BODPNQMFKBTUÏDOJDBTEFJOUFHSBDJØOZNJOJBUVSJ[BDJØOEFDPNQPOFOUFT
FMFDUSØOJDPT"QBSFDFOMBTNFNPSJBTEFTFNJDPOEVDUPSFT EJTQPTJUJWPTEFBMNBDF
OBNJFOUPFYUFSOPNBHOÏUJDPTEFQFRVF×PUBNB×P EJTDPTEVSPTBDUVBMFT
EJTQP
TJUJWPTØQUJDPT FUD
Fig. 2.2. Esquema del proceso por lotes.
Fig. 2.3. Sistema de tercera generación, Fig. 2.4. Uno de los primeros
del fabricante Digital. ordenadores personales.
35
3. Recursos. Funciones de un sistema operativo

APLICACIONES &M GJO GVOEBNFOUBM EF VO 40 FT DPPSEJOBS MB VUJMJ[BDJØO RVF TF IBDF EFM IBSEXBSF
EFQFOEJFOEPEFMPTQSPHSBNBTPBQMJDBDJPOFTRVFTFFTUÏOVUJMJ[BOEP-PTQSPHSBNBT
RVFTFVUJMJ[BOMPTEFDJEF FOMBNBZPSÓBEFMPTDBTPT FMVTVBSJP QFSPFOPUSBTNVDIBT
PDBTJPOFTTPOQSPHSBNBTQSPQJPTEFM40MPTRVFUJFOFORVFFTUBSGVODJPOBOEPQBSB
QPEFSIBDFSRVFMPTQSPHSBNBTEFVTVBSJPDVNQMBOTVPCKFUJWP
SISTEMA OPERATIVO &OHFOFSBM IBSEXBSF TPGUXBSFZVTVBSJPTFFTUSVDUVSBO FODVBOUPBMBVUJMJ[BDJØOEF

VO PSEFOBEPS P TJTUFNB JOGPSNÈUJDP EF GPSNB KFSÈSRVJDB 7FBNPT FM FTRVFNB EF MB
'JHVSB
&TUFUJQPEFFTUSVDUVSBFTFMRVFQFSNJUFRVFFMVTVBSJPJOUFSBDUÞFDPOFMIBSEXBSF GVO
DJØOFTFODJBM QPSOPEFDJSÞOJDB EFDVBMRVJFS40
HARDWARE
-BDPNVOJDBDJØOFOUSFMPTEJGFSFOUFTOJWFMFTNPTUSBEPTFOMB'JHVSBTFSFBMJ[BNF
EJBOUFMBTMMBNBEBTinterfaces.1BSBSFBMJ[BSFTUFUJQPEFGVODJPOFT FM40DVFOUBDPOMPT
EFOPNJOBEPTTFSWJDJPT6OservicioFTVOUJQPEFBQMJDBDJØORVFOPSNBMNFOUFTFFKFDVUB
FOTFHVOEPQMBOP-PTTFSWJDJPTQSPQPSDJPOBOBMPTVTVBSJPTBQMJDBDJPOFTRVFJODPSQP
SBOEJWFSTBTGPSNBTEFQPEFSVUJMJ[BSMPTSFDVSTPTEFM40"MHVOPTEFMPTTFSWJDJPTMBO
[BEPTQPSMPTTJTUFNBTPQFSBUJWPTTPOBQMJDBDJPOFTEFMUJQPDMJFOUFTFSWJEPS TFSWJEPSFT
8FC TFSWJEPSFTEFCBTFTEFEBUPTZPUSBTBQMJDBDJPOFTCBTBEBTFOTFSWJEPSFT UBOUP
Fig. 2.5. Jerarquía de los SO (tres
niveles).
EFGPSNBMPDBMDPNPBUSBWÏTEFVOBSFE
&TUPTTFSWJDJPTQVFEFOVUJMJ[BSTF FOUSFPUSBTDPTBT QBSB
t $SFBSQSPHSBNBT FEJUPSFT DPNQJMBEPSFT EFQVSBEPSFT FUD

t &KFDVUBSFTPTQSPHSBNBTQSPQPSDJPOBOEPBMTJTUFNBMPTSFDVSTPTIBSEXBSFZTPGUXBSF
OFDFTBSJPT
t "DDFEFSEFGPSNBDPOUSPMBEBBMPTEJTQPTJUJWPTEFFOUSBEBTBMJEB
t (FTUJPOBSMPTBSDIJWPTEFGPSNBDPOUSPMBEBZTFHVSB
t "DDFEFSBMBJOGPSNBDJØOEFVOBGPSNBDPOUSPMBEBZTFHVSB
t 4VQFSWJTBSZTPMVDJPOBSFSSPSFTQSPWPDBEPTQPSFMIBSEXBSFPFMTPGUXBSF
t 4VNJOJTUSBSJOGPSNBDJØOFTUBEÓTUJDB EFTFHVSJEBEZSFHJTUSPEFMPRVFTFIBDFFOFM
TJTUFNB
Vocabulario
&OHFOFSBM MPTTFSWJDJPTTFVUJMJ[BOQBSBJOJDJBS EFUFOFS QBVTBS SFBOVEBSPEFTIBCJMJ
6OBinterfazFTVODPOKVOUPEFQSP UBSQSPHSBNBTZBQMJDBDJPOFT RVFBTVWF[QVFEFOTFSTFSWJDJPT
FOFRVJQPTMPDBMFTZ
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GJOBMQVFEBBDDFEFSBMIBSEXBSF 40.VDIBTBQMJDBDJPOFT FTQFDJBMNFOUFBRVFMMBTRVFVUJMJ[BOTFSWJDJPTEFSFE BDDFTP
ZFKFDVUBSTVTQSPHSBNBT BCBTFTEFEBUPTSFNPUBTZPUSBTNVDIBT JOTUBMBOTVTQSPQJPTTFSWJDJPT RVFTFB×BEFO
BMPTRVFZBJOTUBMØFOTVNPNFOUPFMQSPQJP40
&TUPTTFSWJDJPTTPOFTFODJBMFTQBSBFMGVODJPOBNJFOUPEFNVDIBTEFMBTBQMJDBDJPOFTZ
EFMQSPQJP404JFTUPTQSPHSBNBT FTEFDJS MPTTFSWJDJPT OPFTUVWJFSBOFKFDVUÈOEPTF
NVDIBT BQMJDBDJPOFT OP GVODJPOBSÓBO P BMHP UBO GSFDVFOUF DPNP FM BDDFTP B *OUFSOFU
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groundZQBSUJDVMBSNFOUFFO-JOVY SFDJCFOFMOPNCSFEF demoniosZQVFEFOTFSMBO[B
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DPODSFUB
36
4. Gestión de recursos de un sistema operativo
"DPOUJOVBDJØOWFSFNPTDVÈMFTTPOMPTSFDVSTPTRVFHFTUJPOBVOTJTUFNBPQFSBUJWPNF
NPSJB QSPDFTBEPS Z EJTQPTJUJWPT EF FOUSBEBTBMJEB 5BNCJÏO WFSFNPT BMHVOBT EF MBT
DBSBDUFSÓTUJDBTRVFEFUFSNJOBOFTUFUJQPEFHFTUJØO
4.1. Memoria
-BQBSUFEFM40RVFBENJOJTUSBMBNFNPSJBFTFMadministrador de memoria.4VGVODJØO
FTDMBSBMMFWBSFOVOSFHJTUSPMBTQBSUFTEFNFNPSJBRVFTFFTUÈOVUJMJ[BOEPZMBTRVF
OP%FFTUBGPSNB SFTFSWBSÈFTQBDJPEFNFNPSJBQBSBMPTOVFWPTQSPDFTPTZMJCFSBSÈFM
FTQBDJPEFMPTQSPDFTPTRVFIBZBOGJOBMJ[BEP
Ten en cuenta
5BNCJÏO TF FODBSHB EF HFTUJPOBS FM JOUFSDBNCJP EF EBUPT FOUSF NFNPSJB Z EJTDP
TJFNQSFZDVBOEPMPTQSPDFTPTTFBOUBOHSBOEFTRVFOPRVFQBOEFVOBTPMBWF[FO 1PEFNPT DMBTJGJDBS MPT TJTUFNBT
NFNPSJB EF BENJOJTUSBDJØO EF NFNPSJB
FOEPTHSVQPT
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UBSFB ZBRVFUSBCBKBSÈOTJNVMUÈOFBNFOUFDPOWBSJPTQSPDFTPTBMBWF[&OFTUFDBTP QSPDFTPT EF NFNPSJB DFOUSBM
MBNFNPSJBUJFOFRVFTFSHFTUJPOBEBZDPOUSPMBEBQPSFM40 EFUBMGPSNBRVFDBEB BMEJTDPZWJDFWFSTB
QSPDFTPVUJMJDFFMFTQBDJPEFNFNPSJB TJOBGFDUBSBPUSPTFTQBDJPTEFNFNPSJBFOMPT
t"RVFMMPT RVF OP SFBMJ[BO EJ
RVFQVFEFIBCFSEBUPTPSFHJTUSPTDPOJOGPSNBDJØOQBSBPUSPTQSPDFTPTPIJMPTEFVO
DIPEFTQMB[BNJFOUP
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&OHFOFSBM MBHFTUJØOEFNFNPSJBFTTFODJMMBFOTJTUFNBTPQFSBUJWPTNPOPQSPDFTP"M
JOUSPEVDJS MB NVMUJUBSFB MB DPTB TF DPNQMJDB ZB RVF FT OFDFTBSJP EJTQPOFS EF WBSJPT
QSPDFTPTSFTJEFOUFTTJNVMUÈOFBNFOUFFONFNPSJB
-BQSJNFSBPQDJØOFTEJWJEJSMBNFNPSJBFOparticiones fijas.1BSBFMMP FM40EJTQPOFEF
VOBDPMBEFQSPDFTPTRVFTPMJDJUBOFOUSBSFONFNPSJB6ODPNQPOFOUFFTFODJBMEFM40
MMBNBEPQMBOJGJDBEPSUJFOFFODVFOUBMPTSFRVFSJNJFOUPTEFNFNPSJBEFDBEBVOPEFMPT
QSPDFTPTZMBTQBSUJDJPOFTEFNFNPSJBEJTQPOJCMFT
7JODVMBEPDPOMBNVMUJUBSFBFTUÈFMDPODFQUPEFintercambio.-PTQSPDFTPTFOFTQFSBRVF
OPFTUÈOFOFKFDVDJØOQVFEFOTFSMMFWBEPTBMEJTDPZEFKBSMJCSFMBQBSUFEFNFNPSJB
RVFPDVQBOQBSBRVFPUSPTQSPDFTPTFOUSFOFOFKFDVDJØO-PTQSPDFTPTTFQVFEFODBS
HBSTJFNQSFFOMBNJTNBQPTJDJØOEFNFNPSJBPFOPUSB
-BNBZPSEJGJDVMUBEFOFMEJTF×PDPOQBSUJDJPOFTGJKBTEFNFNPSJBFTMBBEFDVBEBTFMFD
DJØOEFMPTUBNB×PTEFFTUBT QVFTUPRVFQVFEFEFSJWBSFOVOEFTBQSPWFDIBNJFOUPP
GSBHNFOUBDJØOEFMBNFNPSJB
$POVODPOKVOUPEJOÈNJDPEFQSPDFTPTOPFTQPTJCMFFODPOUSBSMBTQBSUJDJPOFTEFNF
NPSJBBEFDVBEBT-BPQDJØOFTEJTQPOFSEFparticiones variables.&MQSPCMFNBRVFTF
QMBOUFBBIPSBFTMMFWBSVOSFHJTUSPEFMBTQBSUJDJPOFTMJCSFTZPDVQBEBTRVFTFBFGJDJFO
UF UBOUPFOFMUJFNQPEFBTJHOBDJØODPNPFOFMBQSPWFDIBNJFOUPEFMBNFNPSJB/P
PCTUBOUF TFTJHVFOQSFTFOUBOEPQSPCMFNBTEFGSBHNFOUBDJØOFYUFSOB6OBTPMVDJØO
FTQFSNJUJSRVFMPTQSPDFTPTQVFEBOVUJMJ[BSNFNPSJBOPDPOUJHVB BQSPWFDIBOEPBTÓ
UPEP FM DPOKVOUP EF QPTJDJPOFT MJCSFT EF NFNPSJB QPS QFRVF×BT RVF TFBO EJDIBT
QBSUJDJPOFT
4.2. Procesos y procesador

6Oproceso,PUBSFB TFQVFEFEFGJOJSDPNPVOQSPHSBNBFOFKFDVDJØO-PTQSPDFTPTFOVO
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Investigación
t 6OQSPDFTPQBSBFNQF[BSTVFKFDVDJØOIBEFSFTJEJSDPNQMFUBNFOUFFONFNPSJBZ
UFOFSBTJHOBEPTUPEPTMPTSFDVSTPTRVFOFDFTJUF "OBMJ[BFOMB8FCRVÏTJTUFNBT
PQFSBUJWPT QVFEFO USBCBKBS DPO
t $BEBQSPDFTPFTUÈQSPUFHJEPEFMSFTUPEFQSPDFTPTOJOHÞOPUSPQPESÈFTDSJCJSFOMBT NÈTEFVOQSPDFTBEPS
[POBTEFNFNPSJBQFSUFOFDJFOUFTBFTFQSPDFTP
37
t -PT QSPDFTPT QVFEFO QFSUFOFDFS BM VTVBSJP P TFS QSPQJPT EFM 40 &TUPT QSPDFTPT
Ampliación QFSUFOFDJFOUFTBMPTVTVBSJPTTFFKFDVUBOFOFMMMBNBEPmodo usuarioEFMQSPDFTBEPS
-B memoria virtual FT VOB UÏD
DPOSFTUSJDDJPOFTEFBDDFTPBMPTSFDVSTPTIBSEXBSF
-PTQSPDFTPTRVFQFSUFOFDFO
OJDB RVF QFSNJUF BM TPGUXBSF BMTJTUFNBTFFKFDVUBOFOFMmodo kernelPmodo privilegiadoEFMQSPDFTBEPS QPESÈO
VTBSNÈTNFNPSJBQSJODJQBMRVF BDDFEFSBDVBMRVJFSSFDVSTP

MB RVF QPTFF FM PSEFOBEPS FO
t $BEBQSPDFTPUFOESÈVOBFTUSVDUVSBEFEBUPTMMBNBEBbloque de control de proceso
SFBMJEBE
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t -PTQSPDFTPTQPESÈODPNVOJDBSTF TJODSPOJ[BSTFZDPMBCPSBSFOUSFTÓ
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VPUSBT
$VBOEPTFFKFDVUBFMQSPDFTP TJMB6$1RVJFSFBUFOEFSVOBQBSUFEFMNJTNPRVFOPFTUÏ
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OBEPSFTVOQSPDFTP ZBRVFEFTEFFTFNPNFOUPFMQSPHSBNB EFOPNJOBEPZBQSPDFTP
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38
4.3. Gestión de entrada/salida
6OBEFMBTUBSFBTNÈTJNQPSUBOUFTEFMPSEFOBEPS ZFOQBSUJDVMBSEFMBVOJEBEDFOUSBM
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OPNJOBchipset,ZVOBEFMBTGVODJPOFTRVFSFBMJ[B FOUSFPUSBTNVDIBT FTQSFDJTBNFOUF
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UBOBMBQMBDBCBTFEFMPSEFOBEPSZ FOEFGJOJUJWB DØNPTFDPNVOJDBODPOMPTDPNQP
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Dispositivos de Dispositivos
sonido y audio Pantalla de juego Impresoras
Mouse
PLACA
BASE Teclado
Energía
Unidad DVD (D:) Disco Local (C:) Disco de 3 (A:)
Fig. 2.6. Comunicación con periféricos.
39
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Ten en cuenta EVDFMBDPNVOJDBDJØO1FSPQBSBRVFMBDPNVOJDBDJØOTFBWFSEBEFSBZUFOHBTFOUJEP
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t Interfaz tipo texto.4JFM40FTEFUJQPUFYUP UPEBTMBTØSEFOFTRVFFMVTVBSJP
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ventanas, Z FO FMMBT BQBSFDF VOB TFSJF EF DPNQPOFOUFT Z PCKFUPT RVF TJSWFO QBSB
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t Interfazmixta. )PZ FO EÓB DBTJ UPEPT MPT TJTUFNBT PQFSBUJWPT VUJMJ[BO BNCBT JOUFS
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Actividades
1. {1VFEFOTFSUPEPTMPT40BDUVBMFT40FOSFE
2. {1VFEFVO40TFSWJEPSFYQMPUBSTFDPNP40DMJFOUF
3. {/FDFTJUBOTFSWJDJPTUPEPTMPT40QBSBQPEFSGVODJPOBS
4. {5PEPTMPT40HFTUJPOBOMBNFNPSJBFOCMPRVFT
5. {5PEPTMPTQSPDFTPTRVFHFTUJPOBVO40QFSUFOFDFOBMQSPQJP40
6. 4JFTUBNPTFKFDVUBOEPVOIJMPEFVOQSPDFTPZFTUFTFCMPRVFB {RVÏMFPDVSSFBM
QSPDFTPQBESF
7. {2VJÏOTFFODBSHBEFQPOFSFODPOUBDUPMPTQFSJGÏSJDPTDPOFMPSEFOBEPS
8. {5PEPTMPTTJTUFNBTPQFSBUJWPTDPOJOUFSGB[UJQPHSÈGJDBJODPSQPSBOJOUFSGB[UJQPUFYUP
QBSBSFBMJ[BSBMHVOBTPQFSBDJPOFT
40
5. Arquitectura y componentes
4JEFKBNPTBMNBSHFOMPTBOUJHVPTTJTUFNBTPQFSBUJWPTNPOPMÓUJDPT BDUVBMNFOUFMPTTJTUF
Nivel Usuario
NBTPQFSBUJWPTTFPSHBOJ[BOFOcapas.
6O40TFFTUSVDUVSBCÈTJDBNFOUFFOWBSJPTOJWFMFTPDBQBT DBEBVOPEFMPTDVBMFTTF .VFTUSBBMVTVBSJPFMQSPDFTPRVFTF
FTUÈ FKFDVUBOEP P FM RVF TF RVJFSF
DPNVOJDBDPOMPTOJWFMFTJONFEJBUBNFOUFJOGFSJPSZTVQFSJPSQBSBRVFUPEPTFTUÏODPPS
FKFDVUBS
EJOBEPTZDVNQMBOFMPCKFUJWPEFM407ÏBOTFFTUPTOJWFMFTFOMB5BCMB
&OMBBDUVBMJEBE MBNBZPSÓBEFMPTTJTUFNBTPQFSBUJWPTTPOTJTUFNBTPQFSBUJWPTFOSFEZ Nivel Supervisor
RVFUSBCBKBOFONVMUJBSFB QVFEFOFKFDVUBSWBSJPTQSPDFTPTBMBWF[
4F FODBSHB EF SFBMJ[BS MB DPNVOJ
&TUPTTJTUFNBTPQFSBUJWPTQVFEFOGVODJPOBSFOWBSJBTBSRVJUFDUVSBTPQMBUBGPSNBTIBSE DBDJØOEFDBEBQSPDFTPFOUSFFMTJT
XBSFHSBDJBTBMBBCTUSBDDJØORVFEFMIBSEXBSFSFBMTFIBDF UFNBZFMVTVBSJP
-PTOVFWPT40TFQVFEFONPOUBSFOQMBUBGPSNBT*OUFM ".% .*14 "MQIB FUD TJORVF Nivel Ejecutivo

RVJFOFTMPTNBOFKBOOPUFOEJGFSFODJBBMHVOB TBMWPFYDFQDJPOFT&TUBHFTUJØOTFNFKPSB 4PCSFFTUFOJWFMTFSFBMJ[BMBBENJOJT
BEFNÈT HSBDJBTBMVTPEFMBTEFOPNJOBEBTzonas independientes de memoria. USBDJØOEFMBNFNPSJBQBSBBMNBDF
-PTOVFWPTTJTUFNBTPQFSBUJWPT EFTEFMBBQBSJDJØOEFMPTQSJNFSPTOÞDMFPTEFCJUT OBSMPTQSPDFTPTFOQÈHJOBT
QFSNJUFOFKFDVUBSBQMJDBDJPOFTFO[POBTJOEFQFOEJFOUFTEFNFNPSJBZFKFDVUBSFMIBSE Nivel Núcleo
XBSFDPNPVOBDPQJBEFMIBSEXBSFSFBMQBSBDBEBBQMJDBDJØO
4FFODBSHBEFHFTUJPOBSRVÏQSPDF
&TUPMFDPOGJFSFBMTJTUFNBVOBHSBOFTUBCJMJEBE ZBRVFBOUFVOFWFOUVBMCMPRVFPEFM
TPTMMFHBOBMPSEFOBEPSQBSBTFSFKF
IBSEXBSFQBSBVOBBQMJDBDJØO TPMBNFOUFTFWFSÈBGFDUBEBFTUBBQMJDBDJØOZTVDPQJB DVUBEPT
EFMIBSEXBSF&MSFTUPEFBQMJDBDJPOFTTFHVJSÈOGVODJPOBOEP UBMWF[BMHPNÈTMFOUBT
QFSPDPSSFDUBNFOUF&TUBFNVMBDJØOEFMIBSEXBSFTFNBUFSJBMJ[BFOMBTEFOPNJOBEBT Tabla 2.1. Niveles de un SO.
máquinas virtuales.
$BEBVOBEFFTUBTNÈRVJOBTWJSUVBMFTOPFTOJNÈTOJNFOPTRVFVOBSDIJWPPVODPO
KVOUPEFBSDIJWPT$BEBVOPEFFTUPTBSDIJWPTFTVOBDPQJBFYBDUBEFMIBSEXBSFSFBM
RVFHFTUJPOBFMQSPQJP40*ODMVZFOFMOJWFMOÞDMFP FKFDVUJWP TVQFSWJTPSZVTVBSJPDPNP
TJGVFSBOJOEFQFOEJFOUFTQBSBDBEBVTVBSJPRVFFTUÈVUJMJ[BOEPFMTJTUFNB
6OB WF[ RVF FM VTVBSJP UFSNJOB EF FKFDVUBS TV BQMJDBDJØO FT DVBOEP TF QSPEVDF MB
JOUFSBDDJØOSFBMDPOFMIBSEXBSF&M40IBUFSNJOBEPCJFOMBBQMJDBDJØO UPEPTFIB
DFSSBEPDPSSFDUBNFOUF FMSFTUPEFVTVBSJPTTJHVFUSBCBKBOEPDPOTVTNÈRVJOBTWJSUVB
MFTZ FWJEFOUFNFOUF FMIBSEXBSFGVODJPOBTJOQSPCMFNBT4FEFTDBSHBFMDPOUFOJEP
EFMPTBSDIJWPTRVFGPSNBOMBNÈRVJOBWJSUVBMBMIBSEXBSFQSPEVDJÏOEPTFFOUPODFTMB
PQFSBDJØOSFBMEFFOUSBEBTBMJEBTPCSFFMQFSJGÏSJDPPEJTQPTJUJWPEFBMNBDFOBNJFOUP
7FBNPTVOQFRVF×PFTRVFNB 'JH
EFDØNPFTFMGVODJPOBNJFOUPEFMBTNÈRVJOBT
WJSUVBMFTSFTQFDUPEFUSFTQSPDFTPTMBO[BEPTQPSVONJTNPVTVBSJP
PROCESOS
MÁQUINA MÁQUINA
VIRTUAL 1 VIRTUAL 3
MÁQUINA
VIRTUAL 2
ENTRADA / SALIDA
EMULACIÓN DE HARDWARE
HARDWARE REAL
Fig. 2.7. Esquema de máquinas virtuales.
41
6. Modos de explotación del sistema

-BT GPSNBT EF FYQMPUBDJØO EF VO 40 SFTQPOEFO B MB GPSNB FO MB RVF FM VTVBSJP
FNQMFB MPT SFDVSTPT IBSEXBSF Z TPGUXBSF RVF DPNQPOFO FM TJTUFNB JOGPSNÈUJDP
&YQMPUBSVO40TJHOJGJDBVUJMJ[BSMP7FSFNPTFOFTUFQVOUPDVÈOUPTVTVBSJPTQVFEFO
VTBSVONJTNPPSEFOBEPSPTJTUFNBJOGPSNÈUJDP EFRVÏGPSNB DVÈOUPTQSPDFTPTTF
QVFEFOFKFDVUBSBMBWF[ DVÈMFTFMUJFNQPEFSFTQVFTUB FUD
4JIBCMBNPTEF40.0 DPNPTPMBNFOUFTFFTUÈFKFDVUBOEPVOQSPHSBNB MBDVFTUJØO
OP UJFOF FO QSJODJQJP NBZPS JNQPSUBODJB 1FSP TJ FTUBNPT USBCBKBOEP DPO VO 40.6
QVFEFTFSRVFTFFTUÏOFKFDVUBOEPWBSJPTQSPHSBNBTBMBWF[$PNPZBTFIBEJDIP
BOUFT FMQSPDFTBEPSOPFTDBQB[EFFKFDVUBSEPTJOTUSVDDJPOFTFOFMNJTNPJOUFSWBMP
EFUJFNQP TJOPRVFTPMPQVFEFBUFOEFSMBTQFUJDJPOFTEFVOÞOJDPQSPDFTPPQSPHSBNB
BMBWF[1PSFMMP JSÈEFTUJOBOEPciclos de UCPTFDVFODJBMNFOUFBDBEBQSPDFTP QBSB
JOUFOUBSRVFUPEPTUFOHBOMBNJTNBQSJPSJEBEEFFKFDVDJØO
5FOJFOEP FO DVFOUB MP BOUFSJPS DVBOEP USBCBKBNPT DPO 40.6 OP UPEPT MPT QSP
HSBNBTRVFTFIBOMBO[BEPBFKFDVDJØOFTUÈOFOMBNJTNBGBTF-POPSNBMFTRVF
IBZBVOPFOQSPDFTP PUSPTFOFTQFSBZRVFBMHVOPFTUÏFOFTQFSBEFCJEPBBMHVOB
OFDFTJEBEIBSEXBSFPTPGUXBSF
1BSBQPEFSIBCMBSEFDØNPTFFYQMPUBVO40IBCSÈRVFUFOFSFODVFOUBUBNCJÏOMBT
OFDFTJEBEFTEFMPTVTVBSJPTRVFMPTWBOBVUJMJ[BS ZQPSTVQVFTUP UPEPFTUÈTJFNQSF
SFMBDJPOBEPDPOFMIBSEXBSFTPCSFFMRVFFTUÏONPOUBEPTMPTTJTUFNBTPQFSBUJWPT
1BSBSFBMJ[BSMBDMBTJGJDBDJØOEFMPTEJGFSFOUFTNPEPTEFFYQMPUBDJØOTFUFOESÈOFODVFO
UBDVFTUJPOFTDPNPFMOÞNFSPEFVTVBSJPTRVFQVFEFOVUJMJ[BSFMTJTUFNB VOPTPMPPWBSJPT
BMBWF[ BTÓDPNPMPTQSPDFTPTRVFEJDIPTJTUFNBQVFEBSFBMJ[BSTJNVMUÈOFBNFOUFVOP
PWBSJPT*HVBMNFOUFEFQFOEFSÈEFMOÞNFSPEFQSPDFTBEPSFTDPOMPTRVFDVFOUFFMPSEFOB
EPS VOPPNÈTEFVOP Z GJOBMNFOUF EFMUJFNQPEFSFTQVFTUBEFMTJTUFNB
%FGPSNBHFOFSBM VO40TFQVFEFFYQMPUBSEFEPTGPSNBT
Ampliación A. Proceso en lotes

&Mproceso en tiempo real, DPNP &TUFTJTUFNBEFFYQMPUBDJØOTFFNQF[ØBVUJMJ[BSFOMBTFHVOEBHFOFSBDJØOEFPSEFOB
TV QSPQJP OPNCSF JOEJDB FT EPSFT ZZBIFNPTWJTUPTVTDBSBDUFSÓTUJDBTFOFMBQBSUBEP
VO NPEP EF FYQMPUBDJØO FO FM
RVF MB SFTQVFTUB TF PCUJFOF BM
NPNFOUP )BZ RVF FTQFSBS MP
RVF TF UBSEF FO JOUSPEVDJS MPT
B. Procesos en tiempo real
EBUPT FM UJFNQP RVF UBSEF FM &TUFUJQPEFFYQMPUBDJØOEFMPSEFOBEPSFTTJNJMBSBMBBOUFSJPS-BEJGFSFODJBFTUÈFORVF
QSPDFTPFOTÓZMPQPDPPNVDIP
FMVTVBSJPRVFJOUSPEVDFMPTEBUPTFTFMRVFTVFMFMBO[BSFMQSPHSBNBQBSBQSPDFTBSMPT
RVF TF UBSEF FO WJTVBMJ[BS P FO
JNQSJNJS
EBUPTJOUSPEVDJEPTZFMRVFPCUJFOFMBJOGPSNBDJØOQSPDFTBEB UPEPFMMPFOVONJTNP
TJTUFNBJOGPSNÈUJDPZFOVOUJFNQPSFMBUJWBNFOUFDPSUP-BTUSFTGBTFTPDVSSFOTJORVFGÓ
TJDBNFOUFIBZBWBSJPTDPNQPOFOUFT EJGFSFOUFTQFSTPOBTJNQMJDBEBTPEJTUJOUPTTJTUFNBT
JOGPSNÈUJDPTFTQFDJBMJ[BEPTFODBEBVOBEFMBTGVODJPOFT
&OMBBDUVBMJEBE MBNBZPSÓBEFMPTPSEFOBEPSFT QPSOPEFDJSUPEPT GVODJPOBFO
UJFNQPSFBM EFCJEPGVOEBNFOUBMNFOUFBRVFTVIBSEXBSFFTUÈJOUFHSBEPGÓTJDBNFOUF
FOFMNJTNPFTQBDJPZDPOFDUBEPEJSFDUBNFOUFBMBVOJEBEDFOUSBMEFQSPDFTP%F
Actividades FTUBGPSNB MBDBSHBEFMBJOGPSNBDJØOTFIBDFFOFMNJTNPFRVJQPRVFTFQSPDFTB
9. 8JOEPXT91Z8JOEPXT "EFNÈT MB JOGPSNBDJØO QSPDFTBEB TF WJTVBMJ[BSÈ P JNQSJNJSÈ EFOUSP EFM NJTNP
7JTUB {QSPDFTBO MPT TJTUFNBJOGPSNÈUJDP ZBRVFMPTQFSJGÏSJDPTEFTBMJEBFTUÈOUBNCJÏODPOFDUBEPTEJ
USBCBKPT FO MPUFT P FO SFDUBNFOUFBMB6$1
UJFNQPSFBM 7JTUBTMBTEPTGPSNBTHFOFSBMFTEFFYQMPUBSVOTJTUFNBJOGPSNÈUJDP ZUFOJFOEPFODVFOUB
10. {:MPTTJTUFNBTPQFSBUJWPT RVFMPRVFIPZTFVUJMJ[BOPSNBMNFOUFFTMBFYQMPUBDJØOFOUJFNQPSFBM IFBRVÓVOBDMB
-JOVY TJGJDBDJØOEFMPT40UFOJFOEPFODVFOUBMPTTJHVJFOUFTQBSÈNFUSPTOÞNFSPEFVTVBSJPT
OÞNFSPEFQSPDFTPT OÞNFSPEFQSPDFTBEPSFT UJFNQPEFSFTQVFTUB
42
C. Según el número de usuarios
Ampliación
"UFOEJFOEPBMOÞNFSPEFVTVBSJPTRVFQVFEFOVUJMJ[BSMPTSFDVSTPTEFMTJTUFNBTJNVMUÈ
Ejemplos SO monousuario:&MNÈT
OFBNFOUF
DMBSPFT%04 *#.%04 %3%04
t Monousuario PNPOPQVFTUP
$VBOEPTPMPVOVTVBSJPUSBCBKBDPOVOPSEFOBEPS&O FUD ZMBGBNJMJBEF8JOEPXTFO
FTUFTJTUFNBUPEPTMPTEJTQPTJUJWPTEFIBSEXBSFFTUÈOBEJTQPTJDJØOEFFTFVTVBSJPZ WFSTJPOFT 9 9 .& /5
8PSLTUBUJPO 1SPGFTTJPOBM
OPQVFEFOTFSVUJMJ[BEPTQPSOBEJFNÈTIBTUBRVFFTUFOPGJOBMJDFTVTFTJØO
91)PNF&EJUJPO 911SPGFTTJPOBM
t Multiusuario.&OFTUFTJTUFNB WBSJPTVTVBSJPTQVFEFOVUJMJ[BSTJNVMUÈOFBNFOUFMPT 8JOEPXT7JTUBZ8JOEPXT
SFDVSTPTEFMTJTUFNB1VFEFODPNQBSUJS TPCSFUPEP MPTEJTQPTJUJWPTFYUFSOPTEFBM Ejemplos de SO multiusuario
NBDFOBNJFOUPZMPTQFSJGÏSJDPTEFTBMJEB GVOEBNFOUBMNFOUFJNQSFTPSBT5BNCJÏO son: 6/*9 /PWFMM GBNJMJB
QVFEFODPNQBSUJSFMBDDFTPBVOBNJTNBCBTFEFEBUPTJOTUBMBEBFOFMPSEFOB 8JOEPXT 4FSWFS 7.4 %JHJUBM

.74 HSBOEFT FRVJQPT *#.

EPSQSJODJQBM FUD3FDPSEFNPTEFRVÏEPTGPSNBTMPTEJGFSFOUFTVTVBSJPTQVFEFO
04 EFM*#."4
FUD
VUJMJ[BSFMPSEFOBEPSQSJODJQBMNFEJBOUFUFSNJOBMFT UFDMBEPZNPOJUPS PHSBDJBT
B PSEFOBEPSFT DMJFOUF DPOFDUBEPT BM PSEFOBEPS TFSWJEPS NFEJBOUF FM IBSEXBSF
OFDFTBSJP
&TUFUJQPEFTJTUFNBTPQFSBUJWPTTFDBSBDUFSJ[BQPSRVFWBSJPTVTVBSJPTRVFIBHBOVTP
EFMNJTNPPSEFOBEPS QPESÈOIBDFSPOPMBTNJTNBTDPTBT UFOESÈOBDDFTPPOPBMPT
NJTNPTQSPHSBNBT QPESÈOBDDFEFSPOPBMPTTPQPSUFTEFBMNBDFOBNJFOUPFYUFSOP
FUD4FMFTEFOPNJOBNVMUJVTVBSJPZBRVFVONJTNPPSEFOBEPSQVFEFFTUBSDPOGJHVSB
EPEFGPSNBEJGFSFOUFQBSBDBEBVTVBSJPRVFMPVUJMJDF
Fig. 2.8. Monousuario.
D. Según el número de procesos
&TUB DMBTJGJDBDJØO TF IBDF BUFOEJFOEP BM OÞNFSP EF QSPHSBNBT RVF QVFEF FKFDVUBS
TJNVMUÈOFBNFOUFFMPSEFOBEPSPTJTUFNBJOGPSNÈUJDP1BSBSFBMJ[BSFTUBDMBTJGJDBDJØO
TFQBSUFEFMBCBTFEFRVFVOPSEFOBEPSPTJTUFNBJOGPSNÈUJDPRVFQPTFFVOTPMPQSP
DFTBEPSÞOJDBNFOUFQVFEFBUFOEFSVOBUBSFBBMBWF[ FTEFDJS TPMPQVFEFBUFOEFS
VOQSPDFTPFODBEBJOTUBOUF1PSFMMP MBTJHVJFOUFDMBTJGJDBDJØOUJFOFTVTNBUJDFTZ FO
DPODSFUP IBZRVFNBUJ[BSMBQBMBCSBjTJNVMUÈOFBNFOUFx7FBNPTFOQSJNFSMVHBSMB
DMBTJGJDBDJØOHFOFSBMEFMPT40TFHÞOFMOÞNFSPEFQSPHSBNBTPQSPDFTPTRVFQVFEFO Fig. 2.9. Multiusuario.
FKFDVUBS
t Monoprogramación o monotarea. &OFTUFDBTP FMTJTUFNBTPMBNFOUFQVFEFFKFDVUBS
VOQSPHSBNBPQSPDFTPBMBWF[%FFTUBGPSNB MPTSFDVSTPTEFMTJTUFNBFTUBSÈOEFEJ
DBEPTBMQSPHSBNBIBTUBRVFGJOBMJDFTVFKFDVDJØO%04P8JOEPXT9TPOTJTUFNBT
PQFSBUJWPT DMBSBNFOUF NPOPUBSFB ZB RVF BEFNÈT EF OP TBCFS VUJMJ[BS NÈT EF VO
NJDSPQSPDFTBEPS FMIBSEXBSFRVFFTUÈOVUJMJ[BOEPBMFKFDVUBSVOQSPHSBNBFTUÈB
EJTQPTJDJØOEFFTFQSPHSBNBZEFOJOHÞOPUSP Fig. 2.10. Monousuario/monotarea.
&MRVFVO40TFBNPOPUBSFBOPJNQMJDBRVFQVFEBTFSNVMUJVTVBSJP FTEFDJS WBSJPT
VTVBSJPT QVFEFO JOUFOUBS FKFDVUBS TVT QSPHSBNBT FO FM NJTNP PSEFOBEPS QFSP EF
GPSNBTVDFTJWB4FDVFODJBMNFOUFDBEBVTVBSJPFTQFSBSÈBRVFTVQSPDFTPTFFKFDVUF
USBTIBCFSGJOBMJ[BEPFMQSPDFTPBOUFSJPS&TUFFTVODBTPSBSP QFSPIBZ40jSFMBUJWB
NFOUFxBOUJHVPTRVFBÞOGVODJPOBOEFFTUBGPSNB&OFTUFDBTP FM40UJFOFRVFDPO
UBSDPODPMBTPMJTUBTEFQSPDFTPTQBSBBUFOEFSMBTQSJPSJEBEFTEFMBENJOJTUSBEPSEF
TJTUFNBT1BSBFMMP FMBENJOJTUSBEPSVUJMJ[BBMHPSJUNPTEFQMBOJGJDBDJØOQBSBBTJHOBS
QSJPSJEBEFTBMPTQSPHSBNBTPQSPDFTPT5PEPFTUP DMBSPFTUÈ TPMBNFOUFFOFMDBTP
Fig. 2.11. Multiusuario/monotarea.
EFRVFFM40TFBNVMUJVTVBSJPBQFTBSEFTFSNPOPUBSFB
t Multiprogramación o multitarea. &OFTUFDBTP MBDPTBFTCJFOEJTUJOUB&TUFUJQPEF
40QVFEFFKFDVUBSWBSJPTQSPHSBNBTPQSPDFTPTDPODVSSFOUFNFOUF FTEFDJS jTJNVMUÈ
OFBNFOUFx&TUBDJSDVOTUBODJBTPMPTFEBFOBRVFMMPTDBTPTFOMPTRVFFMPSEFOBEPSP
TJTUFNBJOGPSNÈUJDPDVFOUFDPONÈTEFVONJDSPQSPDFTBEPS4JFM40TPMPUJFOFVONJ
DSPQSPDFTBEPS BVORVFTFBNVMUJUBSFB FTFWJEFOUFRVFTPMPQPESÈSFBMJ[BSVOQSPDFTP
DBEBWF[4JFM40TFJOTUBMBFOVOTJTUFNBJOGPSNÈUJDPRVFTPMBNFOUFDVFOUBDPOVO
QSPDFTBEPS MB6$1DPNQBSUJSÈFMUJFNQPEFVTPEFMQSPDFTBEPSFOUSFMPTEJGFSFOUFT
QSPHSBNBTBFKFDVUBS Fig. 2.12. SO monousuario/multitarea.
43
%FFTUBGPSNB UPEPTMPTQSPDFTPTOFDFTJUBSÈOJOEJWJEVBMNFOUFNÈTUJFNQPQBSBFKFDV
UBSTF QFSPFODPNQBSBDJØODPOFMEJTF×PNPOPUBSFB FMUJFNQPNFEJPEFFTQFSBTFSÈ
NVDIPNFOPS
4PO40NVMUJUBSFBMBNBZPSÓBEFMPTRVFTPONVMUJVTVBSJPZFOSFE QPSOPEFDJSUPEPT
5FOHBNPTTJFNQSFQSFTFOUFRVFQBSBFTUBDMBTJGJDBDJØO OPJNQPSUBFMOÞNFSPEFQSP
DFTBEPSFTRVFUFOHBFMPSEFOBEPSPTJTUFNBJOGPSNÈUJDP QFSPTÓFTJNQPSUBOUFSFDPSEBS
RVFMBNVMUJUBSFBSFBMTPMPFYJTUFFOPSEFOBEPSFTDPONÈTEFVOQSPDFTBEPS
Fig. 2.13. SO multiusuario/multitarea.
Actividades
11. {4FQVFEFFYQMPUBSVO40FOSFEDPNPNPOPUBSFB
12. {:VONVMUJUBSFBDPNPNPOPVTVBSJP
E. Según el número de procesadores del sistema informático

Ten en cuenta &TUBDMBTJGJDBDJØOEFQFOEFEFMOÞNFSPEFQSPDFTBEPSFTRVFFM40TFBDBQB[EFHFTUJP
Son SO monotarea: %04 Z WFS OBS4VDMBTJGJDBDJØOFTMBTJHVJFOUF
TJPOFT EF 9 Z 8JOEPXT 9
FTUPT ÞMUJNPT DPOTJEFSBEPT DPNP t Monoprocesador. &OFTUFDBTP FMPSEFOBEPSDPOTUBEFVOÞOJDPQSPDFTBEPS5PEPT
40 QTFVEPNVMUJUBSFB ZB RVF TV MPTUSBCBKPTBSFBMJ[BSQBTBSÈOQPSÏM&MPSEFOBEPSRVFUFOHBFTUF40QVFEFTFS
GVODJPOBNJFOUPTFCBTBFO%04 NPOPVTVBSJPPNVMUJVTVBSJPNPOPUBSFBPNVMUJUBSFB4JBUFOEFNPTBMBDMBTJGJDBDJØO
Son SO multitarea: 8JOEPXT BOUFSJPS DVBMRVJFS40RVFTFJOTUBMFFOVOPSEFOBEPSDPOVOTPMPQSPDFTBEPSTJFN
/5 1SPGFTTJPOBM 91 QSF TFSÈ NPOPUBSFB -P RVF PDVSSF FT RVF FM IFDIP EF RVF QVFEB FKFDVUBS WBSJPT
7JTUB MB GBNJMJB 8JOEPXT QSPHSBNBT B MB WF[ MF DPOGJFSF MB DBUBMPHBDJØO EF NVMUJUBSFB QFSP MB SFBMJEBE FT
4FSWFS 6/*9 -JOVYZ/PWFMM RVFTPMBNFOUFBUFOEFSÈBVOQSPDFTPFOVOJOTUBOUFDPODSFUP&TDJFSUPRVFTJTPO
WBSJPTMPTVTVBSJPTRVFFKFDVUBOTVTEJGFSFOUFTQSPHSBNBTFOVOPSEFOBEPSDPOVO
TPMPQSPDFTBEPS FTUFTFQVFEFDBUBMPHBSDPNPNVMUJUBSFB UFOJFOEPFODVFOUBRVF
MPTDJDMPTEF6$1TFSFQBSUJSÈOFRVJUBUJWBNFOUF POP MPTBMHPSJUNPTEFQMBOJGJDBDJØO
MPTWFSFNPTFOMB6OJEBE
FOUSFMPTEJGFSFOUFTQSPDFTPT
t Multiprocesador. &MPSEFOBEPSDVFOUBDPOEPTPNÈTQSPDFTBEPSFT"TÓ EFUFSNJOB
EPT40QVFEFOBQSPWFDIBSMBTWFOUBKBTEFFTUFUJQPEFIBSEXBSF
)BZEPTGPSNBTEFVUJMJ[BSMPTEJGFSFOUFTQSPDFTBEPSFTQPSQBSUFEFM40
a) Multiproceso simétrico (SMP). &M40VUJMJ[BSÈMBQPUFODJBEFMPTQSPDFTBEPSFTEF
JHVBMGPSNB"TÓ JSÈVUJMJ[BOEPQPDPBQPDPMPTEPTPNÈTQSPDFTBEPSFTDPOMPT
RVFDVFOUFFMTJTUFNBEFGPSNBTJNVMUÈOFB
b) Multiproceso asimétrico (AMP). &M 40 SFQBSUF MBT UBSFBT RVF FTUÈ SFBMJ[BOEP B
DBEBQSPDFTBEPSDPOMPTRVFDVFOUBFMTJTUFNBJOGPSNÈUJDP%FUFSNJOBEPTQSPDF
TPTTJFNQSFMPTSFBMJ[BSÈVOTPMPQSPDFTBEPSZ FOFMDBTPEFTFSEPTMPTQSPDFTB
EPSFTEFMPTRVFEJTQPOHBFMTJTUFNB FMPUSPQSPDFTBEPSTPMBNFOUFTFVUJMJ[BSÈ
QBSB SFBMJ[BS QSPDFTPT P QSPHSBNBT EF VTVBSJP &O FTUF DBTP QVFEF TFS RVF
VOQSPDFTBEPSFTUÏTJFNQSFUSBCBKBOEPZFMPUSP FOPDBTJPOFT FTUÏUPUBMNFOUF
QBSBEP
$POFTUBTEPTUÏDOJDBTMPRVFTFDPOTJHVF FODVBMRVJFSDBTP FTRVFFMUJFNQPEFSFT
Ten en cuenta QVFTUBEFMBFKFDVDJØOEFWBSJPTQSPHSBNBTFOVONJTNPPSEFOBEPSTFBTJNJMBSQBSB
Son SO monoprocesador: %04
UPEPTFMMPT
Z8JOEPXT9Z9
Son SO multiprocesador: 8JO F. Según el tiempo de respuesta
EPXT/5 1SPGFTTJPOBM
91 7JTUB MB GBNJMJB 8JOEPXT &TUBDMBTJGJDBDJØOTFIBDFUFOJFOEPFODVFOUBFMUJFNQPRVFUBSEBFMVTVBSJPEFMTJTUFNB
4FSWFS 6/*9 -JOVY Z /PWFMM FOPCUFOFSMPTSFTVMUBEPTEFTQVÏTEFMBO[BSVOQSPHSBNBBFKFDVDJØO
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$PODFQUPEFTJTUFNBPQFSBUJWP

En esta unidad aprenderemos a:

1. Introducción a los sistemas operativos

2. Evolución histórica de los sistemas operativos

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Fig. 2.2. Esquema del proceso por lotes.

3. Recursos. Funciones de un sistema operativo

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4.2. Procesos y procesador

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Fig. 2.6. Comunicación con periféricos.

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Fig. 2.7. Esquema de máquinas virtuales.

6. Modos de explotación del sistema

Ampliación A. Proceso en lotes

E. Según el número de procesadores del sistema informático

7. Sistemas operativos más usuales

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