Taught Programmes Referencing Handbook

Taught Programmes Referencing Handbook

Referencing is the process of acknowledging your sources. Sources include anything you
take information from, e.g. books, journals, magazines, newspapers, websites, lectures,
legislation, maps, television and radio programmes, works of art, etc.

By referencing your sources you are demonstrating to your tutors the breadth of your
research and reinforcing your own arguments. Using a wide range of sources is excellent
academic practice and is certainly not a sign of weakness!

Referencing enables your tutors and anyone else reading your work to check your sources
and follow up information for themselves.

Failure to reference correctly, or worse still, not to reference at all, may lead to accusations
of plagiarism.

Plagiarism - the use of another person’s concepts, ideas or words (or photographs, music or
any other intellectual property) without properly acknowledging that use - is a serious
academic offence and can have a major effect on your studies. In the event of substantiated
academic misconduct penalties will apply, which may include your assessment being give a
mark of zero. For a student to be found guilty of academic misconduct there is no
requirement to prove intent.

It is important to remember that plagiarism is not just the direct copying of someone else’s
text or other intellectual property, but includes taking someone else’s concepts, ideas or
arguments and putting them into your own words (known as paraphrasing) without proper
acknowledgement.

Copying the work of another student is also no different to copying the work of an
academic expert/other available source. Students who plagiarise another student’s work and
those who allow their work to be plagiarised (collusion) will be subject to the same
penalties.

Further information can be found in the School’s regulations concerning academic

misconduct under Section 3 (General Assessment regulations for taught programmes) 12.1-
12.8 of the Academic Regulatory Framework.

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Contents

Chicago Manual of Style............................................................................................................................................. 3

Referencing ....................................................................................................................................................................... 3

Preparation ................................................................................................................................................................... 3

Quoting, paraphrasing and summarising ..................................................................................................... 4

Quoting ...................................................................................................................................................................... 4

Paraphrasing ........................................................................................................................................................... 4

Summarising ........................................................................................................................................................... 4

Notes/bibliography (Oxford/MHRA) system .................................................................................................. 5

General Guidelines ................................................................................................................................................... 5

Examples ........................................................................................................................................................................ 6

Author/date (Harvard) referencing system ................................................................................................... 20

General Guidelines ................................................................................................................................................ 20

Examples ..................................................................................................................................................................... 22

PGCert - use this

PGCert - ignore this referencing system

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Chicago Manual of Style

The School uses the Chicago Manual of Style as the referencing guide for all its
undergraduate and postgraduate taught programmes. The Chicago system allows for two
styles of referencing - both the author/date style and footnote style. to ascertain which style
of referencing you should use, please consult your programme handbook.

Conventions for citing sources vary according to scholarly discipline, the preferences of
publishers and authors, and the needs of a particular work. Regardless of the convention
being followed, source citations must always provide sufficient information either to lead
readers directly to the sources consulted or, for materials that may not be readily available,
to enable readers to positively identify them, regardless of whether the sources are
published, unpublished, in printed or electronic form.

In addition to this guide, the library holds hard copies of the full Chicago Manual of Style
which contains a huge amount of information to inform the presentation of your work, as
well as detailed guidance and examples of how to properly reference in your programme’s
preferred style.

Referencing

Preparation
In order to ensure you can properly reference your work, it is important to record
information on all the sources you use as you are using them. You can compile a reference
list/bibliography as you move along

Be meticulous when taking notes: include full citation details for all the sources you consult
and remember to record relevant page numbers. Citation practice varies but, depending on
the type of text cited (book, conference paper, chapter in an edited volume, journal article,
e-print, etc.) the elements of a reference include:

• author
• title of the book or article
• title of the journal or other work
• name of the conference
• place of publication
• date of publication
• page numbers
• library/collection catalogue number
• URL
• date accessed

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Quoting, paraphrasing and summarising

Quoting
Quoting is copying a short section of text, word for word, directly from an information
source into your work. You indicate a quotation by using quotation marks at the beginning
and end of the text, e.g. “the search for unattainable perfection could mean missing
deadlines”. The quotation is then followed by either the in-text citation or footnote, which
must include a page number. If you are omitting certain words within quoted text, you
should use an ellipsis, e.g. “the spirit of our American radicalism is destructive and aimless...
On the other side, the conservative party... is timid, and merely defensive of property... It
does not build, nor write, nor cherish the arts, nor foster religion, nor establish schools”.
Note that the first word after an ellipsis is capitalized if it begins a new grammatical
sentence.

Paraphrasing
When you put someone else’s text from an information source into your own words, you
are paraphrasing. Although the words are your own, you are still using ideas from the
original source so you must be sure to give a proper reference, including a page number to
acknowledge the source.

Authors drawing on the work of others to illustrate their arguments should first decide
whether direct quotation or paraphrase will be more effective. Too many quotations with
too little commentary can pose a distraction, and readers may choose to skip over long or
frequent quotations. In some cases, authors who notice an error in a passage they wish to
quote should paraphrase the original, eliminating the error.

Summarising
When you concisely describe in your own words the main ideas of an information source,
you are providing a broad overview of that source. This is known as summarising and you
must give a proper reference, including a page number or page range to acknowledge the
source.

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PGCert - please ignore this section.
Instead go to page 20 for the Harvard system
Notes/bibliography (Oxford/MHRA) system

General Guidelines
The notes/bibliography system is used by many in arts and humanities. Citations are
provided in notes, supplemented by a bibliography.

The notes are numbered consecutively and correspond to superscript note reference
numbers in the text; in electronic formats, notes and note numbers are usually linked
automatically. Notes are styled much like running text, with authors’ names in normal
order and the elements separated by commas or parentheses (brackets). A footnote generally
lists the author, title, and facts of publication, in that order. Elements are separated by
commas; the facts of publication are enclosed in parentheses.

Where only a handful of footnotes appear in an entire book or, perhaps, just one in an
article, symbols may be used instead of numbers. Usually an asterisk is enough, but if more
than one note is needed on the same page, the sequence is * † ‡.

In a bibliography entry the elements are separated by full stops rather than by commas; the
facts of publication are not enclosed in parentheses; and the first-listed author’s name,
according to which the entry is alphabetised in the bibliography, is usually inverted (last
name first). Titles are capitalised headline-style; titles of larger works (e.g., books and
journals) are italicised; and titles of smaller works (e.g., chapters, articles) or unpublished
works are presented in roman (non-italicised) and enclosed in quotation marks. Noun
forms such as editor, translator, volume, and edition are abbreviated in the notes, but verb
forms such as edited by and translated by - abbreviated in a note - are spelled out in a
bibliography.

Notes
1
Stuart Shea, Wrigley Field: The Long Life and Contentious Times of the Friendly
Confines (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2014), 51–52.

Full details must be given in a note at first mention of any work cited; subsequent citations
need only include a short form.

1
Shea, Wrigley Field, 138.

Bibliography
Shea, Stuart. Wrigley Field: The Long Life and Contentious Times of the Friendly
Confines. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2014.

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Examples
The following examples illustrate the notes and bibliography system.

The examples given are by no means exhaustive, and the format of a note or bibliography
entry may take is often influenced by a number of factors. If you are unsure whether your
source matches one of the conventions illustrated in this guide, you should consult the full
Chicago Manual of Style which can be found in the library.

Source

Books ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 7

Secondary referencing (citing a source within another source) ............................................................. 8

Chapter or other part of an edited book.............................................................................................................. 9

E-book .................................................................................................................................................................................. 9

Musical scores ................................................................................................................................................................ 10

Journal article ................................................................................................................................................................ 10

News or magazine article ........................................................................................................................................ 12

Thesis or dissertation ................................................................................................................................................. 13

Manuscript collections .............................................................................................................................................. 13

Website content ............................................................................................................................................................ 14

Social media content .................................................................................................................................................. 15

Recordings/multimedia ........................................................................................................................................... 15

Artwork and Illustrations ....................................................................................................................................... 18

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Books
A reference to a book must include enough information to lead interested readers to the
source. Most references contain at least some information not strictly needed for that
purpose but potentially helpful nonetheless. The elements listed below are included, where
applicable, in full notes and bibliography entries. The order in which they appear will vary
slightly according to type of book, and certain elements are sometimes omitted.
1. Author: full name of author(s) or editor(s) or, if no author or editor is listed, name
of institution standing in their place;
2. Title: full title of the book, including subtitle if there is one;
3. Editor, compiler, or translator, if any, if listed on title page in addition to author;
4. Edition, if not the first;
5. Volume: total number multivolume work is referred to as a whole; individual
number if single volume is cited, and title of individual volume if applicable;
6. Series title if applicable, and volume number within series if series is numbered;
7. Facts of publication: city, publisher, and date;
8. Page number or numbers if applicable;
9. For books consulted online, a URL (many journal articles list a DOI (Digital Object
Identifier) - a DOI forms a permanent URL that begins https://doi.org/ and is
preferable to the URL that appears in your browser’s address bar.);
10. For other types of electronic books, the application, format, device, or medium
consulted

Notes
Author(s) [Surname, First name], Title (Location: Publisher, Year of publication), Pages.
Zadie Smith, Swing Time (New York: Penguin Press, 2016), 315–16.

Brian Grazer and Charles Fishman, A Curious Mind: The Secret to a Bigger Life (New
York: Simon & Schuster, 2015), 12.

Shortened notes
Smith, Swing Time, 320.

Grazer and Fishman, Curious Mind, 37.

Bibliography
Author(s) [Surname, First name]. Title. Location: Publisher, Year of publication), Pages.
Grazer, Brian, and Charles Fishman. A Curious Mind: The Secret to a Bigger Life. New
York: Simon & Schuster, 2015.

Smith, Zadie. Swing Time. New York: Penguin Press, 2016.

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A book with an editor in place of an author includes the abbreviation ed. (editor; for more
than one editor, use eds.).

Notes
Editor(s), ed., Title (Location: Publisher, Year of publication), Pages.
John D’Agata, ed., The Making of the American Essay (Minneapolis: Graywolf Press,
2016), 177–78.

Shortened notes
D’Agata, American Essay, 182.

Bibliography
Author(s). Title. Location: Publisher, Year of publication), Pages.
D’Agata, John, ed. The Making of the American Essay. Minneapolis: Graywolf Press,
2016.

Secondary referencing (citing a source within another source)

To cite a source from a secondary source (“quoted in . . .”) is generally to be discouraged,
since authors are expected to have examined the works they cite. If an original source is
unavailable, however, both the original and the secondary source must be listed.

Notes
Louis Zukofsky, “Sincerity and Objectification,” Poetry 37 (February 1931): 269, quoted
in Bonnie Costello, Marianne Moore: Imaginary Possessions (Cambridge, MA:
Harvard University Press, 1981), 78.

Bibliography
Costello, Bonnie. 1981. Marianne Moore: Imaginary Possessions. Cambridge, MA:
Harvard University Press.

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Chapter or other part of an edited book

In citations of a chapter or similar part of an edited book, include the chapter author; the
chapter title, in quotation marks; and the editor. Precede the title of the book with in.

Notes
Author(s), “Essay/Chapter,” in Title, ed. Editor (Location: Publisher), Year of Publication)
Page range.
Henry David Thoreau, “Walking,” in The Making of the American Essay, ed. John
D’Agata (Minneapolis: Graywolf Press, 2016), 177–78.

Shortened notes
Thoreau, “Walking,” 182.

Bibliography
Author(s) [Surname, First name]. “Essay/Chapter.” In Title, edited by Editor, Page range.
Location: Publisher, Year of publication), Year of publication.
Thoreau, Henry David. “Walking.” In The Making of the American Essay, edited by John
D’Agata, 167–95. Minneapolis: Graywolf Press, 2016.

E-book
For books consulted online, include a URL or the name of the database in the reference list
entry. For other types of e-books, name the format. If no fixed page numbers are available,
cite a section title or a chapter or other number in the text, if any (or simply omit).

Notes
Editor(s), ed(s)., Title (Location: Publisher, Year of publication), Chapter/pages/document
number. E-source/URL.
Philip B. Kurland and Ralph Lerner, eds., The Founders’ Constitution (Chicago:
University of Chicago Press, 1987), chap. 10, doc. 19, http://press-
pubs.uchicago.edu/founders/.

Brooke Borel, The Chicago Guide to Fact-Checking (Chicago: University of Chicago

Press, 2016), 92, ProQuest Ebrary.

Shortened notes
Kurland and Lerner, Founders’ Constitution, chap. 4, doc. 29.

Borel, Fact-Checking, 104–5.

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Bibliography entries
Author(s) [Surname, First name]. Title. Location: Publisher, Year of publication. E-
source/URL.
Kurland, Philip B., and Ralph Lerner, eds. The Founders’ Constitution. Chicago:
University of Chicago Press, 1987. http://press-pubs.uchicago.edu/founders/.

Borel, Brooke. The Chicago Guide to Fact-Checking. Chicago: University of Chicago

Press, 2016. ProQuest Ebrary.

Musical scores
Published musical scores are treated in much the same way as books.

Notes
Giuseppe Verdi, Il corsaro (melodramma tragico in three acts), libretto by Francesco
Maria Piave, ed. Elizabeth Hudson, 2 vols., The Works of Giuseppe Verdi, ser. 1,
Operas (Chicago: University of Chicago Press; Milan: G. Ricordi, 1998).

Bibliography entries
Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus. Sonatas and Fantasies for the Piano. Prepared from the
autographs and earliest printed sources by Nathan Broder. Rev. ed. Bryn Mawr, PA:
Theodore Presser, 1960.

Schubert, Franz. “Das Wandern (Wandering),” Die schöne Müllerin (The Maid of the
Mill). In First Vocal Album (for high voice). New York: G. Schirmer, 1895.

Unpublished scores are treated in the same way as other unpublished material in
manuscript collections.

Journal article
In a note, cite specific page numbers. In the bibliography, include the page range for the
whole article. For articles consulted online, include a URL/DOI or the name of the database.

Notes
Author(s). “Title”. Journal Title & volume/issue number (Year of Publication): Page range,
URL/DOI where appropriate.

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Shao-Hsun Keng, Chun-Hung Lin, and Peter F. Orazem, “Expanding College Access in
Taiwan, 1978–2014: Effects on Graduate Quality and Income Inequality,” Journal of
Human Capital 11, no. 1 (2017): 9–10, https://doi.org/10.1086/690235.

Peter LaSalle, “Conundrum: A Story about Reading,” New England Review 38, no. 1
(2017): 95, Project MUSE.

Shortened notes
Keng, Lin, and Orazem, “Expanding College Access,” 23.

LaSalle, “Conundrum,” 101.

Bibliography
Author(s) [Surname, First name followed by full name for subsequent authors]. “Title.”
Journal Title & volume/issue number (Year of Publication): Page range. URL/DOI where
appropriate.
Keng, Shao-Hsun, Chun-Hung Lin, and Peter F. Orazem. “Expanding College Access in
Taiwan, 1978–2014: Effects on Graduate Quality and Income Inequality.” Journal of
Human Capital 11, no. 1 (2017): 1–34. https://doi.org/10.1086/690235.

LaSalle, Peter. “Conundrum: A Story about Reading.” New England Review 38, no. 1
(2017): 95–109. Project MUSE.

Journal articles often list many authors, especially in the sciences. If there are four or more
authors, list up to ten in the reference list; in the text, list only the first, followed by et al.

Notes
Author et al., “Title,” Journal Title & volume/issue number (Year of Publication): Page
range, URL/DOI where appropriate.
Rachel A. Bay et al., “Predicting Responses to Contemporary Environmental Change
Using Evolutionary Response Architectures,” American Naturalist 189, no. 5 (2017):
465, https://doi.org/10.1086/691233.

Shortened notes
Bay et al., “Predicting Responses,” 466.

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Bibliography
Author(s) [Surname, First name followed by full name for subsequent authors]. “Title.”
Journal Title & volume/issue number (Year of Publication): Page range. URL/DOI where
appropriate
Bay, Rachael A., Noah Rose, Rowan Barrett, Louis Bernatchez, Cameron K. Ghalambor,
Jesse R. Lasky, Rachel B. Brem, Stephen R. Palumbi, and Peter Ralph. “Predicting
Responses to Contemporary Environmental Change Using Evolutionary Response
Architectures.” American Naturalist 189, no. 5 (May 2017): 463–73.
https://doi.org/10.1086/691233.

News or magazine article

Articles from newspapers or news sites, magazines, blogs, and the like are cited similarly.
Page numbers, if any, can be cited in the text but are omitted from a reference list entry. If
you consulted the article online, include a URL or the name of the database.

Notes
Author, “Title,” Newspaper/magazine title, Date of publication, Page range, URL/DOI
where appropriate.
Rebecca Mead, “The Prophet of Dystopia,” New Yorker, April 17, 2017, 43.

Tanya Pai, “The Squishy, Sugary History of Peeps,” Vox, April 11, 2017,
http://www.vox.com/culture/2017/4/11/15209084/peeps-easter.

Shortened notes
Mead, “Dystopia,” 47.

Pai, “History of Peeps.”

Bibliography
Author(s) [Surname, First name]. “Title,” Newspaper/magazine title, Date of publication.
URL/DOI where appropriate.
Mead, Rebecca. “The Prophet of Dystopia.” New Yorker, April 17, 2017.

Pai, Tanya. “The Squishy, Sugary History of Peeps.” Vox, April 11, 2017.
http://www.vox.com/culture/2017/4/11/15209084/peeps-easter.

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Thesis or dissertation
Titles of theses and dissertations appear in quotation marks—not in italics; otherwise, they
are cited like books.

Notes
Author, “Title” (Degree [diss.], Institution, Year of publication), Page range.
Cynthia Lillian Rutz, “King Lear and Its Folktale Analogues” (PhD diss., University of
Chicago, 2013), 99–100.

Shortened notes
Rutz, “King Lear,” 158.

Bibliography
Author [Surname, First name]. “Title.” Degree [diss.], Institution, Year of publication.
Rutz, Cynthia Lillian. “King Lear and Its Folktale Analogues.” PhD diss., University of
Chicago, 2013.

Manuscript collections
In a note, the main element of a manuscript citation is usually a specific item (a letter, a
memorandum, or whatever) and is thus cited first. In a bibliography, the main element is
usually either the collection in which the specific item may be found, the author(s) of the
items in the collection, or the depository for the collection. Full identification of most
unpublished material usually requires giving the title and date of the item, series title (if
applicable), name of the collection, and name of the depository.

Notes
Item, Date, Collection, MS Number, Library
James Oglethorpe to the Trustees, 13 January 1733, Phillipps Collection of Egmont
Manuscripts, 14200:13, University of Georgia Library

Joseph Purcell, “A Map of the Southern Indian District of North America” [ca. 1772],
MS 228, Ayer Collection, Newberry Library, Chicago.

Bibliography
Collection, Library
Egmont Manuscripts. Phillipps Collection. University of Georgia Library.

Ayer Collection. Newberry Library, Chicago.

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Occasionally, such as if part of a large sub-collection, more information may be needed.

Notes
Daily Expenses, July 1787, images 7–8, George Washington Papers, Series 5: Financial
Papers, 1750–96, Library of Congress, Washington, DC,
http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/gwhtml/gwseries5.html.

Bibliography
Washington, George. Papers. Series 5: Financial Papers, 1750–96. Library of Congress,
Washington, DC. http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/gwhtml/gwseries5.html.

Website content
It is often sufficient simply to describe web pages and other website content in the text (“As
of May 1, 2017, Yale’s home page listed . . .”). If a more formal citation is needed, it may be
styled like the examples below. For a source that does not list a date of publication or
revision include an access date.

Notes
“Privacy Policy,” Privacy & Terms, Google, last modified April 17, 2017,
https://www.google.com/policies/privacy/.

“About Yale: Yale Facts,” Yale University, accessed May 1, 2017,

https://www.yale.edu/about-yale/yale-facts.

Shortened notes
Google, “Privacy Policy.”

“Yale Facts.”

Bibliography
Google, “Privacy Policy.”

“Yale Facts.”

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Social media content

Citations of content shared through social media can usually be limited to the text (as in the
first example below). If a more formal citation is needed, a reference list entry may be
appropriate. In place of a title, quote up to the first 160 characters of the post. Comments
are cited in reference to the original post.

Text
Conan O’Brien’s tweet was characteristically deadpan: “In honor of Earth Day, I’m
recycling my tweets” (@ConanOBrien, April 22, 2015).

Notes
Pete Souza (@petesouza), “President Obama bids farewell to President Xi of China at the
conclusion of the Nuclear Security Summit,” Instagram photo, April 1, 2016,
https://www.instagram.com/p/BDrmfXTtNCt/.

Chicago Manual of Style, “Is the world ready for singular they? We thought so back in
1993,” Facebook, April 17, 2015,
https://www.facebook.com/ChicagoManual/posts/10152906193679151.

Shortened notes
Souza, “President Obama.”

Michele Truty, April 17, 2015, 1:09 p.m., comment on Chicago Manual of Style,
“singular they.”

Bibliography
Chicago Manual of Style. “Is the world ready for singular they? We thought so back in
1993.” Facebook, April 17, 2015.
https://www.facebook.com/ChicagoManual/posts/10152906193679151

Recordings/multimedia
A citation may begin with a title in a note; in a bibliography entry, list by author,
performer, or other primary contributor. If the conductor or performer is the focus of the
recording or is more relevant to the discussion than the composer, either one may be listed
first. For the date, include the date of the recording or the copyright date or published date
included with the recording, or both. If a date or other information cannot be determined
from the recording (a common problem with older recordings and with music files
downloaded out of context), consult a library catalog or other resource; citations without

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such information are generally unacceptable. If no date can be found, use “n.d.” (for no
date). Recordings on LP or disc typically include acquisition numbers, which follow the
name of the publisher with no intervening comma. For streaming audio formats and
downloads, list the service or the file format, as applicable.

Notes
New York Trumpet Ensemble, with Edward Carroll (trumpet) and Edward Brewer
(organ), Art of the Trumpet, recorded at the Madeira Festival, June 1–2, 1981,
Vox/Turnabout PVT 7183, 1982, compact disc.

Richard Strauss, Don Quixote, with Emanuel Feuermann (violoncello) and the
Philadelphia Orchestra, conducted by Eugene Ormandy, recorded February 24, 1940,
Biddulph LAB 042, 1991, compact disc.

Billie Holiday, vocalist, “I’m a Fool to Want You,” by Joel Herron, Frank Sinatra, and
Jack Wolf, recorded February 20, 1958, with Ray Ellis, track 1 on Lady in Satin,
Columbia CL 1157, 33⅓ rpm.

Bibliography
Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus. Don Giovanni. Orchestra and Chorus of the Royal Opera
House, Covent Garden. Sir Colin Davis. With Ingvar Wixell, Luigi Roni, Martina
Arroyo, Stuart Burrows, Kiri Te Kanawa, et al. Recorded May 1973. Philips 422 541-
2, 1991, 3 compact discs.

Pink Floyd. Atom Heart Mother. Capitol CDP 7 46381 2, 1990, compact disc. Originally
released in 1970.

Rubinstein, Artur, pianist. The Chopin Collection. Recorded 1946, 1958–67. RCA Victor
/ BMG 60822-2-RG, 1991, 11 compact discs.

Weingartner, Felix von, conductor. 150 Jahre Wiener Philharmoniker. Recorded in

1936. Preiser Records PR90113 (mono), 1992, compact disc. Includes Beethoven’s
Symphony no. 3 in E-flat Major and Symphony no. 8 in F Major.

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Recordings of drama, prose or poetry readings, lectures, and the like are treated much the
same as musical recordings

Notes
Harry S. Truman, “First Speech to Congress,” April 16, 1945, Miller Center of Public
Affairs, University of Virginia, transcript and Adobe Flash audio, 18:13,
http://millercenter.org/president/speeches/speech-3339.

Calvin Coolidge, “Equal Rights” (speech), ca. 1920, in “American Leaders Speak:
Recordings from World War I and the 1920 Election, 1918–1920,” Library of
Congress, copy of an undated 78 rpm disc, RealAudio and WAV formats, 3:45,
http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/nfhtml/

Bibliography
Auden, W. H. Selected Poems. Read by the author. Spoken Arts 7137, 1991.
Audiocassette.

Strayed, Cheryl. Wild: From Lost to Found on the Pacific Crest Trail. Read by Bernadette
Dunne. New York: Random House Audio, 2012. Audible audio ed., 13 hr., 6 min.

Citations of video and film recordings, like citations of sound recordings, will vary
according to the nature of the material (television show, movie, etc.). Any facts relevant to
identifying the item should be included. Indexed scenes are treated as chapters and cited by
title or by number. Ancillary material, such as critical commentary, is cited by author and
title. Note that in the Monty Python example, the citation is of material original to the 2001
edition, so the original release date of the film (1975) is omitted.

Notes
American Crime Story: The People v. O. J. Simpson, episode 6, “Marcia, Marcia, Marcia,”
directed by Ryan Murphy, written by D. V. DeVincentis, featuring Sterling K. Brown,
Kenneth Choi, and Sarah Paulson, aired March 8, 2016, on FX,
https://www.amazon.com/dp/B01ARVPCOA/.

“Crop Duster Attack,” North by Northwest, directed by Alfred Hitchcock (1959;

Burbank, CA: Warner Home Video, 2000), DVD.

Louis J. Mihalyi, Landscapes of Zambia, Central Africa (Santa Barbara, CA: Visual
Education, 1975), 35 mm slides, 40 frames.

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Bibliography
Cleese, John, Terry Gilliam, Eric Idle, Terry Jones, and Michael Palin. “Commentaries.”
Disc 2. Monty Python and the Holy Grail, special ed. DVD. Directed by Terry Gilliam
and Terry Jones. Culver City, CA: Columbia Tristar Home Entertainment, 2001.

Cuarón, Alfonso, dir. Gravity. 2013; Burbank, CA: Warner Bros. Pictures, 2014. Blu-ray
Disc, 1080p HD.

Handel, George Frideric. Messiah. Atlanta Symphony Orchestra and Chamber Chorus,
Robert Shaw. Performed December 19, 1987. Ansonia Station, NY: Video Artists
International, 1988. Videocassette (VHS), 141 min.

Live performances, unlike recordings, cannot be consulted as such by readers. For that
reason, it is generally sufficient to mention details in the text or in the notes rather than in a
bibliography. In addition to specifying the name and location of the venue and the date of
the performance, include as much information as needed to identify the performance

Text
In a performance of Lin-Manuel Miranda’s Hamilton at the Richard Rodgers Theatre in
New York on February 2, 2016, . . .

Bibliography
Hamilton, music and lyrics by Lin-Manuel Miranda, dir. Thomas Kail, chor. Andy
Blakenbuehler, Richard Rodgers Theatre, New York, NY, February 2, 2016.

Artwork and Illustrations

Information about paintings, photographs, sculptures, or other works of art can usually be
presented in the text rather than in a note or bibliography. If a note or bibliography entry is
needed, list the artist, a title (in italics), and a date of creation or completion, followed by
information about the medium and the location of the work. For works consulted online,
add a URL.

Notes
Salvador Dalí, The Persistence of Memory, 1931, oil on canvas, 9½ × 13″ (24.1 × 33 cm),
Museum of Modern Art, New York, http://www.moma.org/collection/works/79018.

Dorothea Lange, Black Maria, Oakland, 1957, printed 1965, gelatin silver print, 39.3 × 37
cm, Art Institute, Chicago, http://www.artic.edu/aic/collections/artwork/220174.

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Bibliography
McCurry, Steve. Afghan Girl. December 1984. Photograph. National Geographic, cover,
June 1985.

Picasso, Pablo. Bull’s Head. Spring 1942. Bicycle saddle and handlebars, 33.5 × 43.5 × 19
cm. Musée Picasso Paris.

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PGCert - this is the start of the section that is relevant to you…

Author/date (Harvard) referencing system

General Guidelines
The author date system comprises two elements:

• in text citations
• reference list

In text citations come after a quotation, paraphrase, summary or other use of someone else’s
intellectual property, and enable you to indicate where you have used ideas or materials
from other sources. Citations appear in parentheses and include only the first two elements
in a reference list—the author and the year of publication (hence the name of the system),
plus page numbers where appropriate.

For each author-date citation in the text, there must be a corresponding entry in the
reference list under the same name and date. It is the author’s responsibility to ensure such
agreement as well as the accuracy of the reference.

Reference lists should be compiled in alphabetical order, and must include everything
needed to identify your source. You will therefore need to identify the source type (e.g.
book, journal article) and use the correct referencing format from this guide to create the
reference.

In text citation
Like many other cultural fields, the video game industry is one that rewards novelty,
especially when it is packaged in terms that are recognizable to consumers and critics
(Lampel, Lant, and Shamsie 2000; Hutter 2011). . . a convincing form of narrative
storytelling that is nonetheless animated, perhaps uniquely so, by the actions of the
users (Bissell 2011).

Reference list
Bissell, Tom. 2011. Extra Lives: Why Video Games Matter. New York: Vintage Books.

Hutter, Michael. 2011. “Infinite Surprises: Value in the Creative Industries.” In The
Worth of Goods, edited by Jens Beckert and Patrick Aspers, 201–20. New York:
Oxford University Press.

Lampel, Joseph, Theresa Lant, and Jamal Shamsie. 2000. “Balancing Act: Learning from
Organizing Practices in Cultural Industries.” Organization Science 11 (3): 263–69.

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Although a source citation normally follows a direct quotation, it may precede the
quotation—especially if such a placement allows the date to appear with the author’s name.
Where the author’s name appears in the text, it need not be repeated in the parenthetical
(bracketed) citation. Note that the date should immediately follow the author’s name, even
if the name is used in the possessive.

As Edward Tufte points out, “A graphical element may carry data information and also
perform a design function usually left to non-data-ink” (2001, 139).

or
As Edward Tufte (2001, 139) points out, “A graphical element may carry data
information and also perform a design function usually left to non-data-ink.”

When the same page (or page range) in the same source is cited more than once in one
paragraph, the parenthetical citation can be placed after the last reference or at the end of
the paragraph (but preceding the final full stop). When referring to different pages in the
same source, however, include a full parenthetical citation at the first reference; subsequent
citations need only include page numbers.

Complexion figures prominently in Morgan’s descriptions. When Jasper compliments

his mother’s choice of car (a twelve-cylinder Mediterranean roadster with leather and
wood-grained interior), “his cheeks blotch indignantly, painted by jealousy and rage”
(Chaston 2000, 47). On the other hand, his mother’s mask never changes, her “even-
tanned good looks” (56), “burnished visage” (101), and “air-brushed confidence” (211)
providing the foil to the drama in her midst.

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Examples
The following examples illustrate the author-date system. Each example of an in text
citation is accompanied by an example of a corresponding reference list entry.

The examples given are by no means exhaustive, and the format of a note or bibliography
entry may take is often influenced by a number of factors. If you are unsure whether your
source matches one of the conventions illustrated in this guide, you should consult the full
Chicago Manual of Style which can be found in the library.

Sources

Books .................................................................................................................................................................................. 23

Secondary referencing (citing a source within another source) .......................................................... 24

Chapter or other part of an edited book........................................................................................................... 24

E-book ............................................................................................................................................................................... 25

Journal article ................................................................................................................................................................ 25

News or magazine article ........................................................................................................................................ 26

Thesis or dissertation ................................................................................................................................................. 26

Manuscript collections .............................................................................................................................................. 27

Website content ............................................................................................................................................................ 27

Social media content .................................................................................................................................................. 28

Recordings/multimedia ........................................................................................................................................... 28

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Books
For a book with a single author, invert the name in the reference list; in the text, include
only the last name.

Reference list
Author(s) [Surname, First name]. Year of publication. Title. Location: Publisher
Grazer, Brian, and Charles Fishman. 2015. A Curious Mind: The Secret to a Bigger Life.
New York: Simon & Schuster.

Smith, Zadie. 2016. Swing Time. New York: Penguin Press.

In-text citation
(Grazer and Fishman 2015,12)

(Smith 2016, 315–160)

For more than three authors (or in some science publications, more than two), only the
name of the first author is used, followed by et al. (and others). Note that et al. is not
italicized in text citations.

(Schonen et al. 2017)

According to the data collected by Schonen et al. (2017), . . .

If a reference list includes another work of the same date that would also be abbreviated as
“Schonen et al.” but whose coauthors are different persons or listed in a different order, the
text citations must distinguish between them. In such cases, the first two authors (or the
first three) should be cited, followed by et al.

(Schonen, Baker, et al. 2017)

(Schonen, Brooks, et al. 2017)

Alternatively, a shortened title, enclosed in commas, may be added. In the following

examples, et al. refers to different coauthors, so a, b, and so on cannot be used (see 15.20):

(Schonen et al., “Tilting at Windmills,” 2017)

(Schonen et al., “Gasoline Farmers,” 2017)

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A book with an editor in place of an author includes the abbreviation ed. (editor; for more
than one editor, use eds.). Note that the text citation does not include ed.

Reference list
Editor(s) [Surname, First name]. ed. Year of publication. Title. Location: Publisher
Daum, Meghan, ed. 2015. Selfish, Shallow, and Self-Absorbed: Sixteen Writers on the
Decision Not to Have Kids. New York: Picador.

In-text citation
(Daum 2015, 32)

Secondary referencing (citing a source within another source)

To cite a source from a secondary source (“quoted in . . .”) is generally to be discouraged,
since authors are expected to have examined the works they cite. If an original source is
unavailable, however, mention the original author and date in the text, and cite the
secondary source in the reference list entry.

Reference list
Costello, Bonnie. 1981. Marianne Moore: Imaginary Possessions. Cambridge, MA:
Harvard University Press.

In-text citation
In Louis Zukofsky’s “Sincerity and Objectification,” from the February 1931 issue of
Poetry magazine (quoted in Costello 1981) . . .

Chapter or other part of an edited book

In citations of a chapter or similar part of an edited book, include the chapter author; the
chapter title, in quotation marks; and the editor. Precede the title of the book with In.

Reference list
Author(s) [Surname, First name]. Year of publication. “Essay/Chapter.” In Title, edited by
Editor, Page range. Location: Publisher
Thoreau, Henry David. 2016. “Walking.” In The Making of the American Essay, edited
by John D’Agata, 167–95. Minneapolis: Graywolf Press.

In-text citation
(Thoreau 2016, 177–78)

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E-book
For books consulted online, include a URL or the name of the database in the reference list
entry. For other types of e-books, name the format. If no fixed page numbers are available,
cite a section title or a chapter or other number in the text, if any (or simply omit).

Reference list
Author(s) [Surname, First name]. Year of publication. Title. Location: Publisher. E-
source/URL
Borel, Brooke. 2016. The Chicago Guide to Fact-Checking. Chicago: University of
Chicago Press. ProQuest Ebrary.

Kurland, Philip B., and Ralph Lerner, eds. 1987. The Founders’ Constitution. Chicago:
University of Chicago Press. http://press-pubs.uchicago.edu/founders/.

In-text citation
(Borel 2016, 92)

(Kurland and Lerner 1987, chap. 10, doc. 19)

Journal article
In the reference list, include the page range for the whole article. In the text, cite specific
page numbers. For articles consulted online, include a URL or the name of the database in
the reference list entry. Many journal articles list a DOI (Digital Object Identifier). A DOI
forms a permanent URL that begins https://doi.org/. This URL is preferable to the URL
that appears in your browser’s address bar.

Reference list
Author(s) [Surname, First name followed by full name for subsequent authors]. Year of
publication. “Title”. Journal Title & volume number (issue number): Page range. URL/DOI
where appropriate
LaSalle, Peter. 2017. “Conundrum: A Story about Reading.” New England Review 38 (1):
95–109. https://doi.org/10.1086/674703.

Satterfield, Susan. 2016. “Livy and the Pax Deum.” Classical Philology 111 (2): 165–76.

In-text citation
(LaSalle 2017, 95)

(Satterfield 2016, 170)

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Journal articles often list many authors, especially in the sciences. If there are four or more
authors, list up to ten in the reference list; in the text, list only the first, followed by et al.

Reference list
Author(s) [Surname, First name followed by full name for subsequent authors]. Year of
publication. “Title”. Journal Title & volume number: Page range. URL/DOI where
appropriate
Bay, Rachael A., Noah Rose, Rowan Barrett, Louis Bernatchez, Cameron K. Ghalambor,
Jesse R. Lasky, Rachel B. Brem, Stephen R. Palumbi, and Peter Ralph. 2017.
“Predicting Responses to Contemporary Environmental Change Using Evolutionary
Response Architectures,” American Naturalist 189: 463–73.

In-text citation
(Bay et al. 2017, 465)

News or magazine article

Articles from newspapers or news sites, magazines, blogs, and the like are cited similarly.
Page numbers, if any, can be cited in the text but are omitted from a reference list entry. If
you consulted the article online, include a URL or the name of the database.

Reference list entries (in alphabetical order)

Author(s) [Surname, First name]. “Title”. Newspaper/magazine title, Date of publication.
URL/DOI where appropriate
Mead, Rebecca. 2017. “The Prophet of Dystopia.” New Yorker, April 17, 2017.

In-text citation
(Mead 2017, 43)

Thesis or dissertation
Titles of theses and dissertations appear in quotation marks—not in italics; otherwise, they
are cited like books.

Reference list
Author(s) [Surname, First name]. Year of publication. “Title”. Degree [diss.], Institution.
Rutz, Cynthia. 2013. “King Lear and Its Folktale Analogues.” PhD diss., University of
Chicago.

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In-text citation
(Rutz 2013, 99–100)

Manuscript collections
When citing manuscript collections in author-date format, it is unnecessary to use n.d. (no
date) in place of the date. Dates of individual items should be mentioned in the text, when
applicable.

Reference list
Title/Author [Surname, First name]. Collection. Library.

Egmont Manuscripts. Phillipps Collection. University of Georgia Library.

Text
Oglethorpe wrote to the trustees on January 13, 1733 (Egmont Manuscripts), to say . . .

If only one item from a collection has been mentioned in the text, however, the entry may
begin with the writer’s name (if known).

Reference list
Author [Surname, First name]. Item. Collection. Library.

Dinkel, Joseph. Description of Louis Agassiz written at the request of Elizabeth Cary
Agassiz. Agassiz Papers. Houghton Library, Harvard University.

In-text citation
(Dinkel, n.d.)

Website content
It is often sufficient simply to describe web pages and other website content in the text (“As
of May 1, 2017, Yale’s home page listed . . .”). If a more formal citation is needed, it may be
styled like the examples below. For a source that does not list a date of publication or
revision, use n.d. (for “no date”) in place of the year and include an access date.

Reference list
Company/institution. Year of publication/n.d where applicable. Web page. Date last
modified/accessed. URL
Google. 2017. “Privacy Policy.” Last modified April 17, 2017.
https://www.google.com/policies/privacy/.

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Yale University. n.d. “About Yale: Yale Facts.” Accessed May 1, 2017.
https://www.yale.edu/about-yale/yale-facts.

In-text citation
(Google 2017)

(Yale University n.d.)

Social media content

Citations of content shared through social media can usually be limited to the text (as in the
first example below). If a more formal citation is needed, a reference list entry may be
appropriate. In place of a title, quote up to the first 160 characters of the post. Comments
are cited in reference to the original post.

Text
Conan O’Brien’s tweet was characteristically deadpan: “In honor of Earth Day, I’m
recycling my tweets” (@ConanOBrien, April 22, 2015).

Reference list
Chicago Manual of Style. “Is the world ready for singular they? We thought so back in
1993.” Facebook, April 17, 2015.
https://www.facebook.com/ChicagoManual/posts/10152906193679151.

Souza, Pete (@petesouza). 2016. “President Obama bids farewell to President Xi of China
at the conclusion of the Nuclear Security Summit.” Instagram photo, April 1, 2016.
https://www.instagram.com/p/BDrmfXTtNCt/.

In-text citation
(Chicago Manual of Style 2015)

(Souza 2016)

Recordings/multimedia
Older sources on outdated media are more likely to be consulted in the form of a digital
copy; though authors should cite the format consulted, it is generally useful to give
information about the original source, if available. Moreover, the date of the original

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recording should be privileged in the citation. Whom to list as “author” depends on the
focus of the citation and is a matter of authorial discretion.

Reference list
Weingartner, Felix von, conductor. 150 Jahre Wiener Philharmoniker. Preiser Records
PR90113 (mono), 1992, CD. Includes Beethoven’s Symphony no. 3 in E-flat Major
and Symphony no. 8 in F Major.

Coolidge, Calvin. [1920?]. “Equal Rights” (speech). In “American Leaders Speak:

Recordings from World War I and the 1920 Election, 1918–1920.” Library of
Congress. Copy of an undated 78 rpm disc, RealAudio and WAV formats, 3:45.
http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/nfhtml/.

Grande, Lance, and Allison Augustyn. 2011. Gems and Jewels. iPad ed., v. 1.01.
Touchpress. Adapted from Lance Grande and Allison Augustyn, Gems and
Gemstones: Timeless Natural Beauty of the Mineral World (Chicago: University of
Chicago Press, 2009).

Holiday, Billie, vocalist. 1958. “I’m a Fool to Want You.” By Joel Herron, Frank Sinatra,
and Jack Wolf. Recorded February 20, 1958, with Ray Ellis. Track 1 on Lady in Satin.
Columbia CL 1157, 33⅓ rpm.

Pink Floyd. 1970. Atom Heart Mother. Capitol CDP 7 46381 2, 1990, CD.

Rovio Entertainment. 2014. Angry Birds Transformers. V. 1.4.25. Rovio Entertainment.

Android 4.0 or later. Soundtrack by Vince DiCola and Kenny Meriedeth.

In-text citation
(Weingartner 1936)

(Coolidge [1920?])

(Grande and Augustyn 2011)

(Holiday 1958)

(Pink Floyd 1970, track 2)

(Rovio Entertainment 2014)

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Live performances, which cannot be consulted as such by readers, are generally not cited in
a reference list. Instead, incorporate the details about the performance into the text.

In a performance of Lin-Manuel Miranda’s Hamilton at the Richard Rodgers Theatre in

New York on February 2, 2016, . .

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