CS 412:

Object Oriented
Programming
Fall 2016
1. Starting OOP

Friday, April 27, 2018

Salman Ahmed Rajpoot 1

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 Profile
• Name: Salman Ahmed Rajpoot

• 2010-2014 BS( Information Technology)

– University of Education Lahore

• 2015-2018 MS( Software Engineering)

– International Islamic University
Islamabad

Book:
Recommended: HTTP: The Definite Guide (O’REILLY, 2002)
Procedural vs. Object-Oriented

• Procedural • Object Oriented

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Withdraw, deposit, transfer Customer, money, account 3
 (OO)
Object-Orientation

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What is Object-Orientation?

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• A technique for system modeling

• OO model consists of several interacting objects

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What is a Model?

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• A model is an abstraction of something

• Purpose is to understand the product before developing it

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Examples – Model

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• Highway maps

• Architectural models

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• Mechanical models

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 Example – OO Model

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…Example – OO Model
• Objects lives-in
Ali House

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• Ali
• House drives
• Car

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• Tree
• Interactions Car Tree
• Ali lives in the house
• Ali drives the car

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Object-Orientation -
Advantages
• People think in terms of objects

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• OO models map to reality

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• Therefore, OO models are
• easy to develop
• easy to understand

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What is an Object?
An object is

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• Something tangible (Ali, Car)

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• Something that can be apprehended intellectually (Time,
Date)

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… What is an Object?
An object has

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• State (attributes)
• Well-defined behaviour (operations)

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• Unique identity

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Example – Ali is a Tangible Object
• State (attributes)

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• Name
• Age
• behaviour (operations)

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• Walks
• Eats
• Identity
• His name

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Example – Car is a Tangible Object
• State (attributes)

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- Color
- Model
• behaviour (operations)

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- Start Car
- Accelerate
- Change Gear
• Identity
- Its registration number

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Example – Time is an Object
Apprehended Intellectually
• State (attributes)

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- Hours - Seconds
- Minutes
• behaviour (operations)

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- Set Hours - Set Seconds
- Set Minutes
• Identity
- Would have a unique ID in the model

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Example – Date is an Object
Apprehended Intellectually
• State (attributes)

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- Year - Day
- Month
• behaviour (operations)

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- Set Year - Set Day
- Set Month
• Identity
- Would have a unique ID in the model

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Definition
• What Is an Object?

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• An object is a software bundle of related
variables and methods. Software objects are
often used to model real-world objects you find

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in everyday life.
• Objects are key to understanding object-oriented
technology. You can look around you now and
see many examples of real-world objects: dog,
desk, television set, bicycle.
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Real-world objects share two
characteristics
• They all have state and behavior
• dogs have state (name, color, breed) and behavior (barking,

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fetching, and wagging tail).
• Bicycles have state (current gear, current pedal cadence, two
wheels, number of gears) and behavior (braking, accelerating,

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slowing down, changing gears).

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Software objects are modeled after real-
world objects
• A software object maintains its state in one or more variables .

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• A software object implements its behavior with methods . A
method is a function (subroutine) associated with an object.

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Can represent real-world objects by
using software objects.
• You might want to represent real-world dogs as

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software objects in an animation program or a
real-world bicycle as a software object in the
program that controls an electronic exercise

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bike.
• You can also use software objects to model
abstract concepts. For example, an event is a
common object used in GUI window systems to
represent the action of a user pressing a mouse
button or a key on the keyboard. 20
Moving to new thinking …
• C is a procedural language. A procedure is a list of instructions.

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• Very small programs (tens of lines) need no organization.
• As they get large (hundreds of lines), they are divided into functions.
• Functions are still lists of instructions.

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• Dividing a program into functions gives a structure to the program
(hence structured programming).

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Moving to new thinking …
• C programming cannot do the following well:

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• Functions have unrestricted access to global data.
• Data and Functions are unrelated; they do not form a logical group or
show any form of binding.

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• Cannot model ‘real world’.
• In real world, we deal with objects like cars, people etc.
• Are such objects like ‘data’? Which data type describes a car, for
example?
• Are such objects like ‘functions’? What will a function car() do?

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 Moving to new thinking …
• A real world object, e.g. car:
• Is its description purely the ability to have a ‘data type’ to represent its

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specifications or ‘attributes’ only? For example what attributes describe
a car?
• So by having all these attributes ‘only’ do you know all about a car?
Would you buy a car by merely looking at these attributes and their

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values?
• No! What else do you wish to have?

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Moving to new thinking …
• A real world object, e.g. car:
• Test drive! Right?

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• What would you know through a test drive: how it ‘behaves’ in
response to various stimulus!
• How can it negotiate a speed braker, a speedy turn, full braking etc.
• Effectively, you wish to know how it ‘functions’.

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• Behaviour is like a function.
• So neither data nor functions, by themselves, model real-world
objects effectively.

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Object Oriented Approach …
• Neither data nor functions, by themselves, model real-world
objects effectively.

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• OO languages (like C++) combine both ‘data’ and ‘functions that
operate on that data’ into a single unit, called ‘object’. Hence
‘encapsulating’ an entity.

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• The objects functions are called member functions.
• Typically, data can be accessed through functions only. So data gets
‘hidden’.
• Data hiding ensures the data is not accidentally altered.
• Reference analogy of a growing company; 2 people vs 100
employee company.
• Objects communicate with each other by calling each other’s
member functions. 25
Object Oriented Approach …
• OOP is all about ‘organization’ and not about program operation.
Most individual statements are similar to C statements. Member

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functions may be very similar to C procedural functions.
• In C you used to think about functions.
• In C++ you should think about objects.

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• Often objects in C++ are real-world analogies.
• In C++ objects are ‘instances’ of ‘classes’. E.g. Honda City is an
instance of class car!
• Class serves as a cookie cutter and an object a cookie.

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Abstraction

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• Abstraction is a way to cope with complexity.

• Principle of abstraction:

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“Capture only those details about an object that are relevant to
current perspective”

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Example – Abstraction
Ali is a PhD student and teaches BS

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students

• Attributes

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- Name - Employee ID
- Student Roll No - Designation
- Year of Study - Salary
- CGPA - Age
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Example – Abstraction
Ali is a PhD student and teaches BS

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students
• behaviour

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- Study - DevelopExam
- GiveExam - TakeExam
- PlaySports - Eat
- DeliverLecture - Walk

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Example – Abstraction
Student’s Perspective

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Attributes

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• - Name - Employee ID
• - Student Roll No - Designation
• - Year of Study - Salary
• - CGPA - Age
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Example – Abstraction
Student’s Perspective

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• behaviour

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- Study - DevelopExam
- GiveExam - TakeExam
- PlaySports - Eat
- DeliverLecture - Walk

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Example – Abstraction
Teacher’s Perspective

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• Attributes

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- Name - Employee ID
- Student Roll No - Designation
- Year of Study - Salary
- CGPA - Age
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Example – Abstraction
Teacher’s Perspective

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• behaviour

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- Study - DevelopExam
- GiveExam - TakeExam
- PlaySports - Eat
- DeliverLecture - Walk

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 Example – Abstraction
A cat can be viewed with different

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perspectives

• Ordinary Perspective • Surgeon’s Perspective

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A pet animal with A being with
• Four Legs • A Skeleton
• A Tail • Heart
• Two Ears • Kidney
• Sharp Teeth • Stomach 34
Example – Abstraction

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Engineer’s View

Driver’s View

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Abstraction – Advantages

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• Simplifies the model by hiding irrelevant details

• Abstraction provides the freedom to defer implementation

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decisions by avoiding commitment to details

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Classes

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• In an OO model, some of the objects exhibit identical
characteristics (information structure and behaviour)

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• We say that they belong to the same class

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Example – Class
• Ali studies mathematics

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• Anam studies physics
• Sohail studies chemistry

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• Each one is a Student
• We say these objects are instances of the Student class

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Example – Class
• Ahsan teaches mathematics

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• Aamir teaches computer science
• Atif teaches physics

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• Each one is a teacher
• We say these objects are instances of the Teacher class

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Graphical Representation of Classes

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(Class Name)
(Class Name)

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(attributes)

Suppressed
(operations)
Form

Normal Form 40
Example – Graphical Representation
of Classes

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Circle
center Circle

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radius
draw Suppressed
computeArea Form

Normal Form
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Example – Graphical Representation
of Classes

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Person
name Person

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age
gender Suppressed
eat Form
walk

Normal Form
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Inheritance

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• A child inherits characteristics of its parents

• Besides inherited characteristics, a child may have its own

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unique characteristics

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Inheritance in Classes
• If a class B inherits from class A then it contains all the

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characteristics (information structure and behaviour) of class
A
• The parent class is called base class and the child class is called
derived class

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• Besides inherited characteristics, derived class may have its
own unique characteristics

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Example – Inheritance

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Person

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Student Doctor
Teacher

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 Line
Shape

Circle
Example – Inheritance

Triangle

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Inheritance – “IS A” or
“IS A KIND OF” Relationship

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• Each derived class is a special kind of its base class

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Example – “IS A” Relationship
Person
name

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age
gender
eat

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walk

Student Teacher Doctor

program designation designation
studyYear salary salary
study teach checkUp 48

heldExam takeExam prescribe

Example – “IS A KIND of”
Relationship
Shape
color

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coord
draw
rotate

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setColor

Circle Triangle
radius Line angle
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draw length draw
computeArea draw computeArea
Inheritance – Advantages

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• Reuse

• Less redundancy

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• Increased maintainability

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Reuse with Inheritance
• Main purpose of inheritance is reuse

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• We can easily add new classes by inheriting from existing
classes
• Select an existing class closer to the desired functionality

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• Create a new class and inherit it from the selected class
• Add to and/or modify the inherited functionality

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 Example Reuse
Shape
color

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coord
draw
rotate

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setColor

Circle Triangle
radius Line angle
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draw length draw
computeArea draw computeArea
Example Reuse
Person
name

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age
gender
eat

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walk

Student Teacher Doctor

program designation designation
studyYear salary salary
study teach checkUp 53

heldExam takeExam prescribe

Example Reuse
Person
name

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age
gender
eat

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walk

Student Teacher Doctor

program designation designation
studyYear salary salary
study teach checkUp 54

heldExam takeExam prescribe

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References
• “Object Oriented Programming in C++”, by “Robert Lafore”,
published by Sams Publishing (The Waite Group). 4th ed. available

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in soft form.
• “Object Oriented Programming Using C++” by “Joyce Farrell” ,
published by Course Technology, Cengage Learning. 4th ed. available
in soft form
• National University of Computer & Emerging Sciences
[www.nu.edu.pk]
• Virtual University of Pakistan [ocw.vu.edu.pk]
• Open Courseware Consortium
[http://www.ocwconsortium.org/en/courses]
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Study Assignment
• I hope you did go through chapter 1 of both the books.

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• How was the experience?
• What did you learn?

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 Thanks

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