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Solución Señales y Sistemas
Solución Señales y Sistemas
Solutions - Homework # 1
PROBLEM 1
A continuous time signal is shown in the figure. Carefully sketch each of the following signals:
x(t)
2
a) x(t-3) e) x(t)*((t+3/2) - (t-3/2))
b) x(2-t) 1
f) (x(t) + x(2-t))*u(1-t)
c) x(2t+2) g) x(t/2 - 3) + x(t/3 -2)
d) x(2 - t/3) h) x(t-1)*u(t-1)
-1 1 2 3 t
-1
a) b)
x(t-3) x(t+2) x(2-t)
2 2 2
1 1 1
1 2 3 4 5 6 t -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 t -1 0 1 2 3 t
-1 -1
-1
c) x(t+2) x(2t+2)
2 2
1 1
-1.5 0.5
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 t -3 -2 -1 0 1 t
-1 -1
d)
x(t+2) x(t/3 + 2)
2 2
1 1
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 t -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 t
-1 -1
x(-t/3 + 2)
2
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 t
-1
e) f)
x(t) x(2-t) x(t)
2 2 2
1 1 1
-1 1 2 3 t -1 0 1 2 3 t -1 1 2 3 t
-1 -1 -1
x(t) + x(2-t)
x(t)*((t+3/2) - (t-3/2)
2 3
u(1-t)
1 2 2
1 1
-1 1 2 3 t
-1
-1 1 2 3 t -1 1 2 t
-2 -1
x(2)(t-3/2)
(x(t) + x(2-t))*u(1-t) 3
-1 1 2 3 t
h)
x(t-1) u(t-1) x(t-1)*u(t-1)
2 2 2
1 1 1
1 2 3 4 5 t 1 2 3 t 1 2 3 4 t
-1 -1
g)
x(t-2) x(t/3-2)
2 2
1 1
1 2 3 4 5 6 t 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 t
-1 -1
x(t-3) x(t/2-3)
2 2
1 1
1 2 3 4 5 6 t 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 t
-1 -1
x(t/3-2) + x(t/2 - 3)
4
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 t
-1
PROBLEM 2
The discrete-time signals x1[n] and x2[n] are shown in the figure. Carefully sketch each of the following
signals: x1[n]
3
n
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
x2[n]
n
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
a) x1[3n] b) x1[2n]
3 3
2 2
1 1
n n
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
x2[n-2] u[n-2]
1
1
n
... ... n
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
4 2
3 1
... n
2 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
...
1 -1
n
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
0.5*x1[n]
c) d)
2 u[1-n]
1.5
1
1
0.5 ... ... n
n
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
(-1)nx1[n] x1[n]
3 3
2 2
1 1
n n
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
-1
x1[n]*u[1-n]
-3 3
2
0.5*x1[n] + (-1)nx1[n]
3 1
n
2 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
n
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
-0.5
-1
-1.5
-2
e) x1[n-3] x1[2n-3]
3 3
2 2
1 1
n
n
-1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
f) x1[n-1] x1[2n-1]
3 3
2 2
1 1
n n
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
u[n+3] u[2n+3]
1 1
x1[2n-1] + u[2n+3]
1
... ... n
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
g) h)
2nx1[n-1]
x1[n-1]
3 48
...
2
...
1 16
n
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
...
...
4
x1[n-1][n-3]
3 3
2 2
1 1
n 3/4 n
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
PROBLEM 3
Determine whether the following signals are periodic, and for those which are, find the fundamental
period (T for continuous time signals and N for discrete-time signals) and the fundamental angular
frequencies ( for continuous time signals and for discrete-time signals). You must specify the units of
these quantities.
a) x[n] = cos((8/15)*n)
b) x[n] = sin((7/15)*n)
c) x(t) = sin(2t) + cos(3t)
d) x[n] = sin((1/5)*n)*sin((1/3)*n)
e) x(t) = sin(t)u(t-1)
f) x(t) = sin(t)u(t) + sin(-t)*u(-t)
a) N = 2m/(8/15) N = (15/4)m
Then, we choose m = 4 N = 15 samples, = 2/15 rads/sample.
b) N = 2m/(7/15) N = (30/7)m
Then, we choose m = 7 N = 30 samples, = /15 rads/sample.
Then, the signal x(t) is periodic with period T = 2 secs, = 1 rad per second
We need: N/5 = 2k, and N/3 = 2r, where k,r are integers
Then, we see that: N = 10k = 6r 5k = 3r
The smallest numbers k,r that satisfy this condition are k = 3, r = 5.
Then, the signal x[n] is periodic with period N = 30 samples, = /15 rads/sample.
* Optional:
If we notice that: sin(n/5)sin(n/3) = sin(n/5 + k)sin(n/3 + r)
Then, we need: N/5 = k, and N/3 = r, where k,r are integers
Then, k=3, r=5, and N = 5k = 3r = 15 samples, = 2/15 rads/sample.
x(t)
x(t)
... ...
t
T
T
x(t+T)
PROBLEM 4
The systems that follow have input x(t) or x[n] and output y(t) or y[n] respectively. For each
system, determine (and justify) whether it is (i) memoryless, (ii) stable, (iii) causal, (iv) linear, and (v) time
invariant. Recall that to disprove that a system has a certain property, all you need is to come up with a
counter-example.
a) y(t) = cos(x(t))
b) y(t) = x(t/2)
c) y[n] = 3*x[n]u[n]
d) y[n] = log2(|x[n]|)
e) y[n] = x[n] + x[n-1] + x[n+2]
f) y[n] = 2n x[n]
a) y(t) = cos(x(t))
Stability:
If |x(t)| Mx < , t it should be that |y(t)| My < , t
|y(t)| = |cos(x(t)| |y(t)| = |cos(x(t)| 1
Causality: It is causal, because it does not depend on future values of the input x(t).
Linearity:
If the input to the system is axA(t) + bxB(t), where a,b, are real numbers, then the output to
the system should be ayA(t) + byB(t), where yA(t), yB(t) are the responses of the system
to xA(t) and xB(t) respectively.
We see that y(t) a(yA(t)) + b(yB(t)). Thus, the system is NOT linear.
Time invariance:
We have a system y(t) = H(x(t)). The response of the system to a shifted input x(t-k)
should be the same as if the output y(t) has been shifted by k, i.e., y(t-k):
x(t-k)
x(t) Sk H y1(t)
b) y(t) = x(t/2)
It is NOT memoryless: y(2) = x(1), y(3) = x(1.5).
Stability:
If |x(t)| Mx < , t it should be that |y(t)| My < , t
|y(t)| = |x(t/2)| |x(t)|
Causality: It is NOT causal, because it depends on future values of the input x(t):
For example: y(-1) = x(-0.5), y(-4) = x(-2).
Linearity:
If the input to the system is axA(t) + bxB(t), where a,b, are real numbers, then the output to
the system should be ayA(t) + byB(t), where yA(t), yB(t) are the responses of the system
to xA(t) and xB(t) respectively.
Time invariance:
We have a system y(t) = H(x(t)) = x(t/2). The response of the system to a shifted input
x(t-k) should be the same as if the output y(t) has been shifted by k, i.e., y(t-k).
x(t-k)
x(t) Sk H y1(t)= x(t/2-k)
y(t)=x(t/2)
x(t) H Sk y(t-k)= x((t-k)/2)
We see that y(t-k) y1(t). Thus, the system is NOT time invariant.
c) y[n] = 3*x[n]u[n]
It is memoryless: it only depends on the current sample of the signal.
Stability:
If |x[n]| Mx < , n it should be that |y[n]| My < , n
|y[n]| = |3x[n]u[n]| |3x[n]|
Causality: It is causal, because it does not depend on future samples of the input x[n].
Linearity:
If the input to the system is axA[n] + bxB[n], where a,b, are real numbers, then the output to
the system should be ayA[n] + byB[n], where yA[n], yB[n] are the responses of the system
to xA[n] and xB[n] respectively.
Time invariance:
We have a system y[n] = H(x[n]). The response of the system to a shifted input x[n-k]
should be the same as if the output y[n] has been shifted by k, i.e., y[n-k]:
x[n-k]
x[n] Sk H y1[n]= 3x[n-k]u[n]
y[n]=3x[n]u[n]
x[n] H Sk y[n-k]=3x[n-k]u[n-k]
We see that y[n-k] y1[n]. Thus, the system is NOT time invariant.
d) y[n] = log2(|x[n]|)
It is memoryless: it only depends on the current sample of the signal.
Stability:
If |x[n]| Mx < , n it should be that |y[n]| My < , n
|y[n]| = |log2|x[n]||
When x[n] approaches 0, log2(|x[n]|) approaches towards minus infinity. Thus, the system
is NOT stable.
Causality: It is causal, because it does not depend on future samples of the input x[n].
Linearity:
If the input to the system is axA[n] + bxB[n], where a,b, are real numbers, then the output to
the system should be ayA[n] + byB[n], where yA[n], yB[n] are the responses of the system
to xA[n] and xB[n] respectively.
We see that y[n] a(yA[n]) + b(yB[n]). Thus, the system is NOT linear.
Time invariance:
We have a system y[n] = H(x[n]). The response of the system to a shifted input x[n-k]
should be the same as if the output y[n] has been shifted by k, i.e., y[n-k]:
Stability:
If |x[n]| Mx < , n it should be that |y[n]| My < , n
|y[n]| = |x[n] + x[n-1] + x[n+2]| |x[n]| + |x[n-1]| + |x[n+2]|
Causality: It is NOT causal, because it depends on future samples of the input x[n].
Linearity:
If the input to the system is axA[n] + bxB[n], where a,b, are real numbers, then the output to
the system should be ayA[n] + byB[n], where yA[n], yB[n] are the responses of the system
to xA[n] and xB[n] respectively.
Time invariance:
We have a system y[n] = H(x[n]). The response of the system to a shifted input x[n-k]
should be the same as if the output y[n] has been shifted by k, i.e., y[n-k]:
f) y[n] = 2n x[n]
It is memoryless: it only depends on the current sample of the signal.
Stability:
If |x[n]| Mx < , n it should be that |y[n]| My < , n
|y[n]| = |2nx[n]| 2n|x[n]|
Causality: It is causal, because it does not depend on future samples of the input x[n].
Linearity:
If the input to the system is axA[n] + bxB[n], where a,b, are real numbers, then the output to
the system should be ayA[n] + byB[n], where yA[n], yB[n] are the responses of the system
to xA[n] and xB[n] respectively.
Time invariance:
We have a system y[n] = H(x[n]). The response of the system to a shifted input x[n-k]
should be the same as if the output y[n] has been shifted by k, i.e., y[n-k]:
x[n-k]
x[n] Sk H y1[n]= 2nx[n-k]
y[n]= 2nx[n]
x[n] H Sk y[n-k]=2n-kx[n-k]
We see that y[n-k] y1[n]. Thus, the system is NOT time invariant.
PROBLEM 5
Using MATLAB, plot (with the command 'stem') the following signals for n = -40 to 40. Attach your
MATLAB code to the plots.
a) x[n] = 0.6*(0.95)n
b) x[n] = cos((/12)*n + /3) + sin((/6)*n + /5)
c) x[n] = A*cos(0n + ) for:
i. A = 2.5, 0 = 2/45, = /5
ii. A = 0.5, 0 = /12, = /3
iii. A = 1.5, 0 = /2, = /5
% a) x[n] = 0.6*(0.95)^n
B = 0.6; r = 0.95;
x1 = B*(r.^n);
figure; stem (n,x1,'.r'); title ('r = 0.95'); xlabel ('n');
a) 3
0
-40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40
n
sum of sinusoids
2
b) 0
-1
-2
-40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40
n
Sinusoid. A = 2.5, omega0 = 2/45, phi = /5
4
c)i
0
-2
-4
-40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40
n
Sinusoid. A = 0.5, omega0 = /12, phi = /3
0.5
c)ii
0
-0.5
-40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40
n
Sinusoid. A = 1.5, omega0 = /2, phi = /5
2
c)iii0
-1
-2
-40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40
n
Instructor: Daniel Llamocca
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING, THE UNIVERSITY OF NEW MEXICO
ECE-314: Signals and Systems Summer 2013
PROBLEM 6
Let x(t) be the continuous-time complex exponential signal:
x(t) = exp(j0t)
with fundamental frequency = 0, and fundamental period T0= 2/0.
The discrete-time signal x[n] was generated by uniformly sampling (taking equally spaced samples) the
signal x(t) with a sampling period TS (in seconds)
For NTS/T0 = m to hold, i.e., for m to be an integer, TS/T0 has to be a rational number.
PROBLEM 7
Using MATLAB, plot (with the 'stem' command) the following exponentially damped sinusoidal signal for
two different values of r (one positive and one negative).
x[n] = Brn sin(0n + )
n = -50:50;
B = 2;
phi = pi/4;
omega0 = pi/6;
r = 0.95; % 0 < r < 1: decaying exponential
x = B*(r.^n).*sin(omega0*n + phi);
figure; stem (n,x,'.b'); title ('r = 0.95'); xlabel ('n');
z = B*((-r).^n).*sin(omega0*n + phi);
figure; stem (n,z,'.b'); title ('r = 0.95'); xlabel ('n');
r = 0.95 r = -0.95
25 25
20 20
15
15
10
10
5
5
0
0
-5
-5
-10
-10
-15
-15 -20
-20 -25
-50 0 50 -50 0 50
n n
PROBLEM 8
The output of a discrete-time system is related to its input x[n] as follows:
y[n] = a0 x[n] + a1 x[n+1] + a2 x[n-2] + a3 x[n-3] + a4 x[n-4]
where a0, a1, a2, a3, a4 are real values.
Let the operator Sk denote a system that shifts the input x[n] by k samples to produce x[n-k].
a. Formulate the operator H for the system relating y[n] to x[n]. Then develop a block diagram
representation for H, using (i) cascade implementation, and (ii) parallel implementation.
b. Demonstrate that the system is BIBO stable for all a0, a1, a2, a3, a4 (real values)
c. Under what condition (if any) of the values a0, a1, a2, a3, a4 is the system causal?
d. Demonstrate that the system is linear and time-invariant.
x[n] S S S S a0
S-1 a1
S-1 a0 a2 a3 a4
x[n]
S2 a2 S y[n]
a1
S3 a3
S
S4 a4
y[n]
b. Stability:
If |x[n]| Mx < , n it should be that |y[n]| My < , n
c. The term x[n+1] makes the system noncausal. Then, for the system to be causal, we require
that a1 = 0.
d. Linearity:
If the input to the system is axA[n] + bxB[n], where a,b, are real numbers, then the output to
the system should be ayA[n] + byB[n], where yA[n], yB[n] are the responses of the system
to xA[n] and xB[n] respectively.
Time invariance:
We have a system y[n] = H(x[n]). The response of the system to a shifted input x[n-k]
should be the same as if the output y[n] has been shifted, i.e., y[n-k]:
x[n-k]
x[n] Sk H y1[n]
PROBLEM 9
Consider a series interconnection of system as shown below. The input-output relationship of each
system is given by the following equations:
a. Given the system: x[n] SYSTEM w[n] SYSTEM z[n] SYSTEM y[n]
1 2 3
y[n] = z[-n]
z[n] = aw[n-1] + nbw[n] + cw[n+1]
w[n] = x[-n] w[n-1] = x[-n+1], w[n+1] = x[-n-1] (the shift is on n).
z[n] = ax[-n+1] + nbx[-n] + cx[-n-1]
y[n] = z[-n] = ax[n+1] + (-n)bx[n] + cx[n-1]
b. Linearity:
If the input to the system is kxA[n] + rxB[n], where k,r, are real numbers, then the output to
the system should be kyA[n] + ryB[n], where yA[n], yB[n] are the responses of the system
to xA[n] and xB[n] respectively.
y[n] = k(yA[n]) + r(yB[n]). Thus, the system is linear for all real a, b, c.
Time invariance:
We have a system y[n] = H(x[n]). The response of the system to a shifted input x[n-k]
should be the same as if the output y[n] has been shifted, i.e., y[n-k]:
x[n-k]
x[n] Sk H y1[n]
For linearity, we need: y[n-k] = y1[n]. Thus, (-n)b =(-n+k)b. This only happens when b=0.