When we look at the words Culture and Landscape, the word cultural comes from the Latin

“colere”(colui,cultum) which originally means to cultivate (the soil), a clear human action to subdue
nature with the aim of profit. The word “landscape”(shaping the land) also implies, at first sight, a
human intervention. It seems then, that we cannot speak about our natural environment in terms of the
landscape without introducing ourselves as a determining factor.

A natural landscape is a landscape where nature has been able to create a relatively stable situation
without the intervention of man, regardless of the fact that may be in a far or not so far past, humans
had been very instrumental in shaping that landscape. A Cultural Landscape, on the other hand, is a
landscape where nature is guided by human action, both attempting to arrive at equilibrium. It also
emphasizes the presence of tangible and intangible values ingrained on to the natural landscape.

The Cultural Landscape Foundation (CLF) explains, “Cultural landscapes can range from thousands of
acres of rural land to homesteads with small front yards. They can be man-made expressions of visual
and spatial relationships that include grand estates, farmlands, public gardens and parks, college
campuses, cemeteries, scenic highways, and industrial sites. Cultural landscapes are works of art, texts
and narratives of cultures, and expressions of regional identity. They also exist about their ecological
contexts.

They are illustrative of the evolution of human society and settlement over time, under the influence of
the physical constraints and/or opportunities presented by their natural environment and of successive
social, economic and cultural forces, both external and internal.

The operational guideline states that the term “cultural landscape” embraces a diversity of
manifestations of the interaction between humankind and its natural environment. They should be
selected on the basis both of their outstanding universal value and of their representativity in terms of a
clearly defined geo-cultural region and also for their capacity to illustrate the essential and distinct
cultural elements of such regions.

Cultural landscapes fall into three main categories (Operational Guidelines 2008, Annex3), namely:

The most easily identifiable is the clearly defined landscape designed and created intentionally by man.
This embraces garden and parkland landscapes constructed for aesthetic reasons which are often (but
not always) associated with religious or other monumental buildings and ensembles.

The second category is the organically evolved landscape. This results from an initial social, economic,
administrative, and/or religious imperative and has developed its present form by association with and
in response to its natural environment. Such landscapes reflect that process of evolution in their form
and component features.
They fall into two sub-categories:

(i) a relict (or fossil) landscape is one in which an evolutionary process came to an end at some time in
the past, either abruptly or over a period. Its significant distinguishing features are, however, still visible
in material form.

(ii) continuing landscape is one which retains an active social role in contemporary society closely
associated with the traditional way of life, and in which the evolutionary process is still in progress. At
the same time it exhibits significant material evidence of its evolution over time.

The final category is the associative cultural landscape. The inclusion of such landscapes on the World
Heritage List is justifiable by virtue of the powerful religious, artistic or cultural associations of the
natural element rather than material cultural evidence, which may be insignificant or even absent.