Ch 16 summary

I have studied that universe is a collection of dust, clouds, galaxies. The study of properties,
structure and evolution of universe is known as cosmology. It was a thought that earth is in
center of universe and contains sun, moon, five planets and stars. German philosopher proposed
that were distant galaxies are similar to Milky Way. He also said that each galaxy contains
billions of stars. Light takes billions of year to travel from celestial objects to earth and the
distance travelled by light in one year is called light year. Big bang theory explains the birth of
universe. Hertzsprung-Russel diagram explains the relationship between temperature and
brightness of stars, and in this way we learned that blue color stars are hot while red color star
are cool. H-R diagram was produced by a survey and stars were plotted according to absolute
magnitude (stellar brightness) and temperature. From this survey it was concluded that 90 % of
all stars are along band that runs from upper left corner to lower right corner and these stars are
called main-sequence stars. Some stars lie above and some lies right of this sequence and these
stars are called giants. There are red giants and super giants.
Astronomers study age and life cycle of different stars and assemble a model for stellar
evolution. The method for this model is similar to the concept about the alien that how they reach
earth. First star was formed about 300 million years ago after big bang. Interstellar clumps of
matter which are rich in dust and gases is the birth place of stars and that place is called nebulae.
Gaseous clouds consists of 92 % hydrogen and 7 % helium. With the increase in temperature of
gaseous bodies, they started radiating energy in the form of long-wavelength red light but as the
large red objects are not hot enough and they cannot engage nuclear fusion, so we do not called
them stars rather they are called protostar. Fusion process ends in stars when all useable
hydrogen gas gets consumed and only helium gas remains. So when hydrogen gas finished then
fission reaction stop inside stars and they could not support against gravity and they started
colliding with other stars and this collapse causes its temperature to rise and its energy increased.
Some part of this energy come outward and initiated hydrogen fusion in the shell. This heat
expands the outer gaseous shell of star and in this way star like sun become red giant and some
become super giant.
In final stage the stars collapse into three types of celestial object which are white dwarfs,
neutron stars, or black holes. Galaxies are the collection of stars and stellar remnants. There are
three types of galaxies which are spiral, elliptical, and irregular. Vesto Slipher observed that
galaxies also exhibit motion. One prediction of big bang model is that if in start universe was too
hot then why scientists could not found the remains of heat. Big band theory also predict about
expansion of universe have stretched the waves. If this is true then scientists should detect long-
wavelength radio waves which are called microwave radiation. So scientists tried to find these
waves which they called cosmic microwave background radiation and after detailed observation
they found these waves. So in this way big band theory was confirmed.
I have studied big bang theory which explains the formation of universe. Universe consists of
billions of galaxies and galaxies consists of stars. The universe is so big that it takes billions of
year of light to travel from one from celestial objects to earth. According to me humans should
try to learn about other planets and galaxies because as the population on earth is increasing so
there could be the need of moving towards other planet.
I have a question for you guys that whether universe has stopped expanding or not?