WELCOM

E, GRADE
9!
PRESENTED BY: SIR. BRIAN
ARJAMES R. LUPAS
CONSTELLATIONS
 OBJECTIVES
 enumerate the characteristics of
stars;

 identify the different constellations

in the night sky;
PASS THE
MESSAGE,
PLS.
Before we officially start the
discussion, let's watch the
video presentation first.

https://
www.youtube.com/watch?v=
9cjvyvTGjh8
DISCUSSIO
N TIME NA!
STAR
 Stars are large celestial bodies made of
hydrogen and helium that produce light and
heat from the churning nuclear forges inside
their cores.
 These are massive ball of plasma that emit
light throughout the universe.
 Other than sun, the dots of light we see in the
sky are all light-years from Earth. They’re the
“building blocks of galaxies”, of which there
are billions in the universe.
Did you know that?
 According to the Scientific America,
Jupiter is called as ”failed
star” because it is made of the same
elements (hydrogen and helium) as is the
Sun, but it is not massive enough to have
the internal pressure and temperature
necessary to cause hydrogen to fuse to
helium, the energy source that powers
the sun and most other stars.
STEPHENSON 2-18
CHARACTERISTICS
OF STARS
BRIGHTNESS
 Two characteristics define brightness:
luminosity and magnitude. The amount of light
the star is known as “Luminosity”.

 It is determined by the star’s surface

temperature and star’s size also known as
“Magnitude”. The perceived brightness of a
star is the apparent magnitude, factoring in
size and distance, while its true brightness is
absolute magnitude irrespective of its
distance from earth.
SIRIUS RIGEL
COLOR
 A star's color depends on surface
temperature.

 The cooler stars tend to have redder in

color and hotter stars have a bluer
appearance. In the mid ranges, stars are
white or yellow, such as our SUN. Stars
can also blend colors, such as red-
orange stars or blue-white stars.
SURFACE
TEMPERATURE
 The astronomers measure a star's
temperature using the Kelvin Scale. Zero
degree Kelvin scale is theoretically absolute
and equal to -273.15 degrees Celsius. The
reddest stars are approximately 2,500 K and
the hottest stars can reach 50,000 K. Our
sun is only about 5,500 K.
 Spectral class of a star is a short code
summarizing the ionization state, giving an
objective measure of the photosphere's
temperature.
SIZE
 The astronomers measure the size of a given
star in terms of our own sun's radius.

 A star that measure 1 solar radii would

apparently be the same size as our sun. The
star Rigel measures 78 solar radii (larger than
the sun). The size of the star, together with its
surface temperature, will determine its
luminosity.
MASS
 A star's mass is also measured in terms of our
sun. It is with 1 equal to the size our sun. For
example, Rigel, larger than our sun, has a mass
of 3.5 solar masses. Two may not necessarily
have the same mass, even if they are similar in
size, as stars can greatly vary in density.
CONSTELLATION
S Constellations are group of stars that form

recognizable pattern that are traditionally
named or identified after their apparent forms
or mythological figures. The visually obvious
collection of stars smaller than constellations
are called asterism.
 Constellations help stargazers and
astronomers recognize specific stars in the
night sky.
MATIGSALUG MANOBO
 DIFFERENT
CONSTELLATIONS
IN THE NIGHT SKY
THE HUNTER ORION
 It is one of the most recognizable and
conspicuous patterns in the night sky. It is named
after the hunter in Greek mythology, Orion.

 It is composed of numerous stars with blue-white

Betelgeuse and red Rigel as the brightest. Three
stars, Alnilam, Mintaka, and Alnitak form the
Orion’s belt, while Hatsya is found at the tip of
Orion’s sword, Messia forms the head, and the left
and right knees are Saiph and Rigel stars.
 In the ancient times, observers also imagined group
of stars that form pictures of animals, objects, and
people.
 These constellations have names which can be
traced back in the early Greeks and Babylonian
civilizations, mostly all cultures have different names
for the constellations.
 For instance, the Greeks called the large
constellation Orion the hunter and the most
prominent in the night sky all over the world during
winter. Early Filipinos have visualized the same
group of stars and called it “Balatik”, which means
trap used in hunting wild pigs. Christian Filipinos
named the three stars (Orion’s belt) “Tatlong Maria
or Tres Marias”.
ORION THE HUNTER
THE POLARIS
 Polaris, known as the North Star, is the
brightest star in the constellation “Ursa Minor”
(Little Dipper). It is close to the North Celestial
Pole which makes it the current northern pole
star. Polaris stands almost motionless in the
sky, and all the stars of the northern sky appear
to rotate around it since it lies nearly in the
direct line with the axis of the earth’s rotation
“above” the north Pole.
URSA MAJOR
 Ursa Major constellation lies in the northern sky.
Ursa Major means “the great bear,” or “the larger
bear”.

 Ursa Major is the third largest constellation in the

sky and largest northern constellation. One of the
most recognizable shapes in the sky, also known
as the Plough. Its brightest stars form the Big
Dipper asterism.
 Constellations that lie along the plane of the
ecliptic are called Zodiac Constellations. The
circular path of the Sun across the sky, as seen
from Earth defines the ecliptic, or the apparent
path of the Sun.
 In other words, the Sun seems to pass through
these constellations over the course of a year.
 The zodiac is divided into twelve signs, each
occupying 30° of celestial longitude and
roughly corresponding to the constellations:
Taurus, Aries, Cancer, Gemini, Scorpio, Virgo,
Libra, Leo, Sagittarius, Aquarius, Capricorn,
and Pisces.
TAURUS
 Taurus represents a bull and is one of the
most magnificent and interesting
constellations in the sky. 
ARIES
 Aries’ symbol is the Ram and is associated
with initiation, courage, boldness, spontaneity and
inspiration
CANCER
 The constellation of Cancer represents the giant
crab that attacked Hercules during the second of
the 12 labors he performed as penance for killing
his family.
GEMINI
 Gemini is one of the 48 constellations first
cataloged by the Greek astronomer Ptolemy in the
second century. Its name means “the twins” in
Latin. It represents the twins Castor and Pollux,
two Greek heroes who were among the men
Jason led on his voyages on the Argo.
SCORPIO
 Its name comes from the Greek for “rival of Ares”
(i.e., rival of the planet Mars) and was probably
given because of the star's red colour and
brightness.
VIRGO
 Virgo is the second-largest constellation. In Greek
mythology, it represents both the goddess of
justice and the goddess of the harvest.
LIBRA
 Libra “The Scales” represents nature's
fundamental balance between day and night,
light and dark.
LEO
 “The Lion” is one of the constellations of the
zodiac which lies between Cancer, the crab to the
west, and Virgo, the maiden to the east. The Leo
is located in the Northern celestial hemisphere.
SAGITTARIUS
 one of the constellations of the zodiac and is
located in the Southern celestial hemisphere.
Sagittarius is one of the 48 constellations listed by
the 2nd-century astronomer Ptolemy and remains
to be one of the 88 modern constellations. Its
name is Latin for "archer", and its symbol is, a
stylized arrow.
AQUARIUS
 The constellation describes a large group of stars
that ancient Greek astronomers saw as a picture
in the night sky. Aquarius was said to represent a
"cup bearer" or "water bearer," which is what its
name means in Latin.
CAPRICORN
 In Latin, Capricornus means "horned goat", and
many of the names given to its stars by Arab
astronomers refer to parts of a goat, kid, or ibex,
and to related sacrificial rites.
PISCES
 Its representation as two fish tied together is
usually related to the Greek myth of Aphrodite and
Eros, who jumped into a river to escape the
monster Typhon and changed into fish, or,
alternatively, the two fish that carried them to
safety.
1. The amount of light that a star radiates.
2. The coolest to the hottest stars can be
approximately between 2,000K to 50,000K.
3. The star’s amount of matter may be different
from each other even if they have the
same size.
4. The characteristic of a star that depends on its
coldness and hotness.
5. The stars are measured in terms of our sun’s
radius.
6. A spectral class B star can range between
9,900K to 28,000K.

7. The hotter stars have a bluer appearance.

8. Stars’ magnitudes can be classified as

apparent and absolute.

9. Stars can vary greatly in density.

10. Rigel, compared to our Sun, measures 78

solar radii.
THANK YOU FOR
LISTENING,
CLASS. SEE YOU
NEXT MEETING
WELCOM
E, GRADE
9!
PRESENTED BY: SIR. BRIAN
ARJAMES R. LUPAS
DIFFERENT STARS
PATTERN
THROUGHOUT THE
YEAR
OBJECTIVES
 describe the apparent motion of stars
using the illustrations of a clear night
sky; and
 give the importance of stars and
constellations.
 REVEAL,
WHO AM I?
SCORPIO
ARIES
LEO
SAGITTARIUS
CAPRICORN
URSA MINOR
RIGEL
JUPITER
SIRIUS
SUN
Before we officially start the
discussion, let's watch the
video presentation first.

https://
www.youtube.com/watch?v=
BbzCA0Lgf3Y
DISCUSSION TIME NA!
Why Do We See Different
Constellations During the Year?
 If observed through the year, the
constellations shift gradually to the
west. This is caused by Earth's orbit
around our Sun. In the summer,
viewers are looking in a different
direction in space at night than they
are during the winter.
MARCH NIGHT SKY The constellations
best seen in
March are
Cancer, Canis
Minor, Carina,
Lynx,Pyxis, Vela,
and Volans.
JUNE NIGHT SKY The
constellations
best seen in June
are Boötes,
Libra, Lupus,
and Ursa Minor.
SEPTEMBER NIGHT SKY
The constellations
best seen in
September are
Capricornus,
Cygnus, Delphinus,
Equuleus, Indus,
Microscopium, and
Vulpecula.
DECEMBER NIGHT SKYThe constellations
best seen in
December are
Aries, Eridanus,
Fornax,
Horologium,
Perseus, and
Triangulum.
 While the rotation of the Earth on its axis
causes the apparent nightly movement
of the stars across the sky, the
revolution is responsible for the fact
that we can see different parts of the
sky at different parts of the year.

 The Earth moves counterclockwise

around the sun.
 An observer from Earth will be able to see the
stars that are on the night side. The stars on
the same side as the sun cannot be seen
because sunlight overpowers all the starlights.
 In the Philippines, during summer, the
constellations of Orion and Taurus are not
visible at night. They will only be visible again
as the cold season begins. During this time,
Scorpius will not be seen in the night sky.
 The Earth revolves around its orbit, the stars
that were concealed by the bright light of the
Sun in the previous months will appear in the
night sky.
How early people used the Constellations?
 While constellations were associated with religion,
they also have practical uses. Before the
calendars, people had no way of determining
when to sow or harvest except by looking at these
patterns in the sky.

 Ancient people develop a way to remember the

patterns by giving these patterns, names, and
stories.
 For example, in the Northern Hemisphere, the
constellation Orion indicates the coming of cold
season. The constellations made it easier for them
to recognize and interpret patterns in the sky.

 For example, Gemini is seen in the Philippines

during April and May. Farmers interpreted the
appearance of Gemini as the end of planting
season and it signified rich harvest
The table below shows how the Matigsalug Manobo of
Bukidnon used the stars and constellations in relation to
their agriculture.
OTHER USES
 Another use of the constellation is
navigation. The Polaris is widely used
in navigation because it does not
change its position at anytime of the
night or year. Also, one can figure out
his/her latitude just by looking at how
high Polaris appears in the night sky.
This allowed sailors to find their way
as they sail across the seas.