Problem 4.

156 [Difficulty: 3]

Given: Data on system

Find: Jet speed to stop cart after 1 s; plot speed & position; maximum x; time to return to origin

Solution: Apply x momentum

Assumptions: 1) All changes wrt CV 2) Incompressible flow 3) Atmospheric pressure in jet 4) Uniform flow 5) Constant jet area

kg 2 m
The given data is ρ = 999 ⋅ M = 100⋅ kg A = 0.01⋅ m U0 = 5⋅
3 s
m

Then −arf ⋅ M = u 1⋅ [ −ρ⋅ ( V + U) ⋅ A ] + u 2⋅ m2 + u 3⋅ m3

dU
where arf = u 1 = −( V + U) and u2 = u3 = 0
dt

2
ρ⋅ ( V + U) ⋅ A d ( V + U) ρ⋅ A
= −⎛⎜ ⋅ dt⎞
dU 2 dU
Hence − ⋅ M = ρ⋅ ( V + U) ⋅ A or =− which leads to
dt dt M
( V + U)
2 ⎝ M ⎠

V + U0
Integrating and using the IC U = U0 at t = 0 U = −V +
1+
(
ρ⋅ A⋅ V + U0 ) ⋅t
M
To find the jet speed V to stop the cart after 1 s, solve the above equation for V, with U = 0 and t = 1 s. (The equation becomes a
quadratic in V). Instead we use Excel's Goal Seek in the associated workbook
m
From Excel V = 5⋅
s
dx V + U0
For the position x we need to integrate = U = −V +
dt
1+
(
ρ⋅ A⋅ V + U0 ) ⋅t
M

M⎡ (
ρ⋅ A⋅ V + U0 ) ⎤
The result is x = −V⋅ t + ⋅ ln⎢1 + ⋅ t⎥
ρ⋅ A ⎣ M ⎦
This equation (or the one for U with U = 0) can be easily used to find the maximum value of x by differentiating, as well as the time for x
to be zero again. Instead we use Excel's Goal Seek and Solver in the associated workbook
From Excel x max = 1.93⋅ m t( x = 0 ) = 2.51⋅ s
V + U0 M ⎡ (
ρ⋅ A⋅ V + U0 ) ⎤
The complete set of equations is U = −V + x = −V⋅ t + ⋅ ln⎢1 + ⋅ t⎥
1+
ρ⋅ A⋅ V + U0
⋅t
( ) ρ⋅ A ⎣ M ⎦
M
The plots are presented in the Excel workbook:

t (s) x (m) U (m/s) To find V for U = 0 in 1 s, use Goal Seek

0.0 0.00 5.00
0.2 0.82 3.33 t (s) U (m/s) V (m/s)
0.4 1.36 2.14 1.0 0.00 5.00
0.6 1.70 1.25
0.8 1.88 0.56 To find the maximum x , use Solver
1.0 1.93 0.00
1.2 1.88 -0.45 t (s) x (m)
1.4 1.75 -0.83 1.0 1.93
1.6 1.56 -1.15
1.8 1.30 -1.43 To find the time at which x = 0 use Goal Seek
2.0 0.99 -1.67
2.2 0.63 -1.88 t (s) x (m)
2.4 0.24 -2.06 2.51 0.00
2.6 -0.19 -2.22
2.8 -0.65 -2.37
3.0 -1.14 -2.50

Cart Position x vs Time

2.5

2.0

1.5
x (m)

1.0

0.5

0.0
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
-0.5

-1.0

-1.5

t (s)

Cart Speed U vs Time

6

4
U (m/s)

0
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
-1

-2

-3

t (s)