‫ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻚ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻲ‬

‫‪Public Disclosure Authorized‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺣﺐ ﻟﻠﺸﺮﺍﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ )‪(GWPAP‬‬

‫‪30107‬‬
‫ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ‪Sustainable‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪Groundwater Management:‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﻭﺍﻷﺩﻭﺍﺕ‬ ‫‪Concepts and Tools‬‬

‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺬﻛﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﺰﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺬﻛﺮﺓ ‪9‬‬

‫‪Public Disclosure Authorized‬‬

‫ﻣﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺰﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻓﻲ ﻭﺗﻬﺪﻳﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻋﻴﺔ‬
‫‪2006-2002‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺆﻟﻔﻮﻥ )‪(GW•MATE Core Group‬‬

‫‪Albert Tuinhof 1 Stephen Foster1 Karin Kemper 2 Héctor Garduño Marcella Nanni‬‬
‫)‪( 1lead author 2main supporting author‬‬
‫”ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ ﺇﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﺩ‪ /‬ﻛﻤﺎﻝ ﻋﻮﺩﺓ ﻏﺪﻳﻒ – ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﻗﻨﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻳﺲ – ﻣﺼﺮ“‬
‫‪Public Disclosure Authorized‬‬

‫ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺃﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﻭﻓﻮﺍﺋﺪ ﻭﺗﺤﺪﻳﺎﺕ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ؟‬

‫● ﺗﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻣﻮﺭﺩﺍ ﺷﺎﻣﻼ ﻭ ﻣﺨﻔﻲ ﻣﺨﻔﻴﺎ ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻌﺐ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ )ﻣﺬﻛﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﻮﺟﺰﺓ ‪ 1‬ﻭ ‪ ،(2‬ﻭ )ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺤﻴﺔ( ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﹰ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺑﻄﻴﺌﺔ ﺟﺪﺍ ﹰ ﺗﺤﺪﺙ ﺗﺤﺖ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻭﺍﺳﻌﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ‪ .‬ﻫﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪﻫﺎ ﺑﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﻘﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻄﺔ ﻓﺤﺴﺐ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﻧﻤﺎ ﺗﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﺷﺒﻜﺎﺕ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﻭﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮ ﻭﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮﺍ ﻟﻠﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺇﺗﻘﺎﻧﺎ ﹰ‪ .‬ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﻬﺪﻑ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺨﺰﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻓﻲ ﻫﻮ ﺿﺒﻂ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺟﻤﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺳﺤﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻭﺃﻋﺒﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻮﺛﺎﺕ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻟﻬﺬﺍ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺰﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻓﻲ ﻭ ﻧﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺗﺴﺎﻫﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻬﺪﻑ‪.‬‬

‫● ﻳﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﻗﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻭﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺍﻟﺤﻠﻮﻝ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺟﺰﺋﻴﺎ ﹰ ”ﻣﺮﺟﻌﻴﺔ“ ﻭﺟﺰﺋﻴﺎ ﹰ‬
‫”ﻣﺘﺒﺎﻳﻨﺔ ﺯﻣﻨﻴﺎ ﹰ“ ﻓﻲ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺘﻬﺎ )ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ‪— (1‬ﺗﺠﻤﻴﻊ ”ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺒﺎﻳﻦ ﺯﻣﻨﻴﺎ ﹰ“ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﺎ ﻳﹸﻌﺘﺒﺮ ”ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ“‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻜﺬﺍ ﻓﺈﻥ‬
‫ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺨﺰﻳﻦ ﻟﻤﺪﻱ ﻟﻤﺪﻯ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﻣﻨﺘﻈﻢ ﻃﺒﻘﺎ ﹰ ﻟﻈﺮﻭﻑ ﻭﺃﻫﺪﺍﻑ‬
‫‪Public Disclosure Authorized‬‬

‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ‪ :1‬ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﺘﺒﺎﻳﻨﺔ ﺯﻣﻨﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﺮﺟﻌﻴﺔ )ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺭﺷﻴﻒ(‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬

‫)ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻠﻴﺔ(‬

‫ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﻣﻨﺴﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫•‬ ‫ﺳﺠﻼﺕ ﺁﺑﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ )ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺠﻴﻼﺕ‬ ‫•‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺍﺟﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻭﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ‬
‫ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﻧﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫•‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻧﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﻣﻨﺎﺳﻴﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﺰﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻵﻧﻴﺔ(‬
‫ﺗﺠﺎﺭﺏ ﺿﺦ ﺍﻟﺨﺰﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻓﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺌﺮ‬ ‫•‬

‫ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ ﻣﻦ ﺑﺌﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ )ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮ‬ ‫•‬ ‫ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﺦ ﻣﻦ ﺑﺌﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ‬ ‫•‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮ(‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﺴﺢ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻓﺎﺕ ﻣﻨﺴﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﺌﺮ‬ ‫•‬ ‫ﺃﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﻭﺗﻮﻗﻌﺎﺗﻬﺎﻭﺗﻮﻗﻌﺎﺗﻬﻢ‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻟﻠﺮﻱ‬ ‫•‬

‫ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺠﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺮﻱ‬ ‫•‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﻨﺎﺧﻴﺔ‬ ‫•‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻣﺴﺎﻧﺪﺓ‬

‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎﺕ ﺃﺭﺻﺎﺩﻳﺔ‬ ‫•‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﺴﺢ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ‬ ‫•‬
‫ﻣﺴﺢ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ‬ ‫•‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﺮﺍﺋﻂ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺍﻷﻗﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬

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 ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻚ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺣﺐ ﻟﻠﺸﺮﺍﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ )‪(GWPAP‬‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ‪ :1‬ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻭﺗﻔﺎﺻﻴﻞ ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺀ )ﺃ( ﺑﻴﺰﻭﻣﺘﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﻣﺘﺪﺍﺧﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪ .‬ﻧﻮﻉ ﻭﺣﺠﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﺳﻴﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺣﺪ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ‬
‫)ﻋﻠﻲ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻕ ﻣﺘﺒﺎﻳﻨﺔ( ﻣﻊ )ﺏ( ﺑﺌﺮ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻣﻴﺎﻩ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻘﺎ ﹰ ﻟﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﺩ ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺘﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻨﻪ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﹰ ﺣﺘﻤﺎ ﹰ‬
‫ﻣﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﻓﺮﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﺿﺦ ﺩﻭﺭﻱ ﳉﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺿﺦ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻧﺤﻮ ﻣﻨﺘﻈﻢ‬
‫)ﺣﺘﻰ ﻛﻞ ﺳﺎﻋﺔ(‬ ‫ﺃﻭ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭ‬
‫● ﺗﻌﺪ ﺍﻵﺑﺎﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻗﻠﺐ ﻛﻞ ﺑﺤﺚ ﻭﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﺭ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﻤﺎ ﺃﺩﻧﺎﻩ‪ .‬ﺗﻤﺜﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻵﺑﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻋﻴﻦ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﻴﻦ ﹸ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﺷﻒ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺨﺰﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﻤﺢ ﺑﻌﻤﻞ‬
‫ﻗﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺿﻐﻂ ﻭﻧﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻭﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﺗﻘﺪﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻟﻬﺎ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺨﺰﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻓﻲ‪.‬‬

‫● ﺁﺑﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻀﺦ )ﺍﻟﺴﺤﺐ(‪ .‬ﺗﻘﺪﻡ ﺁﺑﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺣﻔﺮﻫﺎ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬

‫ﻣﻨﺴﻮﺏ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻛﻦ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﻳﺪﺓ ﻭ ﻭﺣﻴﺪﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻲ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺴﻮﺏ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﻜﻲ‬
‫ﻭﺗﻨﻮﻋﻪ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻖ — ﻭ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﻔﺮ )ﺗﺴﺠﻴﻞ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﺍﻟﺼﺨﻮﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺌﺮ( ﻭﺍﻟﻀﺦ‬
‫ﺳﺪ ﻣﺎﻧﻊ ﻟﻠﺘﺴﺮﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺮﻳﺒﻲ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻲ ﻳﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻣﺮﺟﻌﻴﺔ ﺭﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ‬
‫)ﻣﺰﻳﺞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﺺ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻨﺘﻮﻧﻴﺖ(‬ ‫ﻭﻧﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻬﺎ ﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺌﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﺤﺐ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻳﺔ ﺣﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﹸﺠﻤﻊ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺁﺑﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺗﺸﻐﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺻﻌﻮﺑﺔ ﻟﺘﻔﺴﻴﺮﻫﺎ‪،‬‬
‫ﻷﻥ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﺗﺘﺄﺛﺮ ﺑﺪﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻬﺒﻮﻁ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﺎﺿﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻧﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﻮﺧﺔ ﺗﻌﻜﺲ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻂ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ‬
‫ﻓﻠﺘﺮ )ﻏﻼﻑ(‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺪﻯ ﻭﺍﺳﻊ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﺨﺰﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺣﺼﻮﻱ ﹸﻣﺤﺒﺐ‬
‫ﻭﺃﺯﻣﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻮﺙ )ﺷﻜﻞ ‪.(1‬‬

‫ﺳﺪﺍﺩﺓ ﺇﺳﻤﻨﺖ‬
‫ﺃﻳﺒﻮﻛﺴﻲ‬
‫● ﺁﺑﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻼﺣﻈﺔ )ﺍﻟﺮﺻﺪ(‪ .‬ﻫﺬﻩ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﻣﺤﻄﺎﺕ ﻣﺨﺼﺼﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﻢ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻤﻬﺎ ﻭﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻬﺎ ﻻﻛﺘﺸﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺮﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺳﺪ ﻣﺎﻧﻊ ﻟﻠﺘﺴﺮﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺘﻤﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﻭﻧﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ — ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ‬
‫)ﻣﺰﻳﺞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﺺ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻨﺘﻮﻧﻴﺖ(‬ ‫ﻣﺆﺷﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻖ ﻟﻤﺼﺎﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺄﺧﺬ‪ ،‬ﻣﺪﻱ ﻣﺪﻯ‬
‫ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ )ﺇﺫﺍ ﻟﻢ ﻳﻜﻦ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮﺍ ﹰ( ﻭﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ )ﻣﺆﺷﺮﺍﺕ(‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻋﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻟﻠﺘﻐﻠﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺳﻊ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻊ‬
‫ﻏﻼﻑ ‪PVC‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻖ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻀﺎﻏﻂ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﻟﻴﻜﻲ ﻭ‪ /‬ﺃﻭ ﻧﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ ‪،‬‬
‫ﻓﻠﺘﺮ )ﻏﻼﻑ(‬ ‫ﻣﺼﻔﺎﺓ ﺑﺌﺮ‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺰﻭﻣﺘﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺪﺍﺧﻠﺔ )ﺃﻋﺸﺎﺵ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺰﻭﻣﺘﺮﺍﺕ(‬
‫ﺣﺼﻮﻱ ﹸﻣﺤﺒﺐ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻳﻠﻮﻥ‬ ‫)ﺷﻜﻞ‪ (1‬ﺃﹶﻭ ﺗﺠﻤﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻵﺑﺎﺭ )ﻋﻨﺎﻗﻴﺪ ﺍﻵﺑﺎﺭ(‪ .‬ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺃﻋﺸﺎﺵ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺰﻭﻣﺘﺮﺍﺕ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻜﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻨﺎﻗﻴﺪ ﺁﺑﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻼﺣﻈﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻦ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺃﻣﻜﻦ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ‬
‫ﺳﺪﺍﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺇﻏﻼﻕ ﻣﺤﻜﻢ ﻟﻤﻨﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﺳﻲ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﺼﺎﻓﻴﻬﻢ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﻴﺎﻩ ﺟﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻣﻠﻮﺛﺔ‬ ‫)‪(a‬‬

‫‪2‬‬
 ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻚ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺣﺐ ﻟﻠﺸﺮﺍﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ )‪(GWPAP‬‬

‫● ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﺎ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺁﺑﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻼﺣﻈﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺘﺮﻧﺔ ﺑﺎﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺁﺑﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﺤﺐ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﹸﺼﻤﻢ ﻟﻜﻲ ﺗﻘﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺧﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﻟﻤﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺗﹸﺼﻨﻒ ﺃﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﻭﺷﺒﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺛﻼﺙ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﺭﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ )ﻟﻜﻦ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﺭﺿﺔ( )ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ‪،(2‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻤﻬﺎ ﻭﺗﺸﻐﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺤﺪﺩ ﻟﻜﻲ‪:‬‬
‫● ﺗﻜﺘﺸﻒ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﺗﺠﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﻧﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺴﺪ ﺍﻟﻔﺠﻮﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ‬
‫ﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ )ﺍﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ(‬
‫● ﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﻭﺿﺒﻂ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻣﺨﺎﻃﺮ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ )ﺍﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﻴﺔ(‪.‬‬

‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ‪ :2‬ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﺃﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻃﺒﻘﺎ ﹰ ﻟﻮﻇﻴﻔﺘﻬﺎ‬

‫ﻣﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﻵﺑﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﻇﻴﻔﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ‬

‫ﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻣﺘﻤﺎﺛﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻮﺿﻊ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﺍﻻﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻲ )ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﻣﺮﺟﻌﻴﺔ(‬
‫ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻲ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ‬ ‫• ﺍﻻﺗﺠﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺠﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻻﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺧﻲ‬
‫• ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﺬﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺠﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻮﺙ‬

‫ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ ‪ /‬ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﻛﺰ ‪ /‬ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺿﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺘﻤﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻱ )ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﻤﺎﻳﺔ(‬
‫ﺗﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺔ‬ ‫• ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻣﻴﺎﻩ ﺟﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﺇﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻲ‬
‫• ﺣﻘﻮﻝ ﺁﺑﺎﺭ‪ /‬ﺭﺅﻭﺱ ﻳﻨﺎﺑﻴﻊ ﺇﻣﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‬
‫• ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻀﺮﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺒﻮﻁ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ‬
‫• ﻣﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﻵﺛﺎﺭ ﺿﺪ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﺤﺮ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ‬
‫• ﺃﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺑﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﻣﻌﺘﻤﺪﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﺃﺳﻔﻞ ﻭﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﻧﺤﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﻟﻴﻜﻲ‬ ‫ﺇﻧﺬﺍﺭ ﻣﺒﻜﺮ ﻟﻠﺘﺄﺛﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺛﻼﺛﻲ )ﺍﺣﺘﻮﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻮﺙ(‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﻣﺼﺪﺭ ﺍﻟﺨﻄﺮ‬ ‫• ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺯﺭﺍﻋﻲ ﻛﺜﻴﻒ ﻟﻸﺭﺽ‬
‫• ﻣﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬
‫• ﻣﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﺩﻓﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ‬
‫• ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﺳﺘﺼﻼﺡ ﺍﻷﺭﺍﺿﻲ‬
‫• ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﺟﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺟﻢ‬

‫ﻛﻴﻒ ﻧﻀﻤﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻜﻠﻔﺔ؟‬

‫● ﺗﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﺑﻤﺘﻄﻠﺒﻴﻦ ﺭﺋﻴﺴﻴﻴﻦ‪:‬‬
‫ﹰ‬
‫● ﻳﺠﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺪﺍﺭ ﺑﻬﺪﻑ ﻣﻌﻴﻦ — ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﻟﻤﺠﺮﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺪ ﺫﺍﺗﻬﺎ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﻣﺎ ﺗﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻛﻒﺀ ﻟﻠﻘﻮﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﻟﻠﻤﻴﺰﺍﻧﻴﺎﺕ‬
‫ﹰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻌﺔ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﹸﺨﺰﻥ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻨﻈﻢ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﻲ— ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ ﺟﺪﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻻﺕ ﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬ ‫● ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﹸ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ”ﻓﻘﺪﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻖ“‪.‬‬

‫● ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻏﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﻤﻦ — ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﻧﻔﺎﻕ ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﺳﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ )ﻣﻦ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ(‪ ،‬ﺗﻜﺎﻟﻴﻒ ﺃﺧﺬ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ )ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻵﻻﺕ‪ ،‬ﺍﻷﻓﺮﺍﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻹﻣﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻤﻮﻳﻦ( ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻟﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻠﻴﺔ )ﻟﻠﻤﺨﺘﺒﺮ ‪،‬ﺗﺨﺰﻳﻦ ﻭﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ(‪ .‬ﻋﻼﻭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻲ ﻣﻦ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺘﻤﻞ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﻀﺢ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻊ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻓﻌﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﻴﺪ‪ ،‬ﻫﺬﺍ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﺪ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻛﺒﻴﺮﺍ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻤﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺟﺰﺀﺍ ﻣﻜﻤﻼ ﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺗﺘﻔﺎﺩﻯ ﺧﺴﺎﺭﺓ ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻣﻴﺎﻩ ﺟﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻹﺩﺧﺎﻝ‬
‫ﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﻣﻴﺎﻩ ﺑﺎﻫﻈﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻟﻴﻒ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺟﺔ ﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺰﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻓﻲ ﻏﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﻤﻦ‪ .‬ﻳﺰﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻮﻋﻲ ﺑﻬﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻀﻤﻨﺖ‬
‫ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﻟﺒﺮﺍﻣﺞ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻟﻴﻒ ﻭﺍﻷﺭﺑﺎﺡ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻚ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺣﺐ ﻟﻠﺸﺮﺍﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ )‪(GWPAP‬‬

‫● ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ ﻋﺒﺮ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺒﺎﻩ ﺑﺤﺮﺹ ﺷﺪﻳﺪ ﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﻭﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ )ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ‪ ،(3‬ﻭﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻌﺔ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺃﻧﺸﻄﺔ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺳﺎﺑﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬ ‫● ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻮﻯ ﻣﻦ‬
‫● ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻣﺤﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‪ ،‬ﺑﻘﺪﺭ ﺍﻹﻣﻜﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﺑﺴﻬﻮﻟﺔ‬
‫● ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺷﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺪﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺃﻛﻤﻞ ﻭﺟﻪ ﻟﺨﻔﺾ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻤﻠﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ‬ ‫● ﺗﺸﺠﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺗﻴﺔ ﹸ‬
‫● ‪i‬ﺩﻣﺞ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺗﻮﻛﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﺩﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ‪ :3‬ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﺠﺎﺡ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﺒﺮﺍﻣﺞ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ‬

‫• ﻳﺠﺐ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻷﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﻭﺗﻬﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﻭﻓﻘﺎ ﹰ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ‬

‫• ﻓﻬﻢ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ‬
‫• ﻳﺠﺐ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻣﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﺃﺧﺬ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﻣﺆﺷﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﻃﺒﻘﺎ ﹰ ﻟﻸﻫﺪﺍﻑ‬
‫ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ‬
‫ﻳﺠﺐ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺁﺑﺎﺭ ﺭﺻﺪ )ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ( ﻭﺳﺤﺐ ﻣﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻼﺋﻢ‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺃﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻞ ﻭﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﺒﺮ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻼﺋﻤﺔ ﻟﻸﻫﺪﺍﻑ‬ ‫•‬
‫ﻳﺠﺐ ﺗﺄﺳﻴﺲ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﻻﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﺑﺮﻭﺗﻮﻛﻮﻝ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺟﺎﻫﺰ ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫•‬
‫ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺤﻲ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﹸﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﺣﻴﺜﻤﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻟﻠﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬
‫• ﻧﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﹸﻔﺤﺺ ﺑﺎﻧﺘﻈﺎﻡ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺿﻮﺍﺑﻂ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺧﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺻﻨﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﺑﺘﻔﺴﻴﺮ ﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫• ﻳﺠﺐ ﺇﻣﺪﺍﺩ ﹸ‬
‫• ﻳﺠﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﹸﻘﻴﻢ ﻭﻳﹸﺮﺍﺟﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺩﻭﺭﻱ‬

‫)ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﻭﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ )‪ (UN-ECE) 2000‬ﻋﺪﻟﺖ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻣﻬﻤﺔ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻷﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ ﻭﺍﻷﻣﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ‬

‫ﻛﻴﻒ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺎﺭﻙ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ ؟‬

‫● ﻳﺠﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻀﻊ ﺗﺸﺮﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﺑﻨﺪﺍ ﹰ ﻟﻤﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﻭﺿﻊ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﺑﺘﺨﺼﻴﺺ ﺃﻭﺟﻪ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻤﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻭﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ‪ .‬ﻟﻜﻲ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻊ ﻓﻌﺎﻻ ﹰ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻀﻊ ﻣﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﻴﺔ ﺗﺤﺴﺐ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﻴﺔ )ﻣﺬﻛﺮﺓ ﻣﻮﺟﺰﺓ ‪ .(4‬ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮﺫﺟﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺌﻮﻟﻴﺎﺕ ﻳﺘﻠﺨﺺ ﻓﻲ‪:‬‬
‫● ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰﻳﺔ ‪ /‬ﺳﻠﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ — ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ﻣﺮﺟﻌﻴﺔ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬
‫● ﻭﻛﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻣﻴﺎﻩ ﺇﻗﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ‪/‬ﻟﻠﺤﻮﺽ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺮﻱ‪/‬ﻟﻠﺨﺰﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻓﻲ—ﻭﻇﺎﺋﻒ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﻭﺣﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺭﺩ‬
‫● ﻣﺘﻌﻬﺪﻱ ﺁﺑﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ‪ /‬ﺷﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻔﺮ—ﺍﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﺴﺠﻼﺕ ﺍﻵﺑﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﺦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺱ ﻭﻣﻨﺎﺳﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ‬
‫● ﻣﺴﺘﺨﺮﺟﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺎﺭ—ﺳﺠﻼﺕ ﻟﺴﺤﺐ ﺍﻵﺑﺎﺭ ﹸ‬
‫● ﻣﺴﺘﺨﺮﺟﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﺎﺭ— ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﻭﻛﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﺌﺮ‬
‫● ﻣﻠﻮﺛﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺘﻤﻠﻴﻦ — ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺩﻓﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ‪.‬‬

‫● ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺗﺨﺰﻳﻦ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ )ﻣﺘﻀﻤﻨﺎ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺔ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺃﺻﺤﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻠﺤﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺹ( ﻣﺴﺄﻟﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻬﻤﺔ‪ ،‬ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﻏﻴﺮ ﹸﻣﻨﺴﻘﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺟﻴﺪ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﻛﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﺼﺔ‪ .‬ﺗﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺎﺕ ﺗﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﻭﺗﺨﺰﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻭﺍﺿﺢ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﻮﻛﺎﻻﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺄﺳﻴﺲ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﹸﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﻭﺗﺮﺗﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﻟﻠﻤﺸﺎﺭﻛﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻋﻦ‬
‫ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ‪ .‬ﺗﺨﺰﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻲ ﺍﻷﺩﻧﻰ ﺳﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻊ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺳﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻴﺪ ﺣﻔﻆ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﻱ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻲ ﻟﺪﻯ ﺳﻠﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ )ﺟﺪﻭﻝ‪ (1‬ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺣﻔﻈﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺭﺷﻴﻒ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﻫﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻷﺭﺻﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﺿﻤﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻫﺬﻩ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻚ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺣﺐ ﻟﻠﺸﺮﺍﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ )‪(GWPAP‬‬

‫ﻣﻦ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻜﻦ ﺿﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﻓﺮﺓ ﻟﻬﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺬﻛﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﺰﺓ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﻢ ﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻭﻻ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ‬
‫ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻋﻦ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ )ﻟﻜﻦ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺇﻳﺠﺎﺩﻫﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻴﻨﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺠﺰﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻨﻲ ﺑﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺐ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ(‪ .‬ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ﺳﻴﺘﻢ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﻢ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﻴﻦ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﺪﻳﻴﻦ ﻭﺷﺎﺋﻌﻴﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﻠﺘﺎﻥ ﺳﺘﺆﺩﻳﺎﻥ ﺇﻟﻲ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎﺕ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﻬﺞ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺏ‪.‬‬

‫)ﺃ( ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻭﺳﻠﻮﻙ ﺍﻟﺨﺰﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻓﻲ‬

‫ﻛﻴﻒ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﻤﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺰﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻓﻲ ﺃﻥ ﺗﹸﺤﺴﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﻭﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ؟‬
‫● ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﻬﺪﻑ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺨﺰﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻓﻲ ﻫﻮ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ )ﺗﻨﻤﻴﺔ( ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﺧﻄﺔ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﻭﺿﺒﻂ‬
‫ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺤﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻳﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﻧﺸﻮﺀ ﻭﺗﻄﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﺇﻟﻲ ﻓﻬﻢ ﺟﻴﺪ ﻟﻠﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻲ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺗﻼﺣﻆ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﺴﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺑﺎﻟﺨﺰﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻓﻲ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﺴﺤﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻧﻈﺮﺍ ﹰ ﻻﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﺑﻤﻨﺎﺳﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺠﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪﻫﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺘﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺑﺎﻟﺨﺰﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻓﻲ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻜﺬﺍ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺳﺤﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻭﻣﻨﺎﺳﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺑﺎﻟﺨﺰﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻓﻲ ﺗﻘﺪﻡ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺭﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫● ﺗﺘﻢ ﺗﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺣﻔﺮ ﺁﺑﺎﺭ ﺳﺤﺐ )ﺿﺦ(‪ ،‬ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﻛﺤﻘﻮﻝ ﺁﺑﺎﺭ‪ .‬ﺗﹸﺼﻤﻢ ﺣﻘﻮﻝ ﺍﻵﺑﺎﺭ ﻫﺬﻩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ ﻣﺘﻮﻗﻌﺔ ﻭﻣﻘﺒﻮﻟﺔ ﻟﻠﺨﺰﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻓﻲ )ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﻴﺐ ﻭ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ( ﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﻣﻌﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﺤﺐ‪ .‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫ﻋﻤﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﻗﻌﺎﺕ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﺎﻛﻲ ﺍﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺰﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻓﻲ ﻟﺴﻴﻨﺎﺭﻳﻮﻫﺎﺕ ﺳﺤﺐ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪ .‬ﺗﹸﺼﺪﺭ ﺭﺧﺺ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﺤﺐ ﻭﺇﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﺣﻘﻮﻝ ﺍﻵﺑﺎﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﻗﻌﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﺗﻠﻌﺐ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺰﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻓﻲ ﺩﻭﺭﺍ ﹰ ﻣﻬﻤﺎ ﹰ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﻕ ﻧﻈﺮﺍ ﹰ ﻷﻥ‪:‬‬
‫● ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻳﺨﻴﺔ ﻣﻬﻤﺔ ﻟﻤﻌﺎﻳﺮﺓ ﻧﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﺨﺰﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺪ ﺫﺍﺗﻬﺎ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ ﻟﻤﺤﺎﻛﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﻮﺛﻮﻕ ﺑﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻟﺴﻴﻨﺎﺭﻳﻮﻫﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺤﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫● ﻗﻴﺎﺱ )ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻔﻆ ﺑﺎﻷﺭﺷﻴﻒ( ﺍﻟﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺟﻌﻲ ﻵﺑﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﺤﺐ ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻫﺎﻡ ﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﻢ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺮﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫● ﺗﻘﺪﻡ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎﺕ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻭﻣﻌﺪﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﺦ ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ ﺗﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﺣﻘﻮﻝ ﺍﻵﺑﺎﺭ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻘﻖ ﻣﻦ ﺻﺤﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﻗﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﺨﺰﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻓﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻳﺎﹰ‪ ،‬ﺍﺗﺨﺎﺫ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻟﺘﺨﻔﻴﺾ ﺍﻟﺴﺤﺐ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﻭﺭﺍ ﺭﺋﻴﺴﻴﺎ ﹰ ﻓﻲ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻭﻋﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ‪ ،‬ﻟﺘﺴﻬﻴﻞ ﺇﺩﺧﺎﻝ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫● ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻠﻌﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﹸ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻄﻠﺐ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺎﺣﺔ ﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻭﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺳﺤﺐ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ؟‬

‫● ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﻟﺴﺤﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺁﺑﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩﻳﺔ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺃﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ )ﻋﺪﺍﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ( ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻌﻄﻲ‬
‫ﻗﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ )ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ( ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻜﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻌﺐ ﺇﺑﻘﺎﺋﻬﺎ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﻗﺒﻞ ﻣﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ‪ .‬ﻗﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺗﹸﺴﺠﻞ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻭﺗﹸﺴﻠﻢ ﻟﻠﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻤﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻗﺪ ﺗﹸﺠﺮﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺗﻔﺘﻴﺶ ﺩﻭﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﺑﺸﺮﻁ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﻮﺍﻓﺮ ﻟﺪﻳﻬﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻔﻰ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﻭ ﻭﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻞ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻚ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺣﺐ ﻟﻠﺸﺮﺍﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ )‪(GWPAP‬‬

‫● ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﹰ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﻟﺴﺤﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ‪:‬‬
‫● ﺟﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻻﻟﻴﺔ — ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻝ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺮﻱ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ‬
‫ﻋﺪﺩ ﺳﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺗﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ )ﻣﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ( ﻣﻀﺮﻭﺑﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﻀﺦ‬
‫● ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺸﻌﺎﺭ ﻋﻦ ﺑﻌﺪ— ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﻸﻗﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻤﻮﻟﺔ ﺟﻮﺍ ﹰ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻘﺪﻡ ﻗﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺈﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﻭﺍﺳﻊ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺑﺘﻐﻄﻴﺔ ﺷﺒﻪ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮﺓ ﻭﺑﺘﻜﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻛﻴﻠﻮﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﺮﺑﻊ‬

‫ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪﻳﺔ ﺗﺨﺮﻳﻂ ﺟﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﺎﻋﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺸﻌﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺭﺽ‪ ،‬ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﺻﻴﻞ‪ ،‬ﺗﻤﻠﺢ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﻭﻫﺒﻮﻁ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ‪ .‬ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﻗﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﻜﻤﻠﺖ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ ﺑﻌﺪ‬
‫ﻣﺆﺧﺮﺍ ﹰ ﺑﺘﻔﺴﻴﺮ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﺠﺲ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﻣﻌﺪﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺨﺮ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻠﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺇﺫﺍ‬
‫ﺗﻮﻓﺮ ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭ ﻛﺎﻓﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻼﺋﻤﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻀﺎﺭﻳﺲ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﺷﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺍﻻﻧﺤﺪﺍﺭ‪ ،‬ﺑﻌﺪ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ‬
‫ﻛﻼ ﹰ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺨﺮ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻣﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻑ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺨﺰﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻓﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻘﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭ‬
‫ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﹰ ﻟﻤﺮﺍﺟﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻋﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﻮﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺘﻴﺶ ﺍﻷﺭﺿﻲ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ‬
‫ﻳﹸﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ‪:‬‬
‫• ﺃﻗﻤﺎﺭ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺗﺠﺎﺭﻳﺔ )ﻣﺜﻞ ‪ ،(LandSat‬ﺑﺼﻮﺭ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻭﺿﻮﺡ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻜﻦ ﻣﺮﻭﺭﻫﺎ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻛﹸﻞ ‪ 16‬ﻳﻮﻡ ﻭﻗﺪ ﻻ ﺗﹸﻌﻄﻲ‬
‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻛﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻣﺘﻜﺮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻐﻴﻮﻡ‬
‫• ﺃﻗﻤﺎﺭ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻣﺘﺨﺼﺼﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺭﺻﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﻭﺭﻫﺎ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭﺍ ﹰ ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﺗﹸﻌﻄﻲ ﺻﻮﺭ ﻗﺪ ﻻ ﺗﻜﹸﻮ ﹸﻥ ﺩﺍﺋﻤﺎ ﹰ ﺑﺎﻟﻮﺿﻮﺡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻓﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﻋﺮﺿﺔ ﻟﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺧﻄﺄ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺨﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺨﻔﺾ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻳﺔ ﺣﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻻ ﻳﹸﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ‬
‫ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﻟﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺨﺮ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﻛﻤﻲ‪ ،‬ﻧﻘﺺ ﺭﻃﻮﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﺃﹶﻭ ﻣﻌﺪﻻﺕ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺰﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻓﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻐﻄﺎﺀ ﻧﺒﺎﺗﻲ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﺑﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻗﺎﺣﻠﺔ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺻﻮﺭ ﺍﻷﻗﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺴﺢ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻱ ﺗﻈﻬﺮ‬
‫ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﻴﺔ ﻛﺒﻴﺮﺓ ﻟﺘﻮﺳﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻄﻴﺔ ﻭﺗﺨﻔﻴﺾ ﻛﻠﻔﺔ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻭﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺮ — ﻓﻲ ﺳﺤﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﻗﻠﻴﻤﻲ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺮﺍﺕ‬ ‫●‬

‫ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺤﻮﺹ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﻮﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻓﺮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻮﺍﺟﻬﺘﻬﺎ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﺗﺠﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﻭﺗﺬﺑﺬﺑﺎﺕ ﻣﻨﺴﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ ؟‬
‫● ﻗﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﻣﻨﺴﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ )ﻓﻲ ﺁﺑﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻼﺣﻈﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺴﺤﺐ( ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﺑﻬﺎ ﻳﺪﻭﻳﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺁﻟﻴﺎ ﹰ )ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ .(2‬ﺗﻌﻄﻲ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺠﻼﺕ ﻣﻨﺴﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻴﺪﻭﻳﺔ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺳﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺑﺼﺮﻳﺔ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺑﺘﻢ ﻏﻤﺮ ﻣﺠﺴﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺠﻼﺕ ﺍﻵﻟﻴﺔ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ‬
‫ﻣﺠﺴﺎﺕ ﺻﻐﻴﺮﺓ )ﻏﺎﻃﺴﺔ( ﺗﺮﻛﺐ ﻓﻲ ﺁﺑﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻼﺣﻈﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺴﺤﺐ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﹸﺨﺰﻥ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﻣﻨﺴﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﺘﺮﺍﺕ ﺗﻢ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺠﻞ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ ﺯﻳﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺘﻴﺶ ﺃﻭ ﺗﺮﺳﻞ ﻋﻦ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻟﻠﺘﻤﻜﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺑﻌﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﹼ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪﻫﺎ ﻣﺴﺒﻘﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﺤﻤﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ‬

‫● ﻳﺠﺐ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺷﺒﻜﺎﺕ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺼﺎﺻﻴﻴﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﻣﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ )ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ‪ ،(2‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻮﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻤﺜﻞ ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﻭﺗﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﻭﺿﻊ ﻋﺪﺓ ﺧﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ‪ .‬ﺇﺩﺭﺍﺝ ﺁﺑﺎﺭ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻭﺍﻵﺑﺎﺭ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﺔ ﺳﻴﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻧﻘﺎﻁ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ‪ .‬ﺇﻻ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻢ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﹰ ﺗﻤﻴﻴﺰ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺎﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﺤﻮﻅ ﻓﻲ ﺿﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬
‫ﺗﻤﻴﻞ ﻟﻠﻮﻗﻮﻉ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺗﺤﺖ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺻﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻄﺎﺑﻘﺔ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻚ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺣﺐ ﻟﻠﺸﺮﺍﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ )‪(GWPAP‬‬

‫● ﺗﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﻳﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﻗﻮﺓ ﺑﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻟﻺﻣﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻤﻮﻳﻦ )ﺩﻋﻢ ﻟﻮﺟﺴﺘﻴﻜﻲ(‪ ،‬ﺳﻮﻳﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﺿﺤﺔ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻟﻀﻤﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻳﻌﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﻧﻘﺺ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻤﺜﻞ ﻗﻴﺪ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﻟﺘﺠﻤﻴﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﺩﺓ‪ .‬ﺗﻔﻮﻳﺾ ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻰ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺗﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻣﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ‬
‫ﺳﻴﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻠﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ‪.‬‬

‫● ﺗﺨﺰﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﺮﺟﺎﻉ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﺗﻌﺪ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ‪ .‬ﻳﺠﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻛﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺪﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺑﻴﺴﺮ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻌﺔ‪ .‬ﺗﻐﻴﺮﺍﺕ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺪﺍﻧﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻭﺳﻴﻠﺔ ﺗﺨﺰﻳﻦ ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻳﺔ )ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ(‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺗﻮﻓﺮ ﺃﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﻣﺆﻫﻠﻴﻦ ﻟﻤﺮﺍﺟﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﹸ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺴﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﻢ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺘﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺭﺑﻤﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺃﺳﺒﺎﺏ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺟﺪﺍ ﹰ ﻭﻻﺑﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻘﻴﻴﻤﻬﺎ ﺑﻌﻨﺎﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺮﻑ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﺍﺗﺨﺎﺫﻩ ﺣﻴﺎﻟﻬﺎ‪.‬‬

‫)ﺏ( ﺍﻛﺘﺸﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻟﻤﺎﺫﺍ ﺗﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻷﺧﺬ )ﻟﺠﻤﻊ( ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ؟‬
‫● ﺗﺴﺒﺐ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺿﺦ ﺍﻟﺒﺌﺮ ﻭﻣﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻞ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺩﺧﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍﺀ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﻭﺧﺴﺎﺋﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻄﺎﻳﺮﺓ )ﺭﺑﻤﺎ ﺗﻘﺪﻡ ﺃﺧﻄﺎﺀ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻠﻲ(‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺠﺐ ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺘﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺇﺗﺒﺎﻉ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﻣﻼﺋﻤﺔ ﻷﺧﺬ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ )ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ‪.(4‬‬

‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ‪ :4‬ﻣﻠﺨﺺ ﻹﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺃﺧﺬ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺪﺍﺑﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﻣﺤﺪﺩﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺆﺷﺮﺍﺕ ﻧﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻀﻠﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﹸ‬ ‫ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺟﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ‬
‫ﺻﻌﻮﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ‪ /‬ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻗﺖ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﺰﻳﻦ ‪/‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺪﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺃﻱ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫• ﺗﺮﺷﻴﺢ ﻓﻘﻂ )‪(μm 0.45‬‬
‫ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﺃﻳﺎﻡ‪C04/‬‬
‫‪ 7‬ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻳﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ‬
‫• ﻻ ﺗﺤﻤﻴﺾ‬
‫‪Cl, SO4, F, Na, K‬‬
‫ﺑﻼﺳﺘﻴﻚ‬ ‫• ﺗﺮﺷﻴﺢ ﹸﻣﻐﻠﻖ )‪(μm 0.45‬‬
‫ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ‬ ‫‪ 150‬ﻳﻮﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻴﺤﺔ‬
‫• ﺣﻤﺾ ﺇﻟﻲ )‪(pH<2‬‬ ‫‪,Fe, Mn, As, Cu‬‬
‫• ﺗﺠﻨﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﻬﻮﻳﺔ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﻟﺮﺵ ‪/‬‬ ‫‪.Zn, Pb, Cr, Cd, etc‬‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻗﻨﺎﻧﻲ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻓﺮﺍﻍ ﻋﻠﻮﻱ‬

‫ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ‪ /‬ﻣﻨﺨﻔﺾ‬ ‫ﺃﻱ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫• ﺗﺮﺷﻴﺢ ﹸﻣﻐﻠﻖ )‪(μm 0.45‬‬ ‫ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﺘﺮﻭﺟﻴﻦ‬
‫ﻳﻮﻡ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‪C04/‬‬
‫‪(NO3, NH4 (NO2‬‬
‫ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ‪ /‬ﻣﻨﺨﻔﺾ‬ ‫ﺯﺟﺎﺝ ﹸﻣﻌﺘﻢ‬ ‫• ﺷﺮﻭﻁ ﺗﻌﻘﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻲ‬
‫‪ 6‬ﺳﺎﻋﺎﺕ‪C04/‬‬
‫• ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺮﺷﺤﺔ‬ ‫‪TC, FC, FS‬‬
‫• ﻳﻔﻀﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ‬

‫ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﻋﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﺃﻱ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫• ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺮﺷﺤﺔ ﺟﻴﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻐﻠﻖ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺍﺯﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻧﺎﺕ‬
‫• ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ )‪pH, HCO3) (Ca/‬‬ ‫‪pH, HCO3, Ca, Mg‬‬
‫‪ 150‬ﻳﻮﻡ‬ ‫‪ Mg‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﺒﺮ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺤﻤﻀﺔ(‬

‫ﻋﺎﻟﻲ ‪ /‬ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ‬ ‫‪ 6‬ﺩﻗﺎﺋﻖ‬ ‫ﺃﻱ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫• ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻛﺴﺠﻴﻦ‬
‫• ﺗﺠﻨﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﻬﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪pE(EH), DO, T‬‬
‫• ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺮﺷﺤﺔ‬

‫ﻋﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ‪ 1‬ﺇﻟﻲ ‪ 7‬ﺃﻳﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺯﺟﺎﺝ ﹸﻣﻌﺘﻢ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺗﻔﻠﻮﻥ‬

‫• ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺮﺷﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻮﻳﺔ‬
‫• ﺗﺠﻨﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺎﻳﺮ‬ ‫‪TOC, VOC, HC,‬‬
‫)ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺤﺪﺩ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬ ‫• )ﻳﻔﻀﻞ ﺍﻻﻣﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫‪.ClHC, etc‬‬
‫ﻟﻠﺨﺮﺍﻃﻴﺶ(‬ ‫ﺧﺮﺍﻃﻴﺶ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ(‬

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 ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻚ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺣﺐ ﻟﻠﺸﺮﺍﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ )‪(GWPAP‬‬

‫ﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻴﻮﺩ ﻟﻤﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﻧﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺂﺧﺬ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺇﻣﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ؟‬
‫● ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻟﻤﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻹﺷﺮﺍﻑ )ﺃﻭ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﺩﺓ( ﻋﻠﻰ ﺁﺑﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻭ ﺭﺅﻭﺱ ﺍﻟﻴﻨﺎﺑﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻹﻣﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺷﺒﻜﺎﺕ ﺃﻧﺎﺑﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻌﺪ ﺗﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﻮﺧﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻫﻮ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻕ ﻣﻤﺎﺭﺳﺔ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﺎ ﹰ ﻷﺧﺬ ﻋﻴﻨﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻣﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺪﺩﺍﺕ )ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺷﺮﺍﺕ( ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻌﺔ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺳﻴﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﺃﻭﻟﻴﺎ ﹰ ﻛﻞ ﺃﻭﻟﺌﻚ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺭﺟﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻮﺟﻴﻬﺎﺕ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﺠﻮﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻟﺤﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺮﺏ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺷﺮﺍﺕ ﺳﻮﻑ ﺗﹸﺮﺍﻗﺐ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﻃﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻯ‪ ،‬ﻣﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﺑﻔﺤﻮﺻﺎﺕ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻠﻴﺔ ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺩﻭﺭﻱ ﻭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﺭ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻛﺘﺸﺎﻑ ﺃﻱ ﺗﻐﻴﺮ ﻫﺎﻡ‪ .‬ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻮﻇﻴﻔﺔ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻳﺔ ”ﻟﻀﺒﻂ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ“ ﻟﻠﺘﺄﻛﺪ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻡ )ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﻮﺧﺔ( ﻭ‪ /‬ﺃﻭ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﺣﺪ ﺫﺍﺗﻬﺎ ﺗﹸﻈﻬﺮ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺪﺩﺓ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫● ﺍﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﻻ ﺗﺘﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻊ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻥ — ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﻟﺒﺮﺍﻣﺞ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺰﺍﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﹸﻌﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺤﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺩﻳﺌﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻥ ﺗﺮﺻﺪ ﺗﺒﺎﻳﻨﻪ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺘﻪ‬
‫ﻹﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻔﻴﻒ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻫﺬﺍ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﻭﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻴﻘﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺼﺪﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﻔﺮﺽ ﺃﻥ ﺁﺑﺎﺭ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺗﺴﻬﻞ ﺩﺧﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻲ ﻃﻮﻝ ﻣﺪﻯ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻤﻖ ﺍﻟﺨﺰﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻓﻲ ﻭﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺘﻘﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻤﻖ ﻣﻌﻴﻦ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺤﻮ ﻭﺍﺳﻊ ﻣﻊ ﻛﻼ ﹰ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﻭﻓﺘﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻀﺦ )ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ .(1‬ﻗﺪ ﻳﺼﺒﺢ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻠﺐ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺒﺎﺕ ﺑﺎﻫﻆ ﺍﻟﺜﻤﻦ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﺣﻴﺎﻧﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻧﻀﻄﺮ ﻟﻘﺒﻮﻝ ﻗﻴﻮﺩ ﺻﺎﺭﻣﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺃﺧﺬ ﻋﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻟﻜﻦ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻮﺩ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺇﺩﺭﺍﻛﻬﺎ ﺩﺍﺋﻤﺎ ﹰ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ‪ ،‬ﻣﻊ ﺇﻋﻄﺎﺀ ﺍﻷﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺇﺩﺧﺎﻝ‬
‫ﻃﺮﻕ ﹸﻣﺤﺴﻨﺔ ﻷﺧﺬ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺣﻴﺜﻤﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﺒﺮﺭﺍ ﹰ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺎ ﹰ ﺃﹶﻭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻛﻴﻒ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﻧﺬﺍﺭ ﻣﺒﻜﺮ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻬﺪﻳﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺘﻤﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺨﺰﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻓﻲ ﻭﻧﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﺇﻣﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ؟‬
‫● ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻻﺕ ﻳﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﻧﺬﺍﺭ ﻣﺒﻜﺮ ﻋﻦ ﻣﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﻧﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺘﻤﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬
‫ﻗﺪ ﺗﹸﻬﺪﺩ ﻣﺼﺪﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻭﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺨﺰﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‪ .‬ﻟﻬﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺽ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺷﺒﻜﺎﺕ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ‬
‫ﺗﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺒﺎﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻧﻲ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﻲ ﺍﻷﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﻟﺠﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻭﻧﻮﻋﻴﺘﻬﺎ )ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ ،(2‬ﻟﻜﻲ ﻧﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻣﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﻟﻨﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﻣﻴﺎﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻐﺬﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﺣﺪﺍﺛﺔ )ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺪﻳﺪ( ﻟﻠﺨﺰﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻓﻲ‪ .‬ﻫﺬﺍ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻏﻠﺐ ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎﻥ ﺳﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﻛﺒﻴﺮﺓ ﻋﻦ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻧﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺨﺰﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﺰﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻓﻲ ﻛﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻷﺣﺠﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺨﺰﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﻴﺮﺓ ﺟﺪﺍ ﹰ ﻭﺃﺯﻣﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻮﺙ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻳﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺴﺒﺐ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﺗﺒﺎﻳﻦ ﺭﺃﺳﻲ ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻅ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﺳﺘﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﺇﺗﺒﺎﻉ ﻣﻨﻬﺞ ﻣﻤﺎﺛﻞ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ )ﺷﻜﻞ ‪.(3‬‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ :2‬ﻛﺸﻒ ﺍﺗﺠﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﻧﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺠﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺨﺰﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻓﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻘﺮﺑﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺑﺌﺮ ﻣﻴﺎﻩ ﻟﻺﻣﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ‬

‫ﺇﻣﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳌﻀﺨﻮﺥ ﻣﻦ ﺑﺌﺮ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ‬ ‫ﺁﺑﺎﺭ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺿﺤﻠﺔ ﺗﺨﺘﺮﻕ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﺍﳌﻮﺳﻤﻲ‬
‫ﻳﺨﺘﺒﺮ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﳋﺰﺍﻥ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻲ ﺑﺴﻤﻚ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺴﻄﺢ ﺍﳊﺮ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻭﺗﺨﺘﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﺬﻳﺔ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺜﺔ‬
‫‪ 30-35‬ﻣﺘﺮ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﻄﺮ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺋﺾ‬
‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ‪1‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ‪2‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ‪3‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ‪4‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ‪5‬‬

‫‪8‬‬
 ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻚ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺣﺐ ﻟﻠﺸﺮﺍﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ )‪(GWPAP‬‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ :3‬ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﹸﺴﺒﺐ ﺗﻐﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﺭﺃﺳﻴﺔ ﻛﺒﻴﺮﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺨﺰﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻓﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺑﺤﺎﺟﺔ ﺇﻟﻲ ﺃﻥ ﺗﹸﻼﺣﻆ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ‬
‫ﺃﺭﺽ‬ ‫ﺃﺭﺽ‬ ‫ﺃﺭﺽ‬

‫ﺑﺤﺮ‬

‫ﻣﺎﺀ ﻋﺬﺏ‬

‫ﻣﺎﺀ ﻣﺎﻟﺢ‬

‫ﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﻣﺰﺝ‬

‫ﻧﻔﺎﺫ ﹸﻣﺬﻳﺐ ﻋﻀﻮﻱ ﺛﻘﻴﻞ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻟﻼﻣﺘﺰﺍﺝ ﺑﻌﺪ‬

‫”ﻭﺗﺪ ﻛﻼﺳﻴﻜﻲ“ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺪﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻟﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺧﺰﺍﻥ ﺟﻮﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺴﻜﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﺮﻭﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﻔﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻄﻔﻮ‬
‫ﺍﻧﻔﺠﺎﺭ ﺻﻬﺮﻳﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﺰﻳﻦ ﻭ ﺗﺮﺍﻛﻤﻪ ﻓﻲ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ‬
‫ﺳﺎﺣﻠﻲ ﻣﻊ ﻇﻬﻮﺭ ﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﻣﺰﺝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺻﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﺤﺮ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺫﻭﺑﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺨﺰﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻓﻲ ﻣﻊ ﺫﻭﺑﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﻓﻲ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﺬﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻟﺢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﻓﻲ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ‬

‫● ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﻊ ﻟﻠﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻀﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻜﺜﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺳﻊ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﻟﻠﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺩ‬
‫ﻭﻣﺮﻛﺒﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺧﻴﺮﺓ ﻳﺴﺘﻠﺰﻡ ﺗﻮﺳﻊ ﺭﺋﻴﺴﻲ ﹸﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻧﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺑﻴﺰﻭﻣﺘﺮﺍﺕ ﻷﺧﺬ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﹸﻣﺼﻤﻤﺔ ﹸ‬
‫ﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻣﻌﻴﻦ )ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ (4‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻸﻫﺪﺍﻑ‪:‬‬
‫● ﻟﺘﺴﻬﻴﻞ ﺍﻹﻧﺬﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻜﺮ ﻟﺒﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺗﻠﻮﺙ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺸﺎﻁ ﻣﻌﻴﻦ ﻭﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﺑﺈﺩﺧﺎﻝ ﺃﻱ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺳﻴﻄﺮﺓ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬
‫● ﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﻢ ﺗﺤﺬﻳﺮ ﻣﺴﺒﻖ ﻋﻦ ﻭﺻﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻮﺛﺔ ﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ ﻫﺎﻡ ﻹﻣﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻭﻫﻜﺬﺍ ﻳﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺑﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻡ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺃﻱ ﺗﺨﻔﻴﻒ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻟﻠﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ :4‬ﺗﻤﺜﻴﻞ ﺗﺨﻄﻴﻄﻲ ﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﻧﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻷﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﻣﺤﺪﺩﺓ‬

‫)ﺏ( ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﻛﺸﻒ ﺩﻓﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫)ﺃ( ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﻛﺸﻒ ﻫﺠﻮﻣﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺁﺑﺎﺭ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ‬ ‫ﺑﺌﺮ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ‬ ‫ﺑﺌﺮ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ‬

‫ﻟﻠﻤﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺌﺮ ﺿﺦ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ‬

‫ﻣﺼﺪﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻮﺙ‬
‫ﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺸﺒﻊ‬ ‫ﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺸﺒﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺢ ﺍﳊﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺢ ﺍﳊﺮ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ‬
‫ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ‬

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 ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻚ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺣﺐ ﻟﻠﺸﺮﺍﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ )‪(GWPAP‬‬

‫● ﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺃﻱ ﺗﻠﻮﺙ ﻳﺼﻞ ﻟﻠﺨﺰﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻓﻲ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺼﺪﺭ ﺗﻠﻮﺙ ﺭﺋﻴﺴﻲ ﻣﺤﺘﻤﻞ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﺗﺨﺎﺫ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﻋﻼﺟﻲ ﻣﺒﻜﺮ‬
‫● ﻹﻗﺎﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻟﻴﻞ ﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻟﺤﻮﺍﺩﺙ ﺗﻠﻮﺙ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﺗﻌﻘﻴﺪ ﺃﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻭﻧﻮﻋﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﹰ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﺗﻮﺍﺟﺪ ﺧﺒﺮﺓ ﺍﺧﺘﺼﺎﺻﻲ ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ — ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺷﺒﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﻭﻟﺘﻔﺴﻴﺮ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺠﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺣﺪ ﺳﻮﺍﺀ‪.‬‬

‫ﻗﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﻴﺔ‬
‫‪- ASTM 1994. Standard Practice for Design and Installation of Ground Water Monitoring Wells in‬‬
‫‪Aquifers. American Society for Testing and Material Standards. Philadelphia, USA.‬‬
‫‪- UN-ECE Task Force on Groundwater Monitoring & Assessment. 2000. Guidelines on Monitoring‬‬
‫‪and Assessment of-Transboundary Groundwater. RIZA Publication. Lelystad, The Netherlands.‬‬
‫‪- Foster, S. and Gomes, D. 1989. Groundwater Quality Monitoring—An Appraisal of Practices and Costs.‬‬
‫‪WHO-PAHO-CEPIS Publication, Lima, Peru.‬‬
‫‪- Foster, S., Hirata, R., Gomes, D., D’Elia, M. and Paris, M. 2002. Groundwater Quality Protection:‬‬
‫‪A Guide for Water Utilities, Municipal Authorities and Environment Agencies. World Bank Publication.‬‬
‫‪Washington, D.C., USA.‬‬
‫‪- Meijerink, A. 2000. Groundwater. Remote Sensing in Hydrology & Water Management 27 (eds.‬‬
‫‪Schultz, G. A. and Engman, E. T.). Springer Verlag. New York, USA.‬‬
‫‪- Nielsen, D. 1991. Practical Handbook of Groundwater Monitoring. Lewis Publishers. Chelsea,‬‬
‫‪Michigan, USA.‬‬

‫ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ‬
‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺬﻛﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﺰﺓ )‪ (GW•MATE‬ﺗﺼﺪﺭ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻚ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻲ ﺑﻤﻘﺮﻩ ﻓﻲ ﻭﺍﺷﻨﻄﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺻﻤﺔ – ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﻣﺘﺎﺣﺔ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﹰ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺇﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻚ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺹ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ )‪ (www.worldbank.org/gwmate‬ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻲ ﻟﻠﺸﺮﺍﻛﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ )‪.(www.gwpforum.org‬‬
‫ﻭﺗﻌﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻔﺴﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺬﻛﺮﺓ ﻋﻦ ﻭﺟﻬﺔ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﻟﻔﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻟﺼﺔ ﻭﻳﺠﺐ ﺃﻻ ﺗﻨﺴﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻱ ﻭﺟﻪ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻚ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻱ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻟﻪ ﺃﻭ ﺇﻟﻰ‬
‫ﺃﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﻣﺠﻠﺲ ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﻪ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬﻳﻴﻦ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻤﺜﻠﻮﻧﻬﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﻤﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﻋﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻧﺪﺓ‬

‫ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻤﻮﻳﻞ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺸﺎﺭﻱ ﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺃﺣﺪ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﺮﺍﻛﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻚ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻲ ﻭﻫﻮﻟﻨﺪﺍ )‪ ،(BNWPP‬ﻣﻦ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﺩﻳﻖ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺌﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬
‫ﺗﺘﻴﺤﻬﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺘﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻬﻮﻟﻨﺪﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺮﻳﻄﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

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