LIST OF ACRONYMS

PCB Printed Circuit Board

IR Infrared
PLD Programmable Logic
Devices
LED Light Emitting Diode
ZIF Zero Insertion Force
Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION TO LINE FOLLOWER ROBOT

The modern is era is rapidly changing in the field of technology. During the last decade, the
inventions have evolved from mechanical to electrical and now to software technology. When
“microelectronics” is mentioned, most of the people think of mobile phones, computer
microprocessors, or other familiar applications such as DVD players, GPS, or game consoles. In
general, the media typically focuses its attention on the latest developments in these areas which
are very familiar to everybody, such as telecommunications, computers, and new consumer
electronic gadgets. This field is propelled towards the progress of robots. Ranging from small
toys to big machinery for processing tasks beyond human capacity, robots can be found
anywhere and everywhere.

1.1 Overview
The extremely important area deals with sensors and actuators. Sensors can be briefly defined as
devices or systems which detect relevant signals from the environment and convert them into an
electric signal or data that are further processed into electronic circuits. Without sensors, most of
our technological equipment, from complicated machinery to gadgets that we use daily, would
be unable to operate. Sensors pick up the signals containing precious information necessary to
either correctly operate equipment’s or control processes by providing vital data for their
feedback. Presently, the trend is to no longer realize discrete sensors which can then be
combined with various integrated circuits on a printed circuit board in order to perform a certain
desired function. Instead, the technological advances in the area of microelectronic fabrication
made it possible to integrate a complete microsystem on a single chip both the sensor and its
intelligent signal conditioning circuits as well as digital processing blocks which manipulate the
4 P.D. Poi obtained data. This high degree of integration is possible due to the progresses in two
areas. The first key factor is the miniaturization of integrated circuits which has been going on
aggressively in the last decades and which has now reached Ultra- Large-Scale Integration
(ULSI) levels in which the feature size of the transistors is at submicron scale. For instance,
Intel’s Atom processors presently integrate features as small as 45 nm using a high-k metal gate
technology, and this will soon be replaced by a 32-nm silicon process technology. Such

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advanced fabrication technology allows the realization of extremely complex circuits like
microprocessors and Digital Signal Processors (DSPs).

1.2 Project Idea

Main idea for the project is to apply basic concepts studied in the course to build a robot that can
detect a line and follow it.

1.3 Purpose of the Project

When its sensor is passing through the line drawn on the way then it reads 0 and vice versa. This
system is used an array of IR sensor and several LEDs. This device is LDR and IR proximity
sensors for sensing purposes. LDR is used for which a robot can follow the line drawn on the
floor.

Purpose of this project is to apply theoretical concepts of microcontrollers, their programming

and working to achieve a working robot which detects and follows a line on the ground.

1.4 Project Specifications

The robot is to be built using Atmega32 microcontroller. Also it can move in forward, reverse,
right and left directions. The project must follow the black line other color lines detection is not
specification of our project and detect only black line. This is the project specifications.

1.5 Applications of the Project

 A line follower robot can be used to guide public transport like subways or buses that go
through the same route every day.
 This technology has been suggested for running buses and other mass transit systems and
may end up as a part of an autonomous cars navigating the freeway.

1.6 Project Milestones

The project work was divided and distributed among group members. Details of the division are
mentioned in the table below.

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 Table 1. Proposed Project Plan

Tasks Duration Source Person

Controller Circuit Designing Asad, Saad
IR Strip Interfacing Asad, Moneeba, Saad
H-bridge and Motor Interfacing Asad, Saad
IR Strip, H-bridge and Motor Asad, Moneeba, Saad
Integration
Report Writing 01 Week Kainat Saeed

Chapter 2

LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Background Theory
First step is to construct a circuit for communication between microcontroller and other
components.The co-integration of both the sensor(s) and its/their signal processing circuits is
demanded by practical considerations such as the reduction of the useful signal magnitude for
smaller scale sensors, and the needs to minimize parasitic components and to perform
amplification as well as other signal conditioning operations such as scale linearization,
filtration, and elimination or minimization of offset and drift. Additional functions can be easily
added subsequently using digital circuits of great complexity, and in certain cases, these can
process data not only from a single sensor but also from an array of sensors, as is the case in, for

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example, the “electronic nose,” or can control both sensors and actuators embedded in the same
microsystem.

2.2 Related Technologies

In this project, we have used Atmega32 microcontroller to implement the notion. A line follower
can be constructed by using Arduino or only IR sensors..

2.2.1 Arduino
This microcontroller replaces Atmega32 and controller circuit thus providing greater efficiency
in programming and processing of the signals.

Figure 1 Line Follower using Arduino Uno [3]

2.2.2 Line follower

When its sensor is passing through the line drawn on the way then it reads 0 and vice versa. This
system is used an array of IR sensor and several LEDs. This device is LDR and IR proximity
sensors for sensing purposes. LDR is used for which a robot can follow the line drawn on the
floor.

2.3 Related Projects

This line follower robot works and moves by detecting a line on the ground. It can be modified to
be controlled in other ways and perform different tasks. Two of them are discussed briefly
below.

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2.3.1 Voice Activated Robots
These robots use voice detecting sensors as input peripherals and then perform different tasks
according to programmed instructions.

Figure 3 Voice Activated Puppy Robot [6]

2.3.2 Wheel Chair

The only implemented the line follower which is used for special person. The line follower
microcontroller is implemented in wheel chair and this wheel chair follow the line.

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2.4 Limitations
 Robot movement is automatic.

 Fit and forget system.

 Used for long distance applications.

 Defense application.

 Used in home and industrial.

 Cost effective.

 Simplicity of building

2.5 Summary
This chapter discussed the technologies involved and the ones related to this project. It also
covered the limitations of every project and how they differ from this robot.