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Introduction ......................................................................................................2
Distance Relay Modeling .................................................................................2
Setting the Distance Relay...............................................................................8
Creating and Editing a Path ...........................................................................11
Adding More Relays.......................................................................................15
Creating a New Path......................................................................................16
Creating a Time-Distance Plot .......................................................................16
Distance Protection Tutorial
Introduction
This tutorial demonstrates the modeling and editing of protective devices
typically found in transmission networks. The network that is used can be
found, as an application example, in the 1987 edition of Protective Relays
Application Guide (PRAG) published by GEC Measurements, paragraph
11.32. Some differences from the original example in the text have been
introduced to demonstrate specific PowerFactory applications, as well as to
model a more realistic example.
As it is assumed that the user is familiar with basic editing of data, the network
has been prepared for use, only requiring the editing of protection devices.
Instructions to perform load flows and the observations of the results are thus
left to the students discretion. It is also assumed that the student has
completed the overcurrent protection tutorial so that the basics of relay
modeling are familiar.
► Right click on the cubicle feeding Line G from Station P. Select New
Devices / Relay Model…. as is shown below.
► A relay element data input window opens, where the new relay is
named “Relay G”.
► We select the relay type using the select button and look for the relay
type in the project library. The project library should open with the relay
type filter activated.
► There is only one distance relay type saved in the library, this has been
placed there for use in this tutorial and of course this relay type is the
Micromho that we want to use in this example.
► We select this Micromho relay by double clicking on the relay type icon.
The relay element data input window is now updated as shown below.
► Select Create CT to model a CT input to the relay. The CT data input
window as shown below, opens.
► The CT element can be given a special name such as “CT G”, but this
is not absolutely necessary.
► Again we need to select a CT type from the project library. This is done
by pressing selecting a type from the project library once again. Then
select the “600/1 CT Type” from the project library.
► The CT element data window is updated to show a 600/1 ratio. Of
course, had the CT type been a multi-ratio CT, we would also need to
select the CT ratio.
► The Location is not specified and therefore the CT is automatically
modeled in the same cubicle as the relay. A specific location, other
than the local cubicle, would only be used if current measurement was
required from a different feeder that that in which the relay is located.
► Press OK and the CT element is correctly modeled and visible in the
relay element model.
► Now a VT element must be created. To do this, the Create VT button is
pressed. A element data input window, as shown below, opens.
► The VT is given a name “VT G”.
► Note that the VT is defined in terms of a Type and Secondary Type. In
other words the VT model consists of a separate primary and
secondary. Firstly the primary type is defined by selecting the relevant
type using the selection button. A drop down menu appears and we
select the VT that is available in the project library.
► Now the Secondary Type is selected from the project library using hte
normal type selection procedure, this time for the Type in the
Secondary section. Use the “Voltage Transformer Secondary” that is
available in the project library.
► Press OK and we are back to the relay element input window, but this
time with a VT modeled in the relay.
► Just as with real systems, we need to be sure that the relay model type
is correct for the application. Double click on the Measurement element
in the relay, and we notice that the relay has been rated with a nominal
current of 1 A and a nominal voltage 110 V. These values correctly
match the CT and VT input values. Pressing OK closes the
measurement element.
The Relay G has been modeled in place, but has not yet been set. This is our
next step.
Setting the Distance Relay
The relay elements are set individually using the same settings proposed in
the textbook, as follows:
► Multi-select the busbars and lines from Station P Busbar B3 (132 kV)
to Station R Busbar B1 by clicking on each of the elements along this
path, while holding down the Control key.
► Right click anywhere on this multi-selection. A drop down menu
appears. Select Path… / New….as shown.
The following input window appears:
The new distance relay “Relay J” is already in the defined path. The relay can
either be added to the existing RX plot, or a new RX plot could be generated
containing all relays in the path. The second option is chosen:
► Right click on the red path in the grid and select Path… / Create R-X
Plot.
► A new RX plot appears showing both “Relay G” and “Relay J”
impedance plots.
Creating a New Path
Say we need to check the tripping coordination between “Relay G” and “Line
K OC” relays. One way to do this would be to use a time-distance plot. First a
new path needs to be defined:
► Multi-select the new path shown below holding down the control key.
Make sure the Station Q 132 kV bussection cubicle/ breaker is also
selected in the path, or you will receive a warning “Path not complete”.
To do this, you may need to enlarge the area around the bussection.
► Select Path… / New….
► A dialogue for the new path appears with the path colour as green (this
can of course be changed). Select OK. The new path will appear in
green.
► Double click on the green curve of the over-current relay. Change the
“Current Setting” to 1.5 p.u. and “Time Dial” to 0.1.
► Press OK.
► Double click on the Zone 2 part of the red distance relay (Relay G).
The PPZ2 window opens. Select Timer. The Z2PD window opens. Set
the “Time Setting” to 0.5 seconds. Press OK and OK.
► Double left click on the Zone 3 part of the red distance relay. The PPZ3
window opens. Select Timer. The Z3PD window opens. Set the “Time
Setting” to 1.0 seconds. Press OK and OK.
► Press the “Rebuild” button on the second toolbar.
► After the recalculation has been completed, rescaling the Y-Axis may
be required. This is done by pressing the “Scale Y-Axis Automatically”
button on the second toolbar.
► The Time-Distance diagram now appears as shown below.
It is now clear that for three-phase faults without any fault impedance along
the green path, tripping coordination will be correct.