Industrial Engineering

Work Study

By-
Manoj Tiwari
Asst. Professor
DFT/NIFT, G’Nagar
Work Study…
z The generic term used for those techniques,
particularly method study and work
measurement, which are used in the
examination of human work.

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 Work Study

Method Study Work Measurement

(The search for the better method) (How long should a job take to
complete)

Record to Seek better

compare method

Time Study Synthetics

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Method Study…
z Method study is the systematic Recording,
Critical analysis, development and
implementation/installation of new methods to
perform job to reduce costs etc. with regard to
existing/proposed jobs.
z It is some sort of MOTION STUDY.

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Method Study…

z The function of the method analyst is to study

the way in which something is being done
with a view to develop a procedure which
when adopted would increase the level of
performance.

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Need of Method Study
1. Bottlenecks in the system resulting in long
delivery time or unbalanced workflow.
2. Idle plant labor shows under utilization of
resources.
3. Poor moral of workers may affect the quality of
the product. Due to this there may be high
absenteeism.
4. Inconsistent earnings also advocate for the
review of production method.

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Analysis of the existing method…

z The inf. Provided by charts and graphs is critically

examined and screened by asking some searching
questions. Like
Purpose:- What is to be done, why it is to done, what else cud be
done
Place :- Where to be done, where else could be done, where
should it be done etc.

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Develop a new method

z The device specially designed for improving

work method is known as the process
improvement formula.
z The four steps in the procedure are-
z ELIMINATE
z COMBINE
z SEQUENCE- scope of changes in the sequence of activities
z SIMPLIFY

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Various Types of Charts…
z Charts using sequence only
z Operation (outline) process chart
z Flow process chart
z Two-hand process chart
z Charts using time
z Multiple activity chart
z Simo chart
z Charts indicating movement
z Flow diagram
z Travel chart
z Motion analysis

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 Charts for Method Study

z Process Charts - It represents diagrammatically the sequence/order

of various operations evolved in a production process from start to
finish. Process charts are not drawn to any scale and use various
symbols to represent some movements or activities.

The symbols are joined by lines to represent the sequence of

activities. These are based on the concept that there is always some
order in which the various operations should Occur b/w the input
stage to finished product.

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Process Chart – symbols…

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 OPERATION

Indicates the main steps in a process, method or

procedure. Usually the part, material or product
concerned is modified or charged during the operation

An operation usually occurs at a machine or a workstation

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 INSPECTION
Indicates an examination for identification for quality
and / or check for quantity

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 TRANSPORTATION
Indicates the movement of workers, materials or
equipment from place to place

The movement should be an integral part of an operation or an inspection.

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 PERMAMENT STORAGE
Indicates a controlled storage in which material is
received into or issued from a store under some form
of authorization, or an item is retained for reference
purposes

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 TEMPORARY STORAGE OR DELAY
Indicates a delay in the sequence of events: for
example, work waiting between consecutive
operations, or any object laid aside temporarily
without record until required

It occurs when the immediate performance of the next planned action does not take
place.

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 COMBINED ACTIVITIES

When it is desired to show activities performed at the

same time or by the same operative at the same
workstation or when they are performed concurrently
as one activity, the symbols for those activities are
combined e.g. the circle within the square represents
a combined operation and inspection.

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 OPERATION CHART
STYLE 1611
HIP
FLIES WATCH POCKET POCKETS BACKS-BACK YOKES
FRONTS

SERGE FLIES HEM WATCH 100 HEM HIP SET BACK

POCKET 20 10
180 POCKETS YOKES TO
BACKS
SET WATCH
ATTACH ZIPPER TO 110 MARK
HEM FRONT POCKET TO 30
LEFT FLY 190 160 FACING ORNAMENTALSTITCH
POCKETS

SERGE FACING
ATTACH ZIPPER TO 120 MAKE
40
RIGHT FLY 200 SERGE POCKETS ORNAMENTALSTITCH
170 ON POCKETS
AND FRONTS
BARTACK WATCH
130
INSPECT FLY POCKET CREASE POCKETS 50
210

SEW FACING
140
TO POCKET
BAGS SET HIP POCKETS 60
SET LEFT FLY TO
FRONT 220 CLOSE POCKET
150
BAGS
MARK
MAKE 70
ORNAMENTALSTITCH
ORNAMENTALSTITCH 230 ON BACK
TO LEFT FLY
MAKE
80
SET RIGHT FLY ORNAMENTALSTITCH
240 ON BACK
TO FRONT

SEW SEAT SEAM

JOIN FRONTS 90
250

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Two Handed Process Chart…

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Process Flow Charts…
z Man type
z Flow chart which records what the worker does
z Material type
z Flow chart which records how material is handled
or treated
z Equipment type
z Flow chart which records how the equipment is
used

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String Diagram…
z String diagram is a useful tool to record the
distance traveled by a worker in the working
area.
z The string diagram is a scale plan or model
on which a thread is used to trace and
measure the distance traversed which has to
be minimum by
• Workers
• Material or
• Equipment

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String Diagram…

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String Diagram…

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String Diagram…
z String Diagram includes…
z Observe the clusters of points, pins, turning
points.
z Also observe the grid lines which represent a
measure of the distance between the points.

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Construction of a String
diagram…
z Step-1
z Preparing a study chart
z Step-2
z Drawing a scale plan of the working area
z Step-3
z Combining steps 1,2 to construct the final
diagram

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Travel Chart…
ƒ When the movement patterns are complex,
the travel chart is quicker and more
manageable to record.

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Key features of a Travel
Chart…
z Always a square
z A column at (m, n) is checked only when
there is a direct movement from station at m
to station at n directly.
z The number of times a column at (m, n) is
checked over a period of time gives the
frequency of movement of a worker or
material.
z The matrix is always a symmetrical matrix.

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Travel Chart…
5 6

2 3
4

7
10 8
9

Workstations

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MULTIPLE ACTIVITY CHART…
z Multiple activity chart is a useful recording tool for
situations where the work involves the interaction of
different persons. Such as the operator working on
different machines.
z In MAC a time scale is used.
z MAC can be used effectively even if there is no
movement of workers involved in the work under
consideration.
z Focus on MAC in situations where the operator are
moving and to identify the idle time of the worker or
the machine

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Multiple Activity Chart…
z A MULTIPLE ACTIVIITY chart is a chart in which
the activities of more than one subject (worker,
machine or item of equipment) are each recorded
on a common time scale to show their inter
relationship.
z By using separate vertical columns or bars, to
represent the activities of different operatives or
machines against a common time scale, the chart
shows very clearly periods of idleness on the part of
any of the subjects during the process.

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Micro Motion Study…
Operations with very short cycles which are repeated
many times it may be worth while going in to much
greater detail to determine where movements and
efforts can be saved and to develop the best
possible pattern of movement, thus enabling the
operator to perform the operation repeatedly with a
minimum of effort and fatigue.

The techniques used fort this purpose are known

collectively as Micro Motion Study.

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Micro Motion Study…
Concept –
Micro motion group of techniques is based on
the idea of dividing human activity into
divisions of movements or group of
movements ( known as therbligs) according
to the purpose for which they are made.

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Micro Motion Study…
z The divisions were devised by Frank B. Gilbreth.
z The word ‘Therblig’ is an anagram of his name.
z Gilbreth differentiated 17 fundamental hand or hand and
eye motions, to which 18 th has been added.
z Therbligs cover movements or reasons for the absence of
movement.
z Each therblig has a specific colour, symbol and letter for
recording purposes.
z Therbligs refer primarily to motions of the human body at
the workplace and to the mental activities associated with
them.

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SIMO Charts…
¾ Recording technique of micromotion study

¾ It is a chart , often based on firm analysis,

used to record simultaneously on a common
time scale the therbligs or groups of therbligs
performed by different parts of the body of
one or two workers.

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SIMO Charts…
¾ It is the micromotion form of the man type
flow process chart.

¾ Because Simo charts are used for operations

with short durations often performed with
extreme rapidity, it is generally necessary to
compile them from films made of the
operation which can be stopped at any point
and projected in slow motion.
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Cyclegraphs…
• The Cyclegraph is a record of a path of movement,
usually traced by a continuous source of light on a
photograph, preferably stereoscopic.
• The path of movement of a hand, for instance, may be
recorded on a photograph in this way if the worker is
asked to wear a ring carrying a small light which will
make the trace on the photograph.

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Chronocycle graph…
The chronocyclegraph is a special form of Cyclegraph in
which the light source is suitably interrupted so that the
path appears as a series of pear-shaped dots, the
pointed end indicating the direction of movement and the
spacing indicating the speed of movement.

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Cyclegraphs…

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