1526810721784-Test-10 Only Question and Solutions PDF

IES MASTER
Institute for Engineers (IES/GATE/PSUs)
Sl. No. 10 ABCDEF(M)

Civil Engineering
Conventional Test - 10
20th May 2018
Time Allowed : Three Hours Maximum Marks : 300
SOLUTIONS
SECTION-A
1. (a) Samples have been obtained from both sandy silt & medium sand strata shown
in Figure and brought to a soil mechanics laboratory. A series of shear strength
tests were then performed on both samples. The c and  values obtained from
these tests are shown in figure. Using this data, compute the shear strength on
horizontal and vertical planes at Points A, B, and C.
3
=17.0 kN/m
3.0m
1.1m Sandy silt (ML)

A
 = 17.5 kN/m 3
5.0m 5.0m c = 10 kPa
 = 28° ver tical
B K = 0.54 = 
hor izont al
C 0.1m
3
 = 18.0 kN/m
Medium sand (SW) c = 0
 = 37°
K = 0.80
[12 Marks]
(2) [CE], ESE Conventional Test Series Program |Test-10| 20th May 2018
Sol. Point A–horizontal plane
 z   H  u
= (17.0 kN/m 3)(3.0) + (17.5 kN/m 3)(1.1m) – (9.8 kN/m 3)(1.1m)
= 59.5 kPa
  c    tan 
= 10 kPa + (59.5 kPa) tan 28º
= 41.6 kPa
Point A– vertical plane
x  Kz = (0.54)(59.5 kPa) = 32.1 kPa
  c    tan 
= 10 kPa + (32.1 kPa) tan 28º
= 27.1 kPa
Using similar computations:
Point B–Vertical plane  = 57.56 kPa
Point B–horizontal plane  = 35.68 kPa
Point C–Vertical plane  = 68.1 kPa
Point C–horizontal plane  = 54.4 kPa
1.(b) (i) Discuss the functioning and applicability of the following:

(i) Air Valve
(ii) Reflux Valve
(iii) Flanged Joint
(iv) Expansion Joint [6 Marks]
Sol.
(i) Air Valve (Air Relief Valve) Air
 The water flowing through the pipe line always Poppet Valve
carries some air with it. Float
 The air tends to accumulate at the summit of
pipe line. Lever
 Due to the accumulation of air, a backward
pressure is created which causes a blockage to Hinge
the flow of water.
 So, the air relief valve is provided at the summit
to release the air pressure.
Main Pipe
 At every summit of a pipe line and down stream
of sluice valve, an air valve should be provided. Air Valve
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[CE], ESE Conventional Test Series Program |Test-10| 20th May 2018 (3)
(ii) Reflux valve or check valve or non-returning valve:
 These possess some automatic device which Valve
allows the water to flow in one direction only.
 These are made of brass or gun metal.
 This valve is provided in the pipe line which draws
water from the pump. Pivot
When the pump is operated, the valve is opened, Projection

but when the pump is suddenly stopped, the Reflux Valve
valve is automatically closed and the water is Flange
prevented from returning to the pump.
(iii) Flanged Joint : Rubber Ring
 This type of joint is recommended for temporary work

where the pipe line may be dismantled after work or it
may be shifted.
 Two flanges are put together and a rubber washer known
as gasket (not less than 1.5 mm thick) is kept between Bolt Nut
flanges and fixed by means of nut and bolts. Flanged joint

 Joints are strong, rigid and easy to repair.
 Mostly used in cast iron pipes and steel pipes.
Nut
 Not used where deflections or vibrations are expected. Bolt Socket end
(iv) Expansion Joint : Spigot end
 These help in counteracting the thermal stresses
produced due to temperature variations.
 The socket end (or enlarged end) is cast flanged Rubber gasket LT= gap
and spigot end (normal end) is plain.
 The socket end is connected rigidly to an annular
ring which can slide freely over the spigot end.
 While making this joint, a small space is kept
between the face of the spigot and inner face of
Expansion joint
the socket, and the spigot is filled up by means
of a rubber gasket.
 The flanges are then tightened by means of nuts and bolts.
 When the pipes expand, the socket end moves forward and the gap left just gets closed.
 Similarly, when pipes contract, the socket moves backward creating the gap.
 All the time, the annular ring follows the movement of socket and maintains the gasket in
position, thus keeping the joint watertight.
1.(b) (ii) If 6.0 ml of raw sewage was diluted to 300 ml and the DO concentration of the
diluted sample at the beginning was 8.3 mg/l and 4.6 mg/l at the end of 5-day
incubation at 20ºC.
Compute
(a) the BOD, and
(b) the ultimate BOD, assuming K = 0.23 per day. [6 Marks]
Sol. Initial DO = 8.3 mg/l

DO after 5 days of incubation = 4.6 mg/l
DO consumed in 5 days = 8.3 – 4.6 = 3.7 mg/l
Now, BOD5 of waste water
 Volume of diluted sample 
= DO consumed by diluted sample ×  Volume of undiluted sewage used 
 
 300 
= 3.7   = 185 mg/l
 6 
Now, ultimate BOD is given as
y5
L0 = 1  e kt 
185
=
1  e 0.235  = 270.7 mg/l
1.(c) (i) A level set up in a position 30 m from peg A and 60 m from peg B reads 1.914 m
on a staff held at A and 2.237 m on a staff held at B, the bubble having been
carefully brought to the centre of its run before each reading. It is known that the
reduced levels of the top of the pegs A and B are 87.575 m and 87.279m
respectively. Find
(a) collimation error;
(b) The readings that would have been obtained had there been no collimation
error.
[6 Marks]
Sol.
a1
b1
 
a b
87.575 87.279
A 30m 60m B
Let us assume that the error is positive, i.e. the line of collimation is upward. True difference of level between
A and B
= 87.575 – 87.279
= 0.296 m
Let the collimation error be +ve i.e. upward
As we know that point A is higher than point B, hence. (Bb1– b1b) – (Aa1– a1a)
=  2.237  60   1.914  30 
= – 30  0.323
Therefore 0.296 = 30   0.323
or 30 = 0.027m
 = 0.027 per 30m upward
Reading at A = Aa1  a1a
= 1.914 –30 
= 1.914 – 0.027
= 1.887 m
Reading at B = 2.237–60 
= 2.237  0.054
= 2.183 m
1.(c) (ii) The distance from the principal point to an image on a photograph is 5.40 cm and
the elevation of the object above the datum (sea level) is 240 m. What is the relief
displacement of the point of the datum scale in 1/10000 and the focal length of the
camera is 20 cm?
[6 Marks]
Sol. To find flying height (H)
1
Datum scale (Sd) =
10,000
f (20 / 100) m
Sd = 
H H
f = focal length = 20 cm
1 20
=
10,000 100  H
20
H = × 10,000 = 2000 m above MSL
100
H = 2000 m
To find relief displacement (d)
rh
d =
H
h = Elevation of the object above the datum
h = 240 m above MSL
r = 5.40 cm
5.40 cm  240 m
d =
2000 m
d = 0.648 cm
1. (d) Wastewater flow from a small community averages 3000 m3/d during the winter
and 5000 m3/d during the summer. The average temperature of the coldest month
is 8°C, and the average temperature of the warmest month is 25°C. The average
B OD 5 is 200 mg/L. The reaction coefficient k is 0.23d–1 at 20°C, at base e and KT
= k20(1.06)T-20. Design facultative pond treatment system for the community to
remove 90 percent of the BOD.
[12 Marks]
Sol. Compute the rate constants adjusted for temperature.
Summer: k25 = 0.23(1.06)25–20
= 0.31 d–1 = 0.434 × 0.31 = 0.135 (at base 10)
Winter: k8 = 0.23(1.06)8–20
= 0.11 d–1 = 0.434 × 0.11 = 0.048 (at base 10)
1  L 
t dsummer  log10   days
kD L  y 
1  200 
= log10   days = 7.4 days
0.135  20 
1  200 
t dwinter  log10    20.833 days
0.048  20 
Volume of tank
Summer = 7.4 × 5000 = 37000 m 3
winter = 20.833 × 3000 = 62490 m 3 (adopt)
Use depth as 1.5 m
62490 2
Surface area required = m = 41660 m 2 = 4.166 hac
1.5
Adopt 5 ponds (each pond 0.5-1 hac)

Length
Let 2
width
41660
 B × 2B =
5
B = 64.55 m
adopt B = 65 m
L = 130 m for each pond
adopt a free board = 0.3 m
Hence 5 ponds of size 130 m × 65m × 1.8 will be adopted.
1. (e) A train having 20 wagons weighing 18 tonnes each is to run at a speed of 50

kmph. The tractive effort of a 2-8-2 locomotive with 22.5 tonnes load on each
driving axle is 15 tonnes. The weight of locomotive is 120 tonnes. Rolling resistances
of wagons and locomotive are 2.5 kg/tonne and 3.5 kg/ tonne respectively. The
resistances which depend upon the speed are computed as 2.65 tonnes. Find out
the steepest gradient for these conditions.
[12 Marks]
Sol. Given:
No of wagons = 20
Weight of 1 wagon = 18 tonnes
 Total weight of wagons = 20 × 18 = 360 tonnes
Weight of locomotive = 120 tonnes
Tractive effort = 15 tonnes
Rolling resistance of wagon = 2.5 kg/tonne
Rolling resistance of locomotive = 3.5 kg/tonne
Let, steepest gradient be 1 in ‘g’.
Resistance dependent on speed = 2.65 tonnes
Now, we know that
Total train resistance = Rolling resistance (R1) + Resistance dependent on speed(R 2 ) +
Resistance due to gradient (R3) + Atmospheric Resistance (R4)
Rolling resistance, R1 = 2.5 × 360 + 3.5 × 120 = 1320 kg = 1.32 tonne
Resistance dependent on speed, R2 = 2.65 tonne (given)
Atmospheric Resistance, R4 = 0.0000006 WV2
where W = weight of whole train (in tonnes) i.e. wagon + locomotive
 W = 360 + 120 = 480 tonnes
V = velocity in kmph = 50 kmph (given)
 R4 = 0.0000006 × 480 × 502 = 0.72 tonne
Resistance due to gradient, R3
 gradient = 1 in ‘g’
sin w
w 
 R3 = w sin 
as '  ' will be very small
1
 sin   tan  =
g
w 480
 R3 = =
g g
Putting values of R1, R2, R3 and R4 in equation (i), we get

480
Total train resistance = 1.32 + 2.65 +  0.72
g
 480 
=  4.69  tonnes
 g 
In order to move the train, tractive effort must be equal to or greater than total train resistance
 480 
i.e., Tractive effort   4.69 
 g 
To find maximum value of gradient we must consider limiting case, i.e.,
480
Tractive effort = 4.69 
g
480
 15 = 4.69 
g
 g = 46.56
 Steepest gradient for given conditions will be 1 in 46.56
2. (a) Determine the member forces of the truss. Tension members have cross-sectional
area ‘A’ and compression members have cross-sectional area ‘2A’.
50 kN
A
O
30°
B 30° C
L
[20 Marks]
Sol. DS = m + R – 2j = 1
Let the member BC be treated as redundant.
The lengths of members are found out using geometry as
BC = L
(BC / 2)
cos60° =
AB
 AB = BC = AC = L
(L / 2)
cos30° =
OB
 OB = OA = OC = 0.577 L
Remove redundant member BC
Consider joint B :
FAB
FH = 0
B FOB
FBAcos60° + FBOcos30° = 0
25
FV = 0
FBAsin60° + FBOsin 30° + 25 = 0

 FBA = –43.30 kN (compressive)
FBO = 25 kN (tensile)
Using symmetry FCA = –43.30 kN (compressive)
FCO = 25 kN (tensile)
Consider joint O
FOA
60° 60°
FOB FOC
FV = 0
 FOA = 25cos60° + 25cos60°

= 25 kN (tensile)
The computed member forces are
50 kN
A
25
43.3 43.3
O
25 25
B C
(pi)
Now apply unit tensile force along member BC

Consider joint B
FH = 0
FAB
FBOcos30° + FABcos60° + 1 = 0
FOB
1 FV = 0
FBOsin30° + FABsin60° = 0
 FBO = –1.732 (compressive)
FAB = 1.00 (tensile)
Using symmetry FCO = –1.732 (compressive)
FCA = 1.00 (tensile)
These forces are shown below
1.732
1 1
32 1 .7
1 .7 O 32
B 1 1 C
(i)
2
piuiLi ui Li
Member pi ui Li Ai Fi  pi  uiR (kN)
A iE A iE
21.65 0.5
BA 43.3 1.00 L 2A 26.85
AE AE
21.65 0.5
AC 43.3 1.00 L 2A 26.85
AE AE
1.0
CB 0 1.00 L A 0 16.45
AE
24.98 1.73
OA 25 1.732 0.577L A 3.50
AE AE
24.98 1.73
OB 25 1.732 0.577L A 3.50
AE AE
24.98 1.73
OC 25 1.732 0.577L A 3.50
AE AE
118.24 7.19

AE AE
piuili

A iE
The redundant force is given by R = 2
ui li

A iEi
( 118.24 / AE)
R = = 16.45 kN
7.19 / AE
Thus member force FBC = R = 16.45 kN (tensile)
The final member forces are shown :
50 kN
A
3.5
26.85 26.85
3.5 O 3.5
B C
16.45
Member forces (kN)
2.(b) (i) Determine the gradability of a crawler tractor pulling a high - pressure rubber
tyred self loading scraper and its load. The following information is available :-
(i) Tractor horsepower, =180
(ii) Weight of tractor = 18,400 kg
(iii) Drawbar pull in 1st gear = 15300 kg
(iv) Available drawbar pull = 13005 kg.
(v) Weight of loaded scraper = 35850 kg.
(vi) Haul road : rutted and uneven earth
(vii) Rolling resistance for tractor = 23 kg/tonne
(viii) Excess rolling resistance for scraper = 95 kg/tonne
(ix) Rolling resistance for scraper = 95 kg/tonne
(x) Pull required/tonne/1% grade = 9 kg. [10 Marks]
18400
Sol. Rolling resistance of tractor =  23  423.20 kg.
1000
35850
Rolling resistance of scraper =  95  3405.75 kg.
1000
 Combined rolling resistance = 3828.95 Kg.

Draw bar pull available to overcome grade :
Maximum available drawbar pull = 13005.00 Kg.
Required for rolling resistance = 3828.95 Kg.
 Pull available for grade = 9176 kg
Combined weight of tractor and loaded scraper
Tractor = 18.4 tonne
Scraper = 35.85 tonne
 Total = 54.25 tonnes
As pull required per tonne per 1% grade = 9 Kg.
 Pull required per 1% grade for total load
= 9 × 54.25 =488.25 Kg.
9176
Maximum possible grade =  18.8%
488.25
For the tractor alone, the maximum possible grade will be :
Maximum available drawbar pull = 13005 Kg.
Pull required for rolling resistance= 423.20 Kg.
Pull available for grade = 12581.80 Kg.
18400
 Pull required per 1% grade = 9   165.6 Kg.
1000
12581.8
Maximum possible grade =  76%
165.6
2.(b) (ii) Write short note on

(a) Liquidated damage
(b) Tender drawing and working drawing
(c) Percentage rate contract
(d) Scaffolding
(e) Turnkey contracts [10 Marks]
Sol. (a) Liquidated damage :
 It is fixed stipulated sum of penalty charged on to the contractor for exceeding period taken for the
completion of the work than that specified in the contract.
 Delay in project means delay in getting back return on investment which will also affect the financial
viability of the project, to ensure that the project implementation is carried out as per the original
schedule, “liquidated damage” clause is incorporated in the contracts.
 The delay on monthly, weekly, or even on daily basis for very critical projects, there will be deduction
of payment from running amount bill for every month/week/day of delay.
(b) Tender drawing and working drawing
1. Tender drawing
 Tender drawings are the set of engineering drawing first evidence of the project scheme regarding type
and quality of the work involved and hence these are prepared by engineers with great care and with
particular attention to drafting and presentation for clarity and ease of understanding. The contractor is
concerned with the clarity and logical expression of engineering details.
 In the small projects, tender drawing, contract drawing, work drawings and perhaps even the compulsion
drawing may be the same. However, in large project these drawing are prepared at various stage of
execution.
2. Working drawing :
 The working drawing fill the gaps in constructional details not reflected in tender drawings.
 Working drawings are used for working, manufacturing, constructing or building purposes and must
therefore represent the engineer’s final decisions and design details as changes in drawings hereafter
can be expensive, particularly when construction work has already commenced.
(c) Percentage rate contract :
 In this form of contract, tender documents contain the analysed schedule of rates for each item, in
addition to the detailed estimated quantities expected in the execution of the works. Thus, an estimate
of the total value of the work is clearly available to the contractor.
 Now, the contractor works out his rates for the items and arrives at his total price, which is converted
to a percentage by which his amount differs from the estimate given. This percentage is submitted as
a quotation by the contractor.
 This method requires, a detail analysis of the rates and usually adopted by government departments or
large organisations.
(d) Scaffolding :
 When the height of wall or column or other structural member of a building exceeds about 1.5 m,
temporary structures are needed to support the platform over which the workmen can sit and carry on
the construction. These temporary structure, constructed very close to the wall, is in the form of timber
or steel framework, commonly called scaffolding.
 The scaffolding should be strong and stable to support both workmen and construction material placed
on the platform supported by the scaffolding.
 The height of the scaffolding goes on increasing as the height of construction increases.
 Such scaffolding is also needed for the repairs or even demolition of a building.
(e) Turnkey contracts :
 In such type of contracts, all the activities related to the establishment of the facility are handed over
to the contracting agency and the owner simply ‘turn the key’ at completion to take over the facility.
 All activities related to surveying, drawing up specifications, design, project planning, construction and
test operation are entrusted to one large contracting organisation, which may break the activities down
and engage other agencies to carry out specific jobs.
 Such contracts have been found useful especially in projects involving a combination of civil, electrical,
mechanical, chemical and mining engineering and are seen typically in design and construction of
industrial complexes including petrochemical plants and nuclear power stations.
2. (c) (i) Design a mechanical flocculator for treatment of water for a population of 70,000
with a daily per capita consumption of 135 litre.
Assume data suitable for the design. Average temperature in the locality may be
taken as 30°C and Kinematic viscosity at 30°C = 0.8039 × 10–2 cm2/s
[12 Marks]
Sol. (a) Let us assume paddle speed as 3 rpm at 30°C.
Daily average water demand = 70,000 × 135 = 9.45 × 106litres
 Maximum daily demand = 1.8 × 9.45 × 106 = 17.01 × 106 litres
17.01 10 6
Rate of flow in m3 per second = = 0.1967 = 0.197 m3/sec
24  60  60  1000
Assume detention period as 30 minutes.
Volume of flocculation tank = 0.197 × 30 × 60 = 354.6 m3
Assume depth as 3 m
 Surface area of tank = 354.6/3 = 118.2 m2
Assuming horizontal velocity of flow = 1 m/min.
Length of tank = 30 × 1 = 30 m
 Width of tank = 118.2/30 = 3.94  4.0 m

Hence, adopt size of 30 m × 4 m
Assume distance from paddle to paddle = 3.0 m (Shaft centre to centre distance)
 Number of shafts = 30/3 – 1 = 9
 Cross-sectional area of tank = 4 × 3 = 12 m2
Assume area of the paddle to be 45% of cross-sectional area of the tank
= 0.45 × 12 = 5.4 m 2
Total length of planks = 2 × 9 × 3 = 54 m
Width of plank = 5.4/54 = 0.1 m = 10 cm

L/B of plank = 300/10 = 30 > 20
Velocity gradient G = 1/ 2(CD A sUr3 ) / 2 V
where, CD = Co-efficient of drag of paddle depending on shape of paddle and it is 1.8 for Flat blade.
As = Area of the impeller blade in m2.
Ur = Relative velocity of impeller and the surrounding fluid in m/s
= (taken at 25% of fluid velocity at the point without starter blades and 50% with starter
blade)
 = Kinematic viscosity in m2/s
V = Volume in m3
DN 3.14  3  3
Paddle velocity UP = = = 0.471
60 60
D = Diameter of circular path of paddle flank = 3.0 m
Ur = (1 – K)UP = (1 – 1/4) 0.471
= 0.353 m/s
 G = 1 / 2  [1.8  5.4  (0.353)3 ] / [2  0.8039  10 6  (30  4  3)]
[   at 30°C = 0.8039 × 10–2 cm2/sec = 0.8039 × 10–6 m2/s]

= 19.22 s–1 (and it is between 10 s–1 to 75 s–1)
GT = 19.22 × 30 × 60 (where T is detention period in seconds)
= 3.46 × 104 (And it is between 1 × 104 to 10 × 104)
Hence, our design is acceptable.
2.(c) (ii) Draw the flow sheet showing sequence of various treatment units of a typical
water treatment plant with perennial river as the source of water. List these
treatment units sequentially. Explain each briefly
[8 Marks]
Sol.
1 2 3
Raw water
Screening Pre-sedimentation Coagulation
(Type-I settling) 4
Flocculation
8 7 6 5
To distribution
system
Storage Disinfection Filtration Sedimentation
(Type II : Flocculent
settling)
(1) Screening:
 Screens help in removing large sized impurities such as debris, leaves, logs of wood etc.
 They reduce the load on filter.
(2) Pre-sedimentation or discrete settling or type-I settling:
 Pre-settlement basins help in getting rid of large sized suspended solids and are useful when
raw water has suspended solids concentration more than 1000 mg/L by dry weight.
(3) Sedimentation with coagulation:
 Most surface waters contain turbidity which is colloidal in nature and hence require chemical
coagulation for removal.
 Chemical coagulants like alum are added which destabilize the colloids. These destabilized
colloids can be made to coalesce in the flocculation chamber. The dense and large flocs formed
are finally settled in the sedimentation tank.
(4) Filtration:
 Filteration removes fine floc particles, colour, dissolved minerals and microorganisms
 It also removes the suspended solids that does not get removed in sedimentation.
(5) Disinfection:
 It is the process of destruction or inactivation of harmful micro-organisms in water where
disease or illness causing micr-organism are reduced to such low level that no infection or
disease results when the water is used for domestic purposes including drinking water.
 Generally, treatment with chlorine is the most preferred method.
3.(a) (i) Determine the area of tensile steel of the wall of a water tank of 250 mm depth
and subjected to M = 35 kNm/m only. Use M20 and Fe415. [Take permissible
stress in steel = 190 N/mm2]
Liquid face
225 mm
25 mm
Away from liquid
[12 Marks]
Sol. D = 250 mm
d = 225 mm
Given : M20, Fe415,
Given
fst  190 N/mm2
[for Fe415 ; t  225 and reinforcement away from liquid face]
Assume section as cracked
Let us determine the preliminary are of steel.

280
For M20, m = 3
cbc
280
= = 13.33 [ cbc = 7 N/mm2 for M20]
37
280 / 3
Kb =   (280 / 3)
st
93.33
= = 0.329
190  93.33
Kb
j = 1
3
0.329
= 1 = 0.89
3
M
Ast =  jd
s
35  10 6
=
190  (0.89)  225
= 919.9 mm2
Provide 12 mm bar @ 120 mm c/c
1000 
Ast =   (12)2  942 mm 2
120 4
Liquid face
Y x Y
225 mm
225 – x
25 mm
2
12  @ 120 mm c/c = 942 mm
1000 mm
Properties of section :
Taking moment of area about the NA, we have
bx 2
= mAst(d – x)
2
x
1000  x  = 13.33 × 942(225 – x)
2
 x =  63.66 mm
88.77 mm (Rejected)
3
63.66
I yy = 1000  + 13.33 × 942(225 – 63.66)2
3
= 412.86 × 106 mm4
Checking for stresses :
Mx
Compression stress in concrete cb = I
yy
35  10 6  63.66
= 6
412.86  10
= 5.4 > 1.7 MPa (Section is cracked)
(d  x)
Tensile stress in steel = st = m  fcb 
x
(225  63.66)
= 13.33  5.40 
63.66
= 182.43 < 190 N/mm2
Hence the section is OK
For reference (see table below)
Table : Permissible stresses in concrete in calculations relating to resistance to cracking
2
Permissible stresses (N/mm )
Grade of
concrete Direct tension, Tension due to Shear sh (Q/b
td bending tb jd)
M15 1.1 1.5 1.5

M20 1.2 1.7 1.7
M25 1.3 1.8 1.9
M30 1.5 2.0 2.2
M35 1.6 2.2 2.5
M40 1.7 2.4 2.7
3.(a) (ii) Design a circular column by LSM to carry an axial load of 1000 kN using helical
reinforcement. Use M20 grade concrete and Fe415 grade steel.
[8 Marks]
Sol. The strength of a column with helical reinforcement is 1.05 times the strength of similar member with lateral
ties.
1000  1.5
Pu = = 1428.57 kN
1.05
Assuming that emin < 0.05 D, and providing 1% steel.
 Pu = 0.4 f ck Ac + 0.67 f y Asc
1428.57 × 103 = 0.4 × 20 (Ag – 0.01 Ag) + 0.67 × 415 × 0.01 Ag
 2
From which A g = 133505 mm2 = D and D = 412.3 mm
4
Provide overall dia. D = 420 mm
0.05 D = 0.05 × 420 = 21 mm
 emin < 0.05 D
As = 0.01 × 133505 = 1335.1 mm2. No. of 16 mm dia bars = 1335.1 / 201.06 = 6.64
Hence provide 7 bars of 16 mm dia. giving total area = 1407.4 mm2, at a nominal cover of 40 mm. Let us
use 8 mm dia. HYSD bars for helical reinforcement.
Outside dia. of helix = Dk = 420 – 2 × 40 = 340 mm

Ak = area of core of helically reinforced column measured to the out
side of the helix

= (340)2 – 1407 = 89385 mm2
4

A g = gross area of section = (420)2 = 138544 mm2
4
 Ag  fck  138544  20
 0.36  A  1 f = 0.36   1 = 0.00954 ......(i)
 k  yh  89385  415
Dia. d of core upto centre of helix = 420 – (2 × 40) – 8 = 332 mm
Let the pitch of the spiral be s mm. Volume of spiral Vhs per mm length of column
 d  2  332    2 52427.3
=  s  =    8 =
s 4  s 4 s
Volume of core per mm length = Vk = Ak × 1 = 89385 × 1 = 89385
Vhs 52427.3 0.5865
Ratio = = ...............(ii)
Vk s  89385 s
0.5865
Equating (i) and (ii), we get = 0.00954 or s  61.5 mm
s
However, the pitch should not be more than 75 mm, nor more that 1/6 core dia. (= 1/6 × 340 = 56.7 mm).
Also, it should not be less 3s (= 3 × 8 = 24 mm). Hence keep the pitch equal to 55 mm.
3. (b) The interdependence of a job consisting of seven activities A to G is given as :

Activity A B C D E F G
Predecessor activity – – A B A B C,D
Succeeding activity C,E D,F G G –
The time estimates, in days, for each activity are
Activity Time estimates Z (+) % Probability
A 6 – 9 – 18 0.8 78.81
B 5 – 8 – 17
0.9 81.59
C 4 – 7 – 22
D 4 – 7 – 16 1.0 84.13
E 4 – 7 – 10
1.1 86.43
F 2 – 5 – 8
G 4 – 10 – 22 1.2 88.49
Draw the network and determine the probability of completing the job in 35 days.
[20 Marks]
Sol.
2
A E
C
G
4 5
D
B F
3
Activity Time estimates Expected time Standard deviation

(days) (days) (days)
A 6 – 9 – 18 10 2
B 5 – 8 – 17 9 2
C 4 – 7 – 22 9 3
D 4 – 7 – 16 8 2
E 4 – 7 – 10 7 1
F 2–5 –8 5 1
G 4 – 10 – 22 11 3
Now the network diagram

10
2
A 10 9 E
O 10 C 19 7 30
11
4 5
G
9 D 19 5 30
O A – C – G critical path
B 9 8 F
3
11
Expected time for the completion of project = 30 day and standard deviation along critical path
= 2A  C2  2G

= 22  32  32 = 4.6904
If the scheduled time = 35 days
35  30 Ts  TE
then z factor = 
4.6904 
35  30
=  1.066
4.6904
Corresponding probability of completion
(86.43  84.13)
= 84.13  (1.066  1.0)
(1.1  1.0)
= 85.648%
3.(c)(i) The two machines A and B have the following costs with the money worth as 8%
per year;
A B
First cost Rs 10,000 Rs 25,000
Salvage value Rs 1,100 Rs 1,500
Uniform expenditure at Rs 3,000 Rs 2,000
end of year
Irregular expenses Rs 1,000 –
at end of 1st year
Irregular expenses at – Rs 2,500
end of 3rd year
Benefit from quality – Rs 600
control (at end of year)
Life 2 years 5 years
Compare the machines for suitability of selection on the following bases;
(i) Present worth
(ii) Equivalent Annual cost worth
(iii) Capitalized cost worth [12 Marks]
Sol (i). The fig shows the cash flow diagram for life of 2 years.
1100
m/c (A)
0 1 2 0 2
=
10,000 3000 3000 15333
1000
PA(2) = Present worth of m/c (A) at 0 time of its life period (2 years)
P  P  P 
= 10000  3000  ,8%,2   1100  ,8%,2   1,000  ,8%,1
A  F  F 
 1.08 2  1   1   1 
= 10000  3000    1100  2
 1000  = Rs 15,333
2
  0.08 1.08    1.08    1.08 
PB(5) = Present worth of m/c (B) at 0 time of its own life period ( 5 years)
600
600 600 600 600
1500
0 1 2 3 4 5 0 5
=
25000 2000 2000 2000 2000 2000 31,553
2500
P  P  P 
= 25000   2000  600   ,8%,5   2500  ,8%,3   1500  ,8%,5 
A  F  F 
5
 1  0.08   1   1   1 
= 25000  1400  5
  2500  3
 1500  5  = Rs 31,553
  0.08 1  0.08    1  0.08    1.08  
Since the lives of machines are different. The common life period will be L.C.M. of their lives i.e. L.C.M. of
2 and 5 i.e. 10 years.
0 2 4 6 8 10
15333 15333 15333 15333 15333

 PA(10) = overall present worth of machine A on the basis of 10 yrs period
P  P  P  P 
= 15333  15333  ,8%,2   15333  ,8%,4  15333  ,8%,6   15333  ,8%,8 
F  F  F  F 
 1 1 1 1 
= 15333  15333     = Rs 57,695
 1.08 
2
1.08  4
1.08  6
1.08 8 
PB(10) = Overall present worth of machine is for common life period of 10 yrs.
0 5 10
31553 31553
P 
= 31553  31553  ,8%,5 
F 
 1 
= 31553  31553  = 53,027
5
 1.08  
Since PB(10) < PA(10)
 Machine B is selected
(ii) Equivalent Annual worth method
A(A) = Equivalent Annual worth of machine A
A   0.08 1  0.08  2 
= PA  2   ,i,n = 15333   = Rs 8598
P   1  0.08  2  1 
Similarly,
A(B) = Equivalent annual worth of machine (B)
A    0.08 1  0.08  5 

= PB  5   ,8%,5  = 31553   = Rs 7903
P  5
 1  0.08   1 
Since A(B) < A(A)
 Machine B is selected
(iii) Capitalized Cost Method
C(A) = Capitalized worth of machine A
Equivalent annual worth of machine A 8598
= = = 107,475
i 0.08
7903
CB = = 98787
0.08
Since CB < CA
 Machine B is selected.
3.(c) (ii) List out the basic parts and operations of a Hoe and state its applications.
[8 Marks]
Sol. (a) Hoe
Range Arc
Stick cylinder (downward)
Stick
Boom
Bucket
Boom cylinder
Cylinder
Counter Bucket
weight
Basic parts of a Hydraulic Hoe.
Operation
 Hoes are used primarily to excavate below the natural surface of the ground on which the machine
rests. Because of their positive bucket control, they are superior to draglines in overrating on close-
range work and loading into haul units.
 Penetration force into the material being excavated is achieved by the stick and bucket cylinder.
Maximum crowd force is developed when the stick cylinder operates perpendicular to the stick.
 To break material loose is best at the bottom of the range arc because of the geometry of the boom,
stick and bucket.
Applications
 Basic application is excavation and loading into haul units.
 By changing attachments it can be used as multi purpose tool platform as rock drillers, earth clearer,
grappler, land clearer, impact hammer, demolition jaw, vibratory plate compactor etc.
Q4(a) For a pipe network shown in figure determine the flow in each pipe. The value of
n may be assumed as 2.0.
20 B r=5 D 50
r=2 r= r=1
1
A
r=4 C 30
100
[20 Marks]
Sol.
20 B r=5 D
50
r=2 r= r=1
1
A
r=4 C 30
100
For the first trial the distribution is assumed as shown in Figure (a). For this distribution the corrections Q for the
loops ABC and BDC are computed as follows
B r=5 D
50
20 15
35
r=2 70 r= 35 r=1
1
30 30
A
r=4 C
100
(a)
Loop ABC
Pipe rQ2 2rQ
AB 2 × 702 = 9800 2 × 2 × 70 = 280

BC 1 × 352 = 1225 2 × 1 × 35 = 70
2
AC –4 × 30 = –3600 2 × 4 × 30 = 240
rQ2 = 7425 2rQ = 590
7425
 Q  
590
 13
Loop BDC
2
Pipe rQ 2rQ
BD 5 × 152 = 1125 2 × 5 × 15 = 150
DC –1 × 352 = –1225 2 × 1 × 35 = 70
CB –1 × 352 = –1225 2 × 1 × 35 = 70
rQ2 = –1325 2rQ = 290
( 1325)
Q   5
290
Thus applying the above obtained correction the modified discharges for various pipes are shown in Figure (b),
which is the distribution for the second trial. For this distribution the corrections Q for the loops ABC and BDC are
computed as follows
B r=5 D
50
20 20
17
r=2 57 r= 30 r=1
1
43 30
A
r=4 C
100
(b)
Loop ABD
Pipe rQ2 2rQ
AB 2 × 572 = 6498 2 × 2 × 57 = 228
BC 1 × 172 = 289 2 × 1 × 17 = 34
AC –4 × 432 = –7396 2 × 4 × 43 = 344
rQ2 = –609 2rQ = 606
(609)
Q   1
606
Loop BDC
Pipe rQ2 2rQ
BD 5 × 202 = 2000 2 × 5 × 20 = 200
DC –1 × 302 = –900 2 × 1 × 30 = 60
CB –1 × 172 = –289 2 × 1 × 17 = 34
rQ2 = 811 2rQ = 294
811
 Q  
294
 3
Thus applying the above obtained correction the modified discharges for the various pipes are shown in Figure (c),
which is the distribution for the third trial. For this distribution the corrections Q for loops ABC and BDC are
computed as follows
B r=5 D
50
20 17
21
r=2 58 r= 33 r=1
1
42 30
A
r=4 C
100
(c)
Loop ABC
Pipe rQ2 2rQ
2
AB 2 × 58 = 6728 2 × 2 × 58 = 232
BC 1 × 212 = 441 2 × 1 × 21 = 42
2
AC –4 × 42 = –7056 2 × 4 × 42 = 336
rQ2 = 113 2rQ = 610
113
 Q    0 (negligible)
610
Loop BDC
Pipe rQ2 2rQ
BD 5 × 172 = 1445 2 × 5 × 17 = 170
DC –1 × 332 = –1089 2 × 1 × 33 = 66
CB –1 × 212 = –441 2 × 1 × 21 = 42
rQ2 = –85 2rQ = 278
( 85)
Q   0 (negligible)
278
Thus figure (c) shows the correct distribution of flow for the given network of pipes.
Q4(b) (i) Information on the activities required for a medium-size Civil Engineering Project
is as follows :
Activity Node No. Duration (in months)

A 1-2 02
B 1-3 07
C 1-4 08
D 2-5 03
E 3-5 06
F 3-6 10
G 3-7 04
H 4-6 06
I 5-7 02
J 6-8 05
K 7-8 06
Draw the network and calculate the following :

(i) Earliest and latest event time
(ii) Earliest and latest start time
(iii) Earliest and latest finish time
(iv) Total, free and independent float
(v) Critical path [16 Marks]
Sol. The network of the given activities is shown in below :
S=9 S=1
2 11 13 14
2 D 5
3
A S=0 E I 2
6 S=1
TE TL 2 7 7 TE TL
15 16 K
B G
0 0 1 3 7 8 22 22
7 4 6
S=0
C F J
10
8 5
H
4 6
6
8 11 17 17
S=3 S=0
The earliest event time and latest event time have been calculated as :
j i ij
TE = TE  t ;
i j ij
TL  TL  t
We also know that

i
EST = TEi ; EFT = TE + tij
LST = TLj – tij ; LFT = TLj

Total float, F T = LFT – EFT = LST – EST
Free float, FF = EST of successor activity – EFT of present activity
= F T – Sj
Independent float, FID = FF – Si
The values of activity times, total float, free float and independent float are tabulated below:
Activity Duration EST EFT LST LFT FT FF FI Remarks

A 2 0 2 9 11 9 0 0
B 7 0 7 0 7 0 0 0 Critical
C 8 0 8 3 11 3 0 0
D 3 2 5 11 14 9 8 –1
E 6 7 13 8 14 1 0 0
F 10 7 17 7 17 0 0 0 Critical
G 4 7 11 12 16 5 4 4
H 6 8 14 11 17 3 3 0
I 2 13 15 14 16 1 0 –1
J 5 17 22 17 22 0 0 0 Critical
K 6 15 21 16 22 1 1 0
The activities on the critical path are those activities that have total float (FT) equal to zero. Thus B – F
– J will be the critical path.
4.(b) (ii) Define slack. What does negative slack indicate in PERT network analysis?
[4 Marks]
Sol.
Slack may simply be defined as the difference between the latest allowable time and the earliest expected
time of an event. The difference between the two times indicates the range between which the occurrence
time of an event can vary.
 S = TL – TE
where S is the slack for any event, TE is the earliest expected time of an event and TL is the latest allowable
time of an event.
Negative slack is obtained when the scheduled completion time, TS (and hence TL) is less than the earliest
expected time of completion (TE). It is an indication of a behind of schedule condition (lack of resources).
4. (c) (i) Calculate the amount of slaked lime and soda treating 50,000 litres of water per
day if the water contains the following impurities-
CaCO3 = 280 ppm, NaCl = 35 ppm
MgCl2 = 138 ppm, Fe2O3 = 55 ppm
Mg(HCO3)2 = 100 ppm CaSO4 = 110 ppm
MgSO4 = 80 ppm, SiO2 = 40 ppm
Purity of slaked lime is 86% and that of soda is 98%.
[Atomic weights in gm. Ca = 40, Mg = 24, S = 32, Cl = 35.5, C= 12, Na = 23 gm
O = 16 gm Si = 28 gm]
[12 Marks]
Sol. Magnesium bicarbonate reacts with lime in two steps with equation as
Mg(HCO3)2 + 2Ca(OH)2  2CaCO3  + Mg(OH)2 + 2H2O

Above reaction shows that magnesium bicarbonate needs two equivalents of lime as against one of lime
needed by others like, calcium bicarbonate, magnesium chloride and magnesium sulphate whereas calcium
sulphate does not need any lime:
a) Requirement of hydrated lime:
i) 100 ppm CaCO3, needs hydrated lime = 74 ppm
280 ppm of CaCO3 will need = (74 × 280)/100 ppm
= 207.2 ppm of hydrated lime
ii) To react with Mg(HCO3)2 of 100 ppm
146 ppm of Mg(HCO3)2 needs hydrated lime = 2 × 74 ppm
100 ppm of Mg(HCO3)2 will need hydrated lime
= (2 × 74 × 100)/146 = 101.4 ppm
iii) To react with MgCl2 of 138 ppm

95 ppm of MgCl2 needs hydrated lime = 74 ppm
138 ppm of MgCl2 will need hydrated lime
= (74 × 138)/95 = 107.50 ppm
iv) To react with MgSO4 of 80 ppm:
120 ppm of MgSO4 needs slaked lime = 74 ppm
80 ppm of MgSO4 will need slaked lime
= (74 × 80)/120 = 49.33 ppm
Total Lime requirement = (i) + (ii) + (iii) + (iv)
= 207.2 + 101.4 + 107.5 + 49.3 = 465.43 ppm
465.43  50,000
Daily lime required = = 23.27 kg
106
Since the purity of lime is 86% hence, daily lime requirement = 23.27/0.86 = 27.06 kg.
(b) Requirement of Soda (Na2CO3)
Soda is required for reacting with CaSO4, MgCl2 and MgSO4
i) To react with CaSO4 of 110 ppm
136 ppm of CaSO4 of 110 ppm.
136 ppm of CaSO4 needs 106 ppm of Na2CO3
110
110 ppm of CaSO4 will need 106 × = 85.7 ppm of Na2CO3
136
ii) To react with MgCl2 of 138 ppm (MgCl2 has been converted into equivalent CaCl2 by lime)
95 ppm of MgCl2 needs 106 ppm of Na2CO3.
106
 138 ppm of MgCl2 will need × 138 = 154 ppm of Na2CO3.
95
iii) To react with MgSO4 of 80 ppm (after MgSO4 has been reduced in Equivalent CaSO4 by lime)
120 ppm of MgSO4 needs 106 ppm of Na2CO3
80 ppm of MgSO4 will need 106/120 × 80 = 70.7 ppm of Na2CO3
Total Soda required = i + ii + iii = 85.7 + 154 + 70.7 = 310.4 ppm = 310.4 mg/l
Daily Soda requirement to react 50,000 litres of water (the soda having 98% purity)
310.4  50,000 1
= 6 × = 15.83 kg
10 0.98
4.(c) (ii) What do you mean by turbidity in water ? How is it measured? Explain it briefly.
[8 Marks]
Sol.
Turbidity is the measure of extent to which light is either absorbed or scattered by suspended material in water.
It is not a direct quantitative measure of suspended solids.
Measurement
Measurement of turbidity is done using the following:
 Turbidity rod
 Jackson’s turbidimeter
 Baylis turbidimeter
 Nephelometer
Turbidity Rod
 Rod with platinum needle is inserted inside water and the depth at which platinum needle just becomes
invisible gives turbidity in ppm.
 As depth of insertion increases, reading will decrease.
 Turbidity which one milligram of finely divided silica produces in one litre of distilled water is taken as
one unit.
 The permissible limit is 5-10 ppm.
 It is a field method.
Jackson’s Turbidimeter
 The level of water is increased till the image of flame ceases to be

seen.
 The turbidity is measured from graduated glass tube.
 It is used when turbidity is greater than 25 ppm.
 It is a laboratory method.
 This method is not used for drinking water.

Jackson Turbidimeter
Baylis Turbidimeter and Nephelometer
 Baylis and Nephelometer turbidimeters are based on colour matching techinques.

 In this case even a small turbidity of one unit or less can be measured.
 Hence these are most widely used for domestic water supplies.
 In Baylis turbiditymeter light intensity is measured in the direction of incident light only where as in
nephelometer light intensity is measured at right angles to the incident ray.
 Hence NTU is based on Scattering principle.
If Formazine, a chemical, is used as base in place of SiO2, The turbidity unit is also sometimes called
FTU.
5. (a)A closed traverse ABCD, in which the bearing of AD has not been observed and the
length of BC has been missed out in recording was conducted at city. The rest of
the field record is as follows :
Line Bearing Length (m)
AB 18118 335
BC 9000 
CD 35736 408
DA  828
Calculate the missing bearing and the length. [12 Marks]
Sol.
A
828
181°18
D

335
408
90° C
B l 357°36
Given data : Bearing of AB = 18118  1

Bearing of BC = 9000  2
Bearing of CD = 35736  3
Length of AB = 335 m = l1
Length of CD = 408 m = l3
Length of DA = 828 m = l4
Let us assume bearing of DA = 4
and Length of BC = l2 m
In closed traverse :
 latitude =  L = 0
 lcos  = 0
 l1 cos 1  l2 cos 2  ..... = 0
 departure =  D = 0
 lsin  = 0
 l1 sin 1  l2 sin 2  ..... = 0
To find bearing of DA (4 ) and length of BC (l2)

Closed traverse ABCDA
 l = l1 cos 1  l2 cos 2  l3 cos 3  l4 cos  4 = 0
 335 cos(18118)  l2 cos(90)  408 cos(35736)  828cos( 4 ) = 0
–334.914 + 0 + 407.642 + 828cos(4 ) = 0

828cos(4 ) = –72.728
72.728
cos(4 ) =
828
4 = 95.039 or 264.961°
D = l1 sin 1  l2 sin 2  l3 sin 3  l4 sin  4 = 0
335 sin(18118)  l2 sin(90)  408 sin(37536)  828 sin(4 ) = 0

–7.6 + l2 + (–17.085) + 828 sin(4 ) = 0
l2  828 sin( 4 ) = 24.685
4 = 95.039°
l2 + 828sin(95.039) = 24.685
l2 = –800.115 m (distance cannot be –ve)
4 = 264.961°
l2 + 828sin(264.961°) = 24.685
l2 = 849.485 m
4  264.961  2645736.6
l2  849.485 m
SECTION-B
5.(b) (i) What is BOD? How is it measured? What is carbonaceous and Nitrogeneous
demand? [8 Marks]
Sol. Bio-chemical oxygen demand is used as a measure of the quantity of oxygen required for oxidation of bio
degradable organic matter present in water sample by aerobic biochemical action.
Oxygen demand of waste water is exerted by three classes of materials:
(a) Carbonaceous organic materials.
(b) Oxidisable nitrogen derived from nitrite, ammonia and other organic nitrogen compounds which serves as
food for specific bacteria (Nitrosomonas and nitrobacter).
(c) Chemical reducing compounds e.g. Fe2+, SO32– (sulfites), S2– (sulfide) which are oxydised by dissolved
oxygen.
For domestic sewage, nearly all oxygen demand is due to carbonaceous organic material and is determined
by BOD test.
The BOD can be determined by diluting a known volume of a sample of waste water with a known volume of
aerated pure water, and then calculating the D.O. of this diluted sample. The diluted sample is then incubated
for 5 days at 20°C. The D.O. of the diluted sample, after this period of incubation, is again calculated. The
difference between the initial D.O. value and the final D.O. value will indicate the oxygen consumed by the diluted
sewage sample in 5 days. The BOD in ppm is then calculated by using the equation:
BOD or BOD5 = D.O. consumed in the test by diluted sample
 Vol. of the diluted sample 
 
 Vol. of the undiluted sewage sample 
The above factor in the bracket is called dilution factor.
BOD in 2nd stage BOD

ppm (Nitrogeneous
demand)
Yt Ist stage BOD

(carbonaceous
demand)
t=t Time in days

BOD curve
The first demand occurs due to oxidation of organic matter and is called carbonaceous demand or first
stage demand, and later demand occurs due to biological oxidation of ammonia, and is called nitrogeneous
demand or second stage demand.
However, the term BOD usually mean the first stage BOD.
Nitrogenous demand starts only after 5–8 days because the reproduction rate of nitrification bacteria is slow.
5.(b)(ii) Explain
(a) Population Equivalent
(b) Relative Stability [4 Marks]
Sol.
Population Equivalent
 Average standard BOD of domestic sewage is 80 gms per person per day.
 The number of person which produce the amount of BOD at the rate of 80 gm per person per day
equal to that produced by industrial sewage is called population equivalent of industrial sewage.
Relative Stability (S)
· Relative stability (S) is calculated as:
O 2 available in effluent
S=
Total O 2 required for Ist stage BOD (i.e. BOD ultimate)
S = 100[1  (0.794)t 20 ]  100[1– (0.63)t37 ]
where, t 20/t 37 = time in days for a sewage sample to decolourise a sample of methylene blue
solution when incubated at 20° and 37° respectively.
 Decolourisation is caused by enzymes produced by anaerobic bacteria.
 The sooner the decolourisation takes place, the earlier the anaerobic condition develops which
means lesser availability of oxygen.
 The decolourisation takes place in less than a days at 20°C, the effluent may be treated as
unstable. If sample does not decolourise in 4 days it will be taken as stable and thus the effluent
can be discharged into the river.
 This relative stability check is a performance check test for the treatment process.
5. (c) Determine the warping stresses at interior, edge and corner regions in a 25 cm
thick concrete pavement with transverse joints at 11 m interval and longitudinal
joints at 3.6 m intervals. The modulus of subgrade reaction (K) is 6.9 kg/cm3.
Assume temperature differential for day conditions to be 0.6°C per cm slab
thickness. Assume radius of loaded area as 15 cm for computing warping stress at
the corner. Additional data are given below:
e = 10 × 10–6 per °C
E = 3 × 105 kg/cm2
 = 0.15 , Cx = 1.03, Cy = 0.55
Take radius of relative stiffness, l = 87.2 cm [12 Marks]
Sol. t = 25  0.6  15 C
Eet  Cx  Cy 
Interior warping stress St(i)   
2  1  2 
3  105  10  106  15 1.03  0.15  0.55 
St(i) =  
2  1  0.152 
= 25.61 kg/cm2
Longitudinal edge stresses due to warping (Using Cx value, as it is higher than Cy)
Cx Eet
St (e) 
2
1.03  3  105  10  10 6  15
St(e) =  23.18 kg/cm2
2
Warping stress at the corner region
Eet a
St (e) 
3(1   ) l
3  105  10  106  15 15
St(e) = = 7.32 kg/cm2.
3 1  0.15  87.2
5.(d) (i) An overhead tank is to be provided for a town water supply. Given the following
data, calculate the minimum capacity of the tank without any fire demand. Tank
is empty between 12 to 15 hours.
(i) Rate of pumping = 25,000 litres/hr
(ii) Hours of pumping = 4 to 12 and 15 to 23 hrs.
Time pumped demanded

No. Hours
(hr ) (lit ) (lit )
1 0-4 4 0 13,333
2 4-6 2 50,000 40,000
3 6-10 4 100,000 120,000
4 10-12 2 50,000 33,333
5 12-15 3 0 25,000
6 15-16 1 25,000 8,333 [8 Marks]
7 16-20 4 100,000 106,666
8 20-23 3 75,000 50,000
9 23-24 1 0 3,335
Sol. Problem has been solved analytically in table given below.

As given in the question, the tank is empty between 12 and 15 hours, we shall start from Sl. No. 5. At
Sl. No. 6 storage is (+) 16,666 again at S. No. 7, it has reduced by 6666 litres. Hence, net storage is
(16,000-6,666) = 10,000 and so on. We proceed at Sl. No. 8, 9, 1, 2, 3 and finally at 4.
Sl.No. Time Hours Water Water Accumulation Water in

pumped demanded (  ), draw off (–) service
(litres) (litres) Col.4-Col.5 reservoir
(lit) in(litres)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1 04 4 — 13,333 ( ) 13,333 18,333
2 46 2 50,000 40,000 ( ) 10,000 28,333
3 6  10 4 100,000 120,000 ( ) 20,000 8,333
4 10  12 2 50,000 33,333 (  ) 16,667 25,000
5 12  15 3 0 25,000 ( ) 25,000 0
6 15  16 1 25,000 8,333 (  ) 16,667 16,667
7 16  20 4 100,000 106,666 ( ) 6,666 10,001
8 20  23 3 75,000 50,000 ( ) 25,000 35,001
9 23  24 1 0 3, 335 ( ) 3,335 31,666
Now from Column No. 7, it is clear that maximum balance storage is 35,001 litres. Hence, minimum
capacity of the tank should be 35,001 litres (Ans.)
5.(d) (ii) List out different methods for detection of leakage in a distribution system.
[4 Marks]
Sol. The following methods may be used for detecting the leakage of water from the under ground water mains:
(i) By direct observations.
(ii) By using sounding rod
(iii) By plotting hydraulic gradient line and
(iv) By using waste detecting meters.
5. (e) A 5° curve diverges from a 3° main curve in reverse direction in the layout of a
B.G yard. If the speed on the branch line is restricted to 35 km/h, determine the
restricted speed on the main line.
[12 Marks]
Sol.
Superelevation on diverging track (or branch line) is given by formula
Equilibrium superelevation
GV 2
where G = 1.676 m
1.27 R
V = 35 km/h
1720
R = m
5
1.676  35  35 5
e =  = 4.7
1.27 1720
So, the negative cant = Equilibrium cant– cant deficiency = (4.7 – 7.60) cm = – 2.9 cm
Because cant deficient for B.G. permitted is equal to 7.6 cm.
Negative cant = Max. permissible superelevation on the main line = 2.9 cm
Theoretical superelevation which can be provided on main line = (2.9 + 7.6) cm = 10.5 cm
Hence speed on the main track can be calculated from formula of equilibrium
GV 2
Superelevation =
1.27 R
2
1.676  V  3
10.5 =
1.27  1720
10.5  1.27  1720 2
V2 =  4561.69  kmph 
1.676  3
 V = 67.54 km.p.h
So the restricted speed on main track = 67.54 kmph
Say, 65 kmph
6.(a) (i) Analyse the pin jointed truss shown below.

B
10 kN
D 5 kN
4m
0.75m
A C
3m
[10 Marks]
Sol. The truss is statically determinate
M A = 0
VC × 3 = 10 × 4 + 5 × 0.75
VC = 14.583 kN ()
 VA = 14.583 kN ()
Joint C
FBC
0.75
sin1 = = 0.45
FCD 1
2 1.52  0.752
cos 1 = 0.89
4
sin 2 = = 0.94
1.5 2  42
cos2 = 0.35
FH = 0
 FBC cos 2  FCD cos 1 = 0
0.35FBC + 0.89FCD = 0 ... (i)
FV = 0
FBC sin 2  FCD sin 1  VC = 0
0.94FBC + 0.45FCD = –14.583 ... (ii)

Solving (1) and (ii)
FBC = –19.12 kN (compression)
FCD = 7.52 kN (tension)
Joint D
FBD FH = 0
1
5 kN 5  FCD cos 1 = FAD cos1
1
FAD = 13.13 kN (tension)
FAD FCD
FV = 0
FBD = FCD sin 1  FAD sin 1
FBD = 9.29 kN (tension)
Joint A
FAB FV = 0
FAD
2
15 kN 1 FAB sin 2  FAD sin 1 = 14.583
14.583 0.94FAB + 13.13 × 0.45 = 14.583
 FAB = 9.23 kN (tension)
The final member forces are shown below :
B
10 kN
9.29
9.23 19.12
D 5 kN
13.13 7.52
15 A C
14.583 14.583
Member forces (kN)
6.(a) (ii) Determine the force in member BC, FC and FG using method of sections.
30 kN 60 kN 30 kN
B C D
A E
3.6m
4.8m
F H
G
4.8m 4.8m 4.8m 4.8m
[10 Marks]
Sol. The truss is statically determinate
Due to symmetry
30  60  30
VA = VE = = 60 kN
2
Cut a section x-x through members BC, FC and FG as shown.
Considering left portion :
30 kN X
FBC
A A 4.8 m B 4.8 m C
 
3.6 m
60 kN FFC
 4.8 m
F 1
FFG
F G
To determinate FBC take moment about point F.

60 × 4.8 = –FBC × 3.6
 FBC = –80 kN (compression)
MA = 0
cos = 0.8
sin  = 0.6
FFC cos   3.6  FFC sin   30   4.8 = 0
30  4.8
FFC =
5.76
FFC = 25 kN (Tensile)
cos = 0.8
4.8
cos 1 =
4.82  1.22
H = 0
FFC cos   FFG cos 1  FBC = 0
4.8
25  0.8  FFG  = 80
4.82  1.22
FFG = 61.85 kN (Tensile)
6.(b) (i) Explain briefly

(a) BOT contracts
(b) Lump-sum contracts
(c) EPC contracts
(d) Arbitration
(e) Bank guarantee bond
(f) Earnest money
(g) Notice inviting tender
(h) Retention money
[16 Marks]
Sol. (a) BOT contracts :
 It stands for build, operate and transfer contracts.
 In this type of contracts, apart from providing the responsibilities of all construction activities like
surveying, drawing, design, project planning, construction and test operation etc, this throws in the
responsibility of fundraising for the project to one large contracting organization.
 In return, the contractor is allowed to ‘operate’ the facility for an agreed period of time to recover the cost
incurred in the design and construction of the facility.
 This system of contracting is useful when the client does not want to invest directly in the project, and
wants to encourage development project through external funding and investment.
 This method attracts and involve the private sector in public projects and infrastructure development.
Example : Construction of certain toll highways and airports.
(b) Lump-sum contracts
 In this form of contracting, drawing and other details of the project provided by the client, the contractor
quote a single lump-sum figure, which is the total contract value of the work.
 The lump-sum amount refers to the total sum of money for which the contractor agrees to build the
required facility, accepting all responsibility for factors relating to the supply of raw material, uncertainties
relating to construction hazards and other difficulties and it is the exact amount which client has to pay.
 The amount in lump-sum contract is subjected to revise when.
(i) Certain condition which is outside the contractor’s control.
(ii) Change in the design or specifications made by the client.
(iii) Change in the cost of certain important items such as stationary wages, transportation cost and
custom duties.
(c) EPC contracts :
 Full form of word EPC is engineering, procurement and construction.
 EPC contracts will carry out the detailed engineering design of the project, procure all the equipments
and materials necessary and then construct to deliver a functioning facility or asset to their client as
prescribed by them within the agreed period of time.
(d) Arbitration :
 It is a procedure in which the parties concerned submit their disputes to an impartial person or a
committee of experts to resolve the disputes.
 The main purpose of this is to avoid the tedious procedure of litigation and thus, to avoid legal formalities,
delays and expenses.
(e) Bank guarantee bond :
 A bond guarantee is not debt instrument or loan in itself.
 It is a guarantee by a leading institution (bank) that if a borrower defaults on its liabilities or obligations,
the bank will cover the cost.
 A bank guarantee is a provision that can be placed in a bank loan prior to the bank loaning out the
money.
 A bank guarantee encourages companies and private consumers to make purchases they otherwise
would not make, which increases business activity and consumption and gives people entrepreneurial
opportunities.
(f) Earnest money :
 This amount is accompany the tender form which is usually of about 1% to 2% of the total estimated
cost of the work and is kept with the owner till the contract is allotted to some contractor.
 This main objective of this deposition is
(i) Restriction of competition : Due to the system of earnest money, the competition among the
contractors is restricted to a certain financial strata and hence, such contractors who do not have
good financial standing are automatically removed from the picture.
(ii) For punishment : The earnest money deposited with the owner by the contractor can be
forfeited, if it is proved that the contractor has quoted unreasonable lowest prices in his tender
without any intention on entering into the contract.
(g) Notice inviting tender :
 The notice inviting tender paper is a very important document on which tender and subsequent agreements
with the contractors are based.
 The purpose of advertising for tender is to create interest for the proposed work amongst a considerable
number of potential bidders so as to secure the benefits of keen competition.
 The tender notice should include the following points :
(i) Nature of authorities inviting tender
(ii) Particulars of contractors eligible to submit tenders
(iii) Name of work and its location
(iv) Estimate cost of work
(v) Cost of complete set of tender form
(vi) Time of completion
(vii) Earnest money deposit and security deposit

(viii) Last date of sale of tender paper
(ix) Last date, time limit and place of receipt of sealed tenders
(x) Date, time and place of opening of tenders
(xi) Accepting authority
(xii) Validity of tender
(h) Retention money :
 Retention money is a amount which is due to the contractor and is deducted from the running bill and
retained by the client to ensure that the contractor properly completes the activities required of them
under the contract.
6.(b) (ii) A 1
2 cubic meter short boom dragline having ideal output of 150 m3/hr is to be
used to excavate hard tough clay. The effect of the depth of cut of 5.0 m and angle
of swing of 120° shall be 0.89. The operating factor shall be 50 min/hr. Determine
the probable output of dragline. [4 Marks]
Sol.
Average production = 0.89 × 150 = 133.5 m 3/hr
50
Probable output =  133.5  111.25m3 hr
60
6. (c) (i) Determine the actual runway length after applying necessary corrections for
elevation and temperature as per ICAO and gradient correction as per FAA
specification for the data given below.
 Basic runway length = 1800 metres
 Elevation of Airport site = 600 metes
 Monthly mean of average daily temperature for the hottest month of the
year = 15°C
 Monthly mean of maximum daily temperature for the same month = 21.6°C
 Effective gradient = 0.6% [12 Marks]
Sol. Given,
Basic runway length, L = 1800 m
Elevation of airport site = 600m
Monthly mean of average daily temperature for the hottest
Month of the year, Ta = 15°C
Monthly mean of maximum daily temperature for the same month,
Tm = 21.6°C
Effective gradient, g = 0.6%
Correction for Elevation:
Correction for elevation as recommended by ICAO, is 7% per 300 m elevation

7 elevation
Therefore, Correction =  L
100 300
7 600
 Correction =   1800 = 252 m
100 300
 Corrected length, (L) = L +252
L = 1800 + 252
L = 2052m
Correction for Temperature:
Standard atmospheric temperature at given elevation,
Ts = 15 – 0.0065 × 600
= 11.1°C
[  Temperature gradient of standard temperature is –0.0065°C/m and standard temperature at mean sea
level is 15°C]
Tm  Ta
Airport reference temperature, TR = Ta 
3
21.6  15
 TR = 15 
3
TR = 17.2°C
Rise in temperature = TR –TS
= 17.2 – 11.1
= 6.1°C
As per ICAO, correction for temperature is 1% for every 1°C rise in temperature e,
 1   rise in temperature 
 Correction =     L
 100   1 
where, L = runway length after correction for elevation is applied.
1
 Correction =  6.1 2052 = 125.172m
100
 Corrected length, L = 2052 + 125.172
= 2177.172 m
Check:
As per ICAO, total correction for elevation plus temperature should not exceed 35% of basic runway length.
Total correction for elevation and temperature
= 252 + 125.172
= 377.172 m
377.172
Total correction in percentage =  100
1800
= 20.954% < 35% Hence OK
Correction for gradient:
FAA recommends that runway length after having been corrected for elevation and temperature should be
further increased at the rate of 20% for every 1% of effective gradient
20
 Correction for gradient =  g  L
100
20
 Correction =  0.6  2177.172 = 261.26 m
100
 Final runway length = L + 261.26
= 2438.43 m
6.(c) (ii) Explain the need for air traffic control. Name the various enroute aids for
controlling the air traffic on air routes and various possible landing aids for
aircrafts.
[8 Marks]
Sol. Control of air traffic is very important part of airport operations because aircraft manoeuvers like take-off,
landing and over-flying involves conflicts in flight path and can result in serious accidents. The need for air
traffic control is necessary because it serves following functions :
 To guide the aircraft, desiring to land or take off.
 To control the taxing of arriving and departing aircraft on the air-field between the apron and
runway.
 To regulate the movement of aircraft along the air-routes with adequate lateral and vertical
separation to avoid collision
 To provide airway and weather information to pilot during the flight.
Various enroute aids for controlling the air-traffic are as follows :
 Airway beacon.
 Very high frequency omni-directional range (VOR)
 Airground communication
 Tactical air navigation
 Distance measuring equipment
 Marker beacon
 Direction finder
 Air-route serveillance radar (ARSR)
Various possible landing aids for aircraft are as follows :
 Instrument landing system (ILS)
 Precision approach radar (PAR) or ground approach control (GAC).
 Airport survillance radar (ASR)
 Airport surface detection equipment
 Approach lights
7. (a) A, B, C and D are the activities. Their normal and crash durations and associated
costs are given in the table below:
Activity Normal Normal Crash Crash
duration in cost Rs. duration in cost Rs.
days days
A 8 6,000 4 12,000
B 4 2,000 2 14,000
C 10 4,000 4 8,000
D 6 4,000 4 8,000
For the entire project the indirect cost is Rs. 1000 per day. A and B are starting
activities; C follows B; D follows A and C; D is the finishing activity. Draw CPM
Network. Calculate points for PTC graph and plot the same. Determine the optimum
cost and optimum duration for the project. PTC is Project-Time-Cost-Trade -Off
graph.
[20 Marks]
Sol. Network Diagram

TE = 4
TL = 4
B
10(4)
2) C
4(
TE = 0 A D TE = 20
1 3 4
TL = 0 TL = 20
8(4) 6(4)
TE = 14
TL = 14
Critical path = 1 – 2 – 3 – 4
Cost slope
Activity Normal Crash Cost Slope
time cost (Rs.) time cost (Rs.) C t C/t
A 8 6000 4 12000   
B 4 2000 2 14000   
C 10 4000 4 8000   
D 6 4000 4 8000   
Normal Cost at normal project duration

Normal project duration = 20 days
Direct cost = 6000 + 2000 + 4000 + 4000 = Rs. 16000
Indirect cost = 20 × 1000 = Rs. 20000
Total cost = 16000 + 20000 = Rs. 36000
First stage crashing
We can observe that among critical activities, activity C has minimum cost slope i.e. 666.67 and has
crashing potential of 6 days. It can be crashed by 6 day without affecting other parallel activities.
New project duration = 14 days.
Direct cost = 16000 + 6 × 666.67 = Rs. 20000
Indirect cost = 14 × 1000 = Rs. 14000
Total cost = 20000 + 14000 = Rs. 34000
TE = 4
TL = 4
2
B
) 4(4) C
4(2
TE = 0 A D TE = 14
1 3 4
TL = 0 8(4) 6(4) TL = 14
TE = 8
TL = 8
Second stage crashing
We can observe that, now we have 2 critical path A –D and B–C–D. Therefore we have to check various
alternatives of combinations of cost slope
(i) C/S of B + C/S of A = 6000 + 1500 = 7500
(ii) C/S of D = 2000
 Cost slope of activity D is minimum, therefore it can be crashed for its complete crashing
potential that is 2 days.
Direct cost = 20000 + 2 × 2000 = Rs. 24000
Indirect cost = 12 × 1000 = Rs. 12000
Total cost = 24000 + 12000 = Rs. 36000
TE = 4
TL = 4
2
B C
2) 4(4)
4( TE = 8
A TL = 8 D TE = 12
TE = 0
1 3 4
TL = 0 8(4) 4(4) TL = 12
Third Stage Crashing

Now we can crash activity A and B simultaneously by 2 days. As these are parallel activities and crashing
potential of activity B gets expired.
Direct cost = 24000 + 7500 × 2 = Rs. 39000
Indirect cost = 10 × 1000 = Rs. 10000
Total cost = 39000 + 10000 = Rs. 49000
TE = 2
TL = 2
2
B C
) 4(4)
2 (2
TE = 0 A D TE = 10
1 3 4
TL = 0 6(4) 4(4) TL = 10
TE = 6
TL = 6
Total Cost Curve:
50000
48000
46000
44000
42000
Cost
40000
38000
36000
34000
0
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Time (days)
Optimum project duration = 14 days
Optimum project cost = Rs. 34000
7. (b) For an asset having initial cost of Rs. 2 lakh and a salvage value of Rs. 50,000 at
the end of economic life of 5 years, determine the annual depreciation and the
book value at the end of each year during economic life of asset from.
(i) Straight line method
(ii) Sum of year’s digit method
(iii) Double decline balance method
(iv) Sinking fund factor method
Assume rate of interest for sinking fund as 8 %. [20 Marks]
Sol.
Calculation of depreciation Straight-line method
Year Opening book Annual Closing book
(m) value depreciation value
0 0 0 200,000
1 200,000 30,000 170,000
2 170,000 30,000 140,000
3 140,000 30,000 110,000
4 110,000 30,000 80,000
5 80,000 30,000 50,000
Calculation of depreciation using Sum of years digit method
Year Opening book Annual rate of Annual Closing book

(m) value depreciation depreciation value
0 0 0 0 200,000
1 200,000 5/15 50,000 150,000
2 150,000 4/15 40,000 110,000
3 110,000 3/15 30,000 80,000
4 80,000 2/15 20,000 60,000
5 60,000 1/15 10,000 50,000
Calculation of depreciation using Double Declining Balance method
Year opening book Annual rate of Annual Closing book

(m) value depreciation depreciation value
0 0 0 0 200,000
1 200,000 0.4 80,000 120,000
2 120,000 0.4 48,000 72,000
3 72,000 0.4 22,000 50,000
4 50,000 0.4 0 50,000
5 50,000 0.4 0 50,000
Calculation of depreciation using sinking fund factor method
 i   0.08 
 D  (Ci  C s )  n  = (2,00,000  50,000)  5   25,568.47
 (1  i)  1 1.08  1
m 1
Depreciation at end of m th year = Dm  D(1  i)
EOY m Depreciation (Dm) BV
0 200,000.00
1 1 25,568.47 174,431.53
2 2 27,613.95 146,817.58
3 3 29823 116,994.58
4 4 32208.9 87,785.68
5 5 34785.62 50,000.00
Q7(c)(i) A two lane pavement (7.0 m) on a National Highway in hilly terrain (snow bound)
has a curve of radius 60 m. The design speed is 40 kmph. Determine the length
of the transition curve. Determine the total length of the curve and tangent
length if the deflection angle is 60º. Make suitable assumptions.
[12 marks]
Sol.
H.I.P  Tangent point T.P, P.T.

Horizontal intersection point H.I.P
Es Total deviation angle 
Ts
Deviation and central
Circular
angle of circular arc c
s (Lc)
Deviation angle of
TP P.T
transition curve s
Transition (Ls) RC RC Transition (Ls) Radius of circular curve Rc
Shift s
Tangent distance Ts
s c s
Apex distance Es
Length of transition Ls
Length of circular curve Lc
Assumptions:
(i) e = 0.07
(ii) Rate of attainment of super-elevation = 1 in 60
80
(iii) C = , subject to a maximum of 0.8 and a minimum of 0.5
75  V
(iv) Rotation of super-elevation about pavement centre line.
Length of transition for satisfactory rate of change of centrifugal acceleration
3 3
v 0.0215V
LS = 
C.RC C.R C
80 80
C=  = 0.70
75  V 75  40
0.0215  40  40  40
LS = = 32.8 m. ... (i)
0.70  60
 0.75  V  2 0.75  0.75  40  40

e=  = 0.12
127R 127  60
This is high and should be restricted to 0.07.
Extra widening on curve
nl2 V 6.12 40
= 2R  = 2   1.16  1.2 m
C 9.5  R C 2  60 9.5  60
Total pavement width = 7.0 + 1.2 = 8.2 m
Total raising of pavement = 0.07 × 8.2 = 0.57 m
Assuming that raising of super-elevation is done by rotation about centre-line,
0.57
Length of transition =  60 = 17.1 m ... (ii)
2
 V 2  40 2
As per IRC for snow bound region, L s      26.67 m ... (iii)
 R  60
Adopt higher of the three values, i.e. 32.8 m
 = 60º
22
LS 32.8
Shift = s =  = 0.75 m
24RC 24  60
LS  32.8 60
Tangent length T S =   RC  s  tan =   60  0.75  tan = 51.47 m
2 2 2 2
Ls 28.65  32.8
 S = 2R = = 15.66 degrees
C 60
C = 60 – 2 × 15.66 = 60 – 31.32 = 28.68 degrees.
2R 2  60  28.68
Length of circular curve =  28.68 = = 30.04 m
360 360
Total length of curve = 30.04 + 2 × 32.8 = 95.64 m
7. (c)(ii) On a two way traffic road, the speeds of overtaking and overtaken vehicles are 80
kmph and 50 kmph, respectively. If the acceleration of the overtaking vehicle is
2.5 kmph per second, calculate the safe overtaking sight distance (Assume: spacing
between vehicles = 16 m; reaction time of driver = 2 seconds).
[8 Marks]
S b S
Sol.
A A B B A
C C
d1 d2 d3
Overtaking sight distance = d1 + d2 + d3
V = 80 kmph
80
v = = 22.22 m/s
3.6
50
vB = = 13.89 m/s
3.6
Acceleration = 2.5 kmph per second
2.5
a = = 0.694 m/s per sec.
3.6
Reaction time = 2 sec.
Spacing between vehicles = S = 16 m
d1 = v Bt = 13.89 × 2 = 27.78 m
4S 4  16
T =  = 9.60 sec.
a 0.694
d2 = 13.89 × 9.6 + 2 × 16 = 165.34 m

d3 = v CT = 22.22 × 9.6 = 213.31 m
Overtaking sight distance = OSD = d 1 + d2 + d3
= 27.78 + 165.34 + 213.31 = 406.43 m
8.(a) (i) What is meant by cavitation? Also write most affected cavitation zone in hydraulic
machine.
[6 Marks]
Sol.  According to Bernoulli’s equation, if the velocity of flow increases, the pressure will fall.
 If absolute pressure of the liquid falls below the vapour pressure, liquid boils and a large number of small
bubbles of vapour will formed.
 As the bubbles suddenly collapse, this result in the formation of a cavity and the surrounding liquid
rushes to fill it, coming from all the directions at the centre of cavity giving rise to a very high local
pressure.
 Formation of cavity and its collapse in high pressure region cause pitting on the metallic surface.
 Moreover, formation of cavity and collapse occurs thousands of times in a second, result in failure of
material due to fatigue.
Most affected cavitation zone in hydraulic machine :
 At the exit of the runner in the reaction turbine.
 At the inlet of the centrifugal pump during suction.
Note : Vapour pressure of the liquid depends upon the temperature and height above mean sea level
of the site.
8.(a) (ii) A pump can deliver a discharge of 0.10 m3/s to a head of 30 m. The critical
cavitation number c for the pump is found to be 0.12. The pump is to be installed
at a location where the barometric pressure is 96.0 kPa (absolute) and the vapour
pressure is 3.0 kPa (absolute). Assuming an intake pipe friction of 0.3 m, determine
the minimum value of NPSH. What would be the maximum allowable elevation
above the sump water surface at which the pump can be located?
[6 Marks]
Sol.
NPSHmin
 c =
H
NPSHmin
0.12 =
30
Minimum NPSH = 3.6 m
patm abs pv
NPSH =   Zs  hL
 
where Zs = elevation of the pump above the sump water surface. (Zs)max corresponds to c . Hence
patm abs pv
(Zs)max =   hL  NPSHmin
 
96.0 3.0
=   0.3  3.6
9.81 9.81
= 5.6 m
8.(a)(iii) Explain centrifugal pump and its components with diagram. [8 Marks]
Sol. Centrifugal pumps belong to the category of dynamic pressure pumps where liquid is pumped or head
is generated by rotary motion of one or more rotating vanes called impellers.
The basic principle on which centrifugal pump works is that when a certain mass of liquid is made to
rotate by an external force it is thrown away from the central axis of rotation and a centrifugal head is
developed which enables it to rise to a higher level. The rise in pressure head at any point of the rotating
liquid is proportional to the square of the velocity of the liquid at that point. Thus, at outlet of the impeller
where radius is more, the rise in pressure head will be more and the liquid will be discharged at outlet
with a high pressure head.
Eye
hd
hs
Sump
Foot valve and strainer
Parts of a Centrifugal Pump
1. Impeller: It is a wheel or rotor with a series of curved blades or vanes. It is mounted on a shaft
coupled to an electric motor which imparts the required energy to rotate the impeller.
2. Casing: It is an air-tight chamber surrounding the impeller. It is similar to the casing of a reaction
turbine and is designed in such a way that the kinetic energy of the water discharged at the outlet
of the impeller is converted into pressure energy before the water leaves the casing and enters the
delivery pipe.
3. Foot Value: Foot value is a NRV/one way valves which opens only in the upward direction.
4. Strainer: It is provided at the lower end of suction pipe to prevent the entry of solid particles,
leaves, debris etc. into the pump.
8. (b) (i) For the given A-O-A network shown in fig, draw A-O-N network and find.
(i) EST, EFT, LST & LFT of each activity
(ii) TF of each activity
(iii) Critical path and project duration
D
5
B H
E
3 5 10
A I
5 9
F
C J
3
7 5
G
5
[12 Marks]
Sol.
A-O-N Network Diagram
5 B3 8 8 D 13 13 H 23
6 9 9 5 14 14 10 24
8 E5 13
10 15
15 I 24 24
0 A5 5 15 9 24 24
F0
0 5
12 F 15
12 3 15
5 C7 12 12 G5 17 17 J 22
5 12 14 19 19 5 24
Calculation of EST, EFT, LST, LFT and F T are done in table below:
Activity tij EST EFT LST LFT TF Remarks

A 5 0 5 0 5 0 Critical
B 3 5 8 6 9 1
C 7 5 12 5 12 0 Critical
D 5 8 13 9 14 1
E 5 8 13 10 15 2
F 3 12 15 12 15 0 Critical
G 5 12 17 14 19 2
H 10 13 23 14 24 1
I 9 15 24 15 24 0 Critical
J 5 17 22 19 24 2
Fo 0 24 24 24 24 –
 Project duration = 24 unit

 Critical path along A – C – F – I.
 The project duration is 24 units.
8.(b) (ii) Define Total float, Free float, Independent float, Interfering float, Cost slope.
[8 Marks]
Sol.
(1) Total float
The difference between maximum time available and the actual time required for completion of the activity.
FT = Max time available—Actual time required
Here Max time available = TLj  TEi
Actual time available = t ije
FT = TLj  TEi  t ije

= TLj  TEi  t eij 
= LFT – EFT
FT = TLj  TEi  t ije
FT =  TLi  t ije   Tei

FT = LST – EST
The total float of each activity is a measure of its particular relationship to all other activities as the TE & TL
depends on the succeeding activities.
(2) Free Float:
It is that portion of positive total float that can be used by an activity without delaying any succeeding activity.
FF = TEj  TEi  t ije

FF = TEj  TEi  t ije  (1)
FF = TEj  EFT of present activity

FF = EST of Successor activity—EFT of present activity
Put TLj  FT  TEi  t ije

FF  TEj  TLj  FT 

FF  FT  TLj  TEj 
FF  FT  S j
It is difference of the total float and head event slack.

(3) Independent Float:
It gives us idea about the excess time that exists if the preceding activity ends as late as possible and the
succeeding activity starts as early as possible.
It is excess of minimum available time over the required activity duration.
 
FID = TEj  TLi  t ije
FID = FF  Si
FID = FT  S j  Si
(4) Interfering float

Head event slack (Sj)
FIT = FT  FF  S j
(5) Slope of Direct Cost Curve/Cost Slope

This curve can be approximated by a straight line or more than one straight line.
dy Cc  Cn
Cost slope = dx  t  t
n c
Generally single cost slope is assumed to avoid the calculation.
CC
Cost
Cn
tc tn
Time
Straight line
Segmental approach
Approximation
Significance of cost slope is that it indicates the increase in direct when the project/activity is reduced by
1 day.
Cost slope can also be calculated using the segmental approach in this method cost slope is not assumed
constant over the entire curve, but it is to be calculated separately for different segment according to data
available.
8.(c)(i) For a broad gauge track in a transition zone, in order to allow locomotives with
a maximum permissible speed of 110 kms/hour, calculate the following :
(i) Radius of curvature, (ii) Degree of curvature,
(iii) Super elevation and (iv) Length of Transition. [12 Marks]
Sol. Given,
Broad gauge track, G = 1.676 m
Maximum permissible speed, V = 110 kmph
Radius of curvature, R = ?
Degree of curvature, D = ?
Super-elevation provided, e= ?
Length of Transition, L = ?
By Martin’s formula
V = 4.35 R  67
Putting V = 110 kmph, we get
110 = 4.35 R  67
 R = 706.45 m
Assuming length of chord = 30m, we get degree of curve as
1720
D =
R
1720
 D =
706.45
D = 2.43° Ans.
For calculating super-elevation average speed (V avg) should be calculated first
if V > 50 kmph
3
then Vavg = V
4
but V = 110 kmph > 50 kmph
3
 Vavg =  110  82.5 kmph
4
Super-elevation required for maximum permissible value of speed,
GV 2
e1 =
127 R
1.676  1102
e1 =
127  706.45
 e1 = 0.226 m
= 22.6 cm
Super-elevation required for average value of speed,
2
G  Vavg
e2 =
127 R
1.676  82.52
e2 =
127  706.45
 e2 = 0.127 m
= 12.7 cm
In India, super-elevation is provided for average speed.
e2 = 12.7 cm [where emax is max. value of
e2 < emax super-elevation for B.G track]
 e2 < 16.5 cm
Hence, OK
 Actual cant provided, e = 12.7 cm Ans.
Let cant deficiency be D.
Cant defeciency, D = e1 – e2 = (22.6 – 12.6) cm = 9.9 cm
where e1 and e2 are as described earlier
Length of transition curve is maximum of following:
L1 = 7.20 e ... (i)
L2 = 0.073 × D × V ... (ii)
L3 = 0.073 × e × V ... (iii)
From equation (i)
L1 = 7.20 × 12.7 = 91.44 m
From equation (ii), L2 = 0.073 × 9.9 ×110
= 79.49 m
From equation (iii) L3 = 0.073 × 12.7 ×110 = 101.98 m
As length of transition curve is maximum of these values
 Length of transition curve, L = 101.98 m
8.(c)(ii) Enumerate the various types of track junction in use. Discuss the suitability of
each under different conditions.
[8 Marks]
Sol. Important Track- Junctions commonly used are as follows–
(1) Turnouts (2) Symmetrical split
(3) Three throw switch (4) Double turnout
(5) Diamond crossing (6) Cross-over
(7) Single slip & Double slip (8) Gauntlet track and fixed point system
(9) Scissor cross-over (10) Gathering lines or ladder tracks
(11) Temporary Diversion (12) Triangle
(13) Double Junctions
Suitability of all these junctions under different conditions is as follows :
(1) Turnouts
 To provides facilities for turning of train from one track to another.
 One-turnout provides facilities for turning of train in one direction of main track only
(2) Symmetrical split
 It provides for turning of trains in both left and right directions of main track.
 It is suitable for locations where turn-out from a straight track take too much space.
(3) Three throw switch
 It is used in congested areas where space is not enough.
 It is unsuitable for main lines with heavy traffic, because it leads to derailment.
(4) Double Turnout OR Tandem
 They can be used on main-lines with heavy traffic.
 They are of special significance in congested areas where economic consideration in space is of primary
importance.
(5) Diamond Crossing
 It should be avoided as far as possible because it necessitate restriction on speed.
(6) Cross-Overs
 They are useful to change the tracks, when trains are approaching from one-direction.
 Sometimes, reverse curves are used to decrease the length of cross-over but its use become limited for
low-speed siding.
(7) Single Slip and Double Slip
 Single slip arrangement consist of 2 pair of switches.
 Double slip arrangement consist of 4 pair of switches.
 They enable the train to travel from one track to another.
(8) Gauntlet Track and Fixed-point system
 This is used to economize the cost of a double line bridge.
 This is also used when part of a double line bridge is under repair.
(9) Scissor Cross-Over
 This arrangement is useful where enough space for two separate cross-overs is not available and shunting
operations are frequent.
 This arrangement is very much expensive.
(10) Gathering lines or ladder track
 This is used in marshalling yards and goods yards where sidings are almost of equal length.
(11) Temporary diversion
 This type of diversions are used when repairing of track is going on or track is flooded with water.
(12) Triangle
 This is mainly used for turning the faces of engines where provision of turn-table is costly.
(13) Double Junctions
 These junctions become essential where two or more main tracks are running and where branches are
taking off from main tracks.

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IES MASTER

Institute for Engineers (IES/GATE/PSUs)

Sl. No. 10 ABCDEF(M)

Time Allowed : Three Hours Maximum Marks : 300

1.1m Sandy silt (ML)

Sol. Point A–horizontal plane

x  Kz = (0.54)(59.5 kPa) = 32.1 kPa

1.(b) (i) Discuss the functioning and applicability of the following:

 This type of joint is recommended for temporary work

flanges and fixed by means of nut and bolts. Flanged joint

Sol. Initial DO = 8.3 mg/l

Adopt 5 ponds (each pond 0.5-1 hac)

1. (e) A train having 20 wagons weighing 18 tonnes each is to run at a speed of 50

Putting values of R1, R2, R3 and R4 in equation (i), we get

FBAsin60° + FBOsin 30° + 25 = 0

 FOA = 25cos60° + 25cos60°

Now apply unit tensile force along member BC

 Combined rolling resistance = 3828.95 Kg.

2.(b) (ii) Write short note on

 Maximum daily demand = 1.8 × 9.45 × 106 = 17.01 × 106 litres

 Width of tank = 118.2/30 = 3.94  4.0 m

Width of plank = 5.4/54 = 0.1 m = 10 cm

Velocity gradient G = 1/ 2(CD A sUr3 ) / 2 V

 G = 1 / 2  [1.8  5.4  (0.353)3 ] / [2  0.8039  10 6  (30  4  3)]

[   at 30°C = 0.8039 × 10–2 cm2/sec = 0.8039 × 10–6 m2/s]

Let us determine the preliminary are of steel.

Provide 12 mm bar @ 120 mm c/c

M15 1.1 1.5 1.5

Outside dia. of helix = Dk = 420 – 2 × 40 = 340 mm

3. (b) The interdependence of a job consisting of seven activities A to G is given as :

Activity Time estimates Z (+) % Probability

Activity Time estimates Expected time Standard deviation

Now the network diagram

= 2A  C2  2G

10,000 3000 3000 15333

25000 2000 2000 2000 2000 2000 31,553

15333 15333 15333 15333 15333

A    0.08 1  0.08  5 

Stick cylinder (downward)

Pipe rQ2 2rQ

AB 2 × 702 = 9800 2 × 2 × 70 = 280

Activity Node No. Duration (in months)

Draw the network and calculate the following :

We also know that

LST = TLj – tij ; LFT = TLj

Activity Duration EST EFT LST LFT FT FF FI Remarks

Mg(HCO3)2 + 2Ca(OH)2  2CaCO3  + Mg(OH)2 + 2H2O

iii) To react with MgCl2 of 138 ppm

 The level of water is increased till the image of flame ceases to be

 The turbidity is measured from graduated glass tube.

 It is used when turbidity is greater than 25 ppm.

 This method is not used for drinking water.

 Baylis and Nephelometer turbidimeters are based on colour matching techinques.

Given data : Bearing of AB = 18118  1

 l1 cos 1  l2 cos 2  ..... = 0

 l1 sin 1  l2 sin 2  ..... = 0

To find bearing of DA (4 ) and length of BC (l2)

 l = l1 cos 1  l2 cos 2  l3 cos 3  l4 cos  4 = 0

 335 cos(18118)  l2 cos(90)  408 cos(35736)  828cos( 4 ) = 0

–334.914 + 0 + 407.642 + 828cos(4 ) = 0

D = l1 sin 1  l2 sin 2  l3 sin 3  l4 sin  4 = 0

335 sin(18118)  l2 sin(90)  408 sin(37536)  828 sin(4 ) = 0