Technological University

Maubin
Department of Civil Engineering

Astronomy ,
Photogrammetry and Adjustment of
Survey measurement
( CE - 3011 )
for
Semester I

Sample Questions and Solutions

 1
1(a) Suppose that hightest terrain ,h1, average terrain ,havg , and lowest terrain , h2 , are 2000,
1500 , and 1000 ft above mean sea level respectively . Calculate maximum scale , minimum scale,
and average scale if flying height above mean sea level is 10000 ft and camera focal length
is 6 in .( 152.4 mm)

Solution ;
h1 = 2000 ft above m.s.l (max)
h avg = 1500 ft above m.s.l
h 2 = 1000 ft above m.s.l (min)
H = 10000 ft , f = 6 in
f 6 in 6 in
Smax = = =
H - h1 (10000- 2000)ft 8000 ft
1 in 1
Smax = = = 1 : 16000
1333ft 16000
f 6 in 6 in
Smin = = =
H - h 2 (10000- 1000 )ft 9000 ft
1 in 1
Smin = = = 1 : 18000
1500 ft 18000

f 6 in 6 in
Savg = = =
H - h avg (10000- 1500)ft 8500ft
1 in 1
Savg = = = 1 : 17000
1417 ft 17000

(b) What is the scale of a vertical aerial photograph on which a section line measure
5.93 in .

Solution
Assume Length of the section line = 5280 ft
Photo distance = 5.93 in
5.93 in 1 in
Photoscale (S) = =
5280 ft 890 ft
= 1 : 10700

(c) What is the scale of a photograph ?

Solution
The scale of a photograph is the ratio of a distance on the photo to that same distance
on the ground .
 2

2.(a) A vertical aerial photograph was taken with a 6 in (152.4 mm) focal length camera
from a flying height of 4530 ft above datum . Images a and b of two ground points A and B
appear on the photograph , and their measure photocoordinates ( corrected for shrinkage and
distortions ) are xa = -52.35 mm, ya = -48.27 mm, xb = 40.64 mm and yb = 43.88 m. Determine
the horizontal length of the line AB if the elevations of point A and B are 670 and 485 ft
above datum respectively .

Solution
f = 6 in , H = 4530 ft , h A = 670 ft , h B = 485 ft , x a = - 52.35 mm ,
y a = - 48.27 mm , x b = 40.64 mm , y b = 43.88 mm
H - h A − 52.35 × (4580 - 670)
XA = xa . = = −1326 ft
f 152.4
H - h A − 48.27 × (4580 - 670)
YA = y a . = = −1223ft
f 152.4
H - h B 40.64 × (4580 - 485)
XB = xb . = = 1079ft
f 152.4
H - h B 43.88 × (4580 - 485)
YB = y b . = = 1165ft
f 152.4
AB = (X B − X A ) 2 + (YB − YA ) 2

= (1079 + 1326) 2 + (1165 + 1223) 2

= (2405) 2 + (2388) 2
= 3389 ft
 3

2(b) Figure represents a vertical photo taken at flying height of 6500 ft above datum with
a camera having a 6 in (152.4 mm) focal length . On the photo , point a , b and c are imaged
such that their radial distance from the principal point are 91.42 mm , 83.5 mm , and 70.06 mm
respectively . Corresponding ground elevations of points A,B and C are 835, 600 and 450 ft
above MSL respectively . Calculated relief displacements aa/,bb/and cc/ necessary to located the
datum positions of the imaged points , calculate datum scale .

a
a/

c
c/

b/
b

H = 6500 ft , f = 6 in , ra = 91.42mm, rb = 83.5 mm, rc = 70.06 mm ,

h A = 835 ft , h B = 600 ft, h c = 450ft relief displacement aa ′, bb ′, cc′ = ?
datum scale = ?
r h 91.42(835)
aa ′ = a A = = 11.74 mm
H 6500
r h 83.5(600)
bb ′ = b B = = 7.71 mm
H 6500
r h 70.06(450)
cc′ = c C = = 4.85 mm
H 6500
f 6 in 1in
datum scale = = = = 1 : 13000
H 6500ft 1083 ft
 4
3.(a) A certain section line lies on fairly level terrain .Find the approximate flying height above
the terrain if the camera focal length is 3.5 in ( 88.9 mm) and the section line scales 3.7 in on
the photograph .

Solution

Assuming the section line to be 5280 ft long .

ab f
S= =
AB H′
3.7 3.5 in
=
5280 H′
5280 × 3.5
H′ = = 5000 ft above the terrain
3.7

(b) A vertical photograph was taken with a camera having focal length of 6 inches .Assume
also that a ground distance AB on flat terrain has a length of 5000 ft and that is corresponding
photo distance ab measures 5 inches .Suppose that the error dAB in the ground distance is ± 1
foot and that the error dab in the measured photo distance is ± 0.01 inch .Calculate the error
in dH/.
Solution
f = 6 in, AB = 5000 ft , ab = 5 in , d AB = ±1.0 ft, d ab = ±0.01 in , dH ′ = ?
ab f
S= =
AB H′
AB 5000
H′ = f × = 6× = 6000 ft
ab 5
Error in dH ′ caused by the error d AB,
AB
H′ = f ×
ab
dH ′ 1
=f×
d AB ab
d AB ± 1.0
dH ′ = f × = 6× = ±1.2 ft
ab 5
Error in dH ′ caused by the error dab,
AB
H′ =f×
ab
dH ′ AB
= −f ×
d AB (ab) 2
AB 5000
dH ′ = −f × d ab = -6 × × (±0.01)
(ab) 2 52
= ±12 ft
The total error in H ′ due to the combined effects of two error.

d H ′ (total) = (1.2) 2 + (12) 2 = ±12.1 ft

 5
4. A vertical photograph was taken with a camera having a focal length of 5.998 in
( 152.4 mm ) . Ground points A and B have elevations 1435 and 1461 ft above sea level
respectively , and the horizontal length of the line AB is 1919 ft . The images of A and B appear
at a and b and their measured photocoordinates are xa = 0.717 in , ya =-2.414 in , xb = 4.317
in and yb = -0.835 in . Calculate the flying height of the photograph above sea level .
Solution

f = 5.998 in , h A = 1435 ft , h B = 1461 ft , AB = 1919 ft., x a = 0.717 in ,

y a = −2.414 in , x b = 4.317 in , y b = −0.835 in , H = ?

Trial and error method .

1.Find the photo distance

ab = (x a − x b ) 2 + (y b − y a ) 2

ab = (4.317 − 0.717) 2 + (-0.835 + 2.414) 2 = 3.931 in

2. Find approximat e H1
ab f
S= =
AB H1 − h AB
3.931 in 5.998 in
=
1919 ft H1 - 1448
5.998 (1919)
H1 = + 1448
3.931
H1 = 4376 ft
h + h B 1435 + 1461
where h AB = A = = 1448 ft
2 2

3.Find AB1 ,
2 2
⎧x x ⎫ ⎧y y ⎫
AB12 = ⎨ b (H1 − h B ) − a (H1 − h A ) ⎬ + ⎨ b (H1 − h B ) − a (H1 − h A ) ⎬
⎩ f f ⎭ ⎩ f f ⎭
2
⎧ 4.317 0.717 ⎫
AB12 = ⎨ (4376 − 1461) − (4376 − 1435) ⎬
⎩ 5.998 5.998 ⎭
2
⎧ - 0.835 (-2.414) ⎫
+⎨ (4376 − 1461) − (4376 − 1435) ⎬
⎩ 5.998 5.998 ⎭
AB1 = 1912 ft (the true value of AB is 1919 ft)
 6

4. A new approximation of H is calculated .

AB
H2 = ( h1 − h AB ) + h AB
AB1
1919
H2 = ( 4376 − 1448) + 1448 = 4387 ft
1912

5. A new value of AB is calculated .

2 2
2 ⎧x x ⎫ ⎧y y ⎫
(AB 2 ) = ⎨ b (H 2 − h B ) − a (H 2 − h A )⎬ + ⎨ b (H 2 − h B ) − a (H 2 − h A )⎬
⎩ f f ⎭ ⎩ f f ⎭
AB 2 = 1919.1 ft ( satisfactory agreement )
AB 2 ≈ AB
Therefore , H is 4387 ft above sea level .
 7
5. A project area is 10 miles long in the east-west direction and 6.5 miles wide in the
north-south direction . It is to be covered with vertical aerial photography having a scale of
1:12000 . End lap and side lap are to be 60% and 30% respectively .A 6 in (152.4 mm) focal
length camera with a 9 in ( 23 centimeter ) square format is to be used . Prepare the flight map
on a base map whose scale is 1:24000 and compute the total number of photographs
necessary for the project .
Solution

½ G=4500'

1
2
10 mile 3
4
6 ½ mile 5
6

1800ft 0.3G=2700ft

(a) Fly east - west to reduce the number of flight lines

(b) Dimension of square ground coverage per photograph.
Photo scale S = 1 : 12000 (1 in = 1000 ft)
G = 9 × 1000 = 9000 ft
(c) Lateral advance per strip
W = 0.7 G at 30% side lap
W = 0.7 × 9000 = 6300 ft
(d) Number of flight lines
0.5 G - 0.3 G = 4500 - 2700 = 1800 ft
6.5mi × 5280 ft per mi - 2 × 1800
no.flight lines = +1
6300 ft per strip
= 5.9 (use 6)
Adjusted spacing between flight lines for integral number of flight lines
6.5 mi × 5280 ft per mi - 2 × 1800
Wa =
5
= 6144 ft
 8

(e) Linear advance per photo (air base )

B = 0.4 G at 60% end lap
= 0.4 × 9000 = 3600 ft
(f) Number of photos per strip
( take two extra photo beyond projet boundary at each end of the strip to ensure coverage )
10 mi × 5280 ft per mi
no photos per strip = +2+2
3600 ft per photo
= 18.7 ( use 19 )
(g) Total number of photos
19 photos per strip × 6 strip = 114
(h) Spacing of flight line on the map
Map scale = 1 : 24000 (1 in = 2000 ft )
6144 ft per strip
= 3.07 in
2000 ft per in
(i) Assuming the aircraft flies at a velocity of 120 mph , the intervalom eter setting
necessary to obtain th e desired end lap is :
5280
120 mph × = 176 ft per sec
3600 sec per hour
3600 ft per photo
intervalom eter setting =
176 ft per sec
= 20.45 sec ( use 20 sec )
 9
6. A pair of overlapping vertical photographs were taken from a flying height of 4045 ft
above sea level with a 152.4 mm focal length camera .The air base was 1280 ft . With the
photos properly oriented , paralax bar readings of 12.57 and 13.04 mm were obtained with the
floating mark set on principal points o1 and o2 respectively .On the left photo b was measured
93.73 mm and on the right photo b/ was measured as 93.30 mm . Parallx bar readings of 10.96
and 15.27 mm were taken on points A and B . Also , the x and y photocoordinates of points
A and B measured with respect to the flight axes on the left photo were xa = 53.41 mm , ya
= 50.84 mm , xb = 88.92 mm , yb =-46.69 mm . Calculate the elevations of points A and B and
horizontal length of line AB.

Solution
C1 = b ′ - r01 = 93.3 − 12.57 = 80.73 mm
C 2 = b - r02 = 93.73 − 13.04 = 80.69 mm
80.73 + 80.69
C= = 80.71 mm
2
Pa = C + ra = 80.71 + 10.96 = 91.67 mm
Pb = C + rb = 80.71 + 15.27 = 95.98 mm
Bf 1280(152.4 )
hA = H - = 4045 -
Pa 91.67
= 1917 ft above sea level
Bf 1280(152.4 )
hB = H - = 4045 -
Pb 95.98
= 2012 ft above sea level.
x 53.41(1280 )
x A = B( a ) = = 746 ft
Pa 91.67
x 88.92(1280 )
x B = B( b ) = = 1186 ft
Pb 95.98
y 50.84(1280 )
y A = B( a ) = = 710 ft
Pa 91.67
y − 46.69(1280 )
y B = B( b ) = = −623 ft
Pb 95.98
The horizontal length of line AB is ,

AB = (X B − X A ) 2 + (YB − YA ) 2

AB = (1186 − 746) 2 + (-623 − 710) 2

= 1404 ft
 10
7. A pair of overlapping vertical photographs were taken from a flying height of 4045 ft
above sea level with a 152.4 mm focal length camera . The air base was 1280 ft . With the
photos properly oriented , parallax bar readings of 12.57 and 13.04 mm were obtained with the
floating mark set on principal points o1 and o2 respectively . On the left photo b was measured
93.73 mm and on the right photo b/ was measured as 93.3 mm . Parallax bar reading of 10.96
and 15.27 mm were taken on points A and B . An additional parallax bar reading of 11.89 was
taken on control point C , whose elevation is 1938 ft above sea level . Calculate the elevations
of points A and B.

Solution ;

C1 = b / - ro = 93.3 − 12.57 = 80.73 mm

1
C 2 = b - ro = 93.73 − 13.04 = 80.69 mm
2
C + C2 80.73 + 80.69
C= 1 = = 80.71 mm
2 2
Pa = C + ra = 80.71 + 10.96 = 91.67 mm
Pb = C + rb = 80.71 + 15.27 = 95.98 mm
Pc = C + rc = 80.71 + 11.89 = 92.60 mm
For point A ,
ΔP = Pa − Pc = 91.67 − 92.60 = −0.93 mm
ΔP(H - h C )
hA = hC +
Pa
(-0.93)(4045 - 1938)
= 1938 +
91.67
= 1917 ft above sea level.
For point B ,
ΔP = Pb − Pc = 95.98 − 92.60 = 3.38 mm
ΔP(H - h C )
hB = hC +
Pb
3.38(4045 - 1938)
= 1938 +
95.98
= 2012 ft above sea level
 11
8.(a) Images of the end points of ground line , AB , whose horizontal length is 2134.1 ft
appear on a pair of overlapping vertical photographs . Photocoordinates measured with respect
to the flight axis on the left photo were xa = 33.29 mm , ya = 13.46 mm , xb =41.76 mm ,
yb = -95.76 mm . Photocoordinates measured on the right photo were xa’ = -52.32 mm ,
xb’ = -44.96 mm . Calculate the air base for this stereopair.

Solution ,

AB = 2134.1 ft , x a = 33 .29 mm
y a = 13.46 mm , x b = 41.76 mm
y b = −95 .76 mm , x a ′ = −52 .32 mm
x b ′ = -44.96 mm
B=?
Pa = x a − x a ′ = 33 .29 − ( − 52 .32 ) = 85 .61 mm
Pb = x b − x b ′ = 41 .76 − ( −44 .96 ) = 86 .72 mm
1
⎡ ⎤ 2
⎢ ⎥
⎢ AB 2 ⎥
B=⎢
2 2⎥
⎢ ⎛⎜ x b − x a ⎞⎟ + ⎛⎜ y b − y a ⎞⎟ ⎥
⎢⎣ ⎝ Pb Pa ⎠ ⎝ Pb Pa ⎠ ⎥⎦
1
⎡ ⎤ 2
⎢ ⎥
⎢ (2134.1) 2 ⎥
B=
⎢ 2 2⎥
⎢ ⎛⎜ 41.76 − 33.29 ⎞⎟ + ⎛⎜ 95.76 − 13.46 ⎞⎟ ⎥
⎢⎣ ⎝ 86.72 85.61 ⎠ ⎝ 86.72 85.61 ⎠ ⎥⎦
B = 1687 .2 ft
 12

(b) A pair of overlapping vertical photographs were taken with a 152.00 mm focal length
camera from flying height of 6885 ft above sea level . The air base was 3240 ft .The stereopair
was oriented for parallax measurements and the parallax bar constant was determined as
C = 67.45 mm. Calculate the parallax bar micrometer settings necessary to trace the 750 , 800,
850, 900 ,950 and 1000 ft contours.

Solution,

f = 152.00 mm
H = 6885 ft
B = 3240 ft
C = 67.45 mm
parallax bar micrometer settings = ?

Contour ( ft ) H-h ( ft ) p=Bf/H-h (mm) r=p-C ( mm )

750 6135 80.27 12.82

800 6085 80.93 13.48
850 6035 81.60 14.15
900 5985 82.29 14.84
950 5935 82.28 15.53
1000 5885 83.68 16.23
 13
9. The following are 25 independent measurements of a distance .

731.68 731.64 731.6 731.58 731.65

731.59 731.56 731.61 731.63 731.59
731.61 731.61 731.69 731.6 731.61
731.64 731.62 731.6 731.55 731.67
731.62 731.60 731.63 731.64 731.62

(a) Compute the mean of x , standard deviation σ x and the variance .

(b) Construct a histogram
(c) Calculate the ordinates for the density distribution curve and plot this curve
superimposed on the histogram .

Solution

731.55 731.60 731.61 731.62 731.64

731.56 731.60 731.61 731.63 731.65
731.58 731.60 731.61 731.63 731.67
731.59 731.60 731.62 731.64 731.68
731.59 731.61 731.62 731.64 731.69

1 n
sample mean , x = ∑ x i = 731.6176 ≈ 731.62 m
n i =1
sample median = 731.61 m
sample mode = 731.60 & 731.61 m
sample midrange = 731.62 m
sample variance = 11.2733 cm2
standard deviation σ x = 3.35757 cm
Number of cell k = 1 + 3.3 log10 n = 5.613
We shall assign the observation 6 classes.
X max - X min 731.69 - 731.55
Cell width C = =
k 6
= 0.023 ≈ 0.025
The lowest boundary being 731.55
Obtain a frequency table
 14

Class interval Frequency , fi Relative frequency ( fi/m )

731.55-731.575 2 0.08
731.575-731.60 3 0.12
731.60-731.625 11 0.44
731.625-731.65 5 0.2
731.65-731.675 2 0.08
731.675-731.70 2 0.08
Σ=25 (check ) Σ=1 (check )

2 A1
y = A1e - A 2 (x - x) =
2
e A 2 (x - x)
1
A1 = = 0.1188188
σ̂ x 2π
1
A2 = = 0.044356
2σ̂ 2x

2 A1
x , (cm ) (x - x) 2 A 2 (x - x) 2 e A 2 (x - x) y=
2
e - A 2 (x - x)
56.25 33.0625 1.4664 4.3336 0.0274
58.75 10.5625 0.4685 1.5976 0.0744
61.25 0.5625 0.0249 1.0253 0.1159
63.75 3.0625 0.1358 1.1455 0.1037
66.25 18.0625 0.8011 2.2280 0.0533
68.75 45.5625 2.0208 7.5444 0.0157
A normal density distributi on curve and histogram.

Relative frequency , Y
Histogram

0.4

0.3

0.2

Density of distribution
0.1 curve

Distance (cm) , X
 15

10. In figure shows a small level net in which A is benchmark with known elevations 281.1.
m.The following differences in elevation are observed using a direct leveling procedure .

From To Observed difference

(Lower point ) (Higher point ) in elevation ( m )

B A l1 = 11.973
D B l2 = 10.94
D A l3 = 22.932
B C l4 = 21.04
D C l5 = 31.891
A C l6 = 8.983

Assuming that all observations are uncorrelated and have equal precision , use the least
squares criterion to calculate values ( least squares estimates ) for the elevations of points B ,
C and D .

A l1 B

l3 l2

l6 D l4
l5

C
 16
Solution,

n = 6 , n0 = 3 , r = n - n0 = 3
B + l̂1 − A = 0 l1 + v1 − 281.13 = -B
D + l̂ 2 − B = 0 l2 + v2 - B = -D
D + l̂3 − B = 0 l 3 + v 3 - 281.13 = -D
B + l̂ 4 − C = 0 l4 + v4 - C = -B
D + l̂5 − C = 0 l5 + v 5 - C = -D
A + l̂6 − C = 0 l6 + v6 - C = -A

v1 = 269.157 − B
v 2 = B − D − 10.94
v 3 = 258.198 − D
v 4 = C − B − 021.04
v 5 = C − D − 31.891
v 6 = C − 290.113
According to least squares criterion ,
φ = v12 + v 22 + v 32 + v 24 + v 52 + v 62
φ = (269.157 − B) 2 + (B − D − 10.94) 2 + (258.198 − D) 2 + (C − B − 21.04) 2
+ (C − B − 21.04) 2 + (C − D − 31.891) 2 + (C − 290.113) 2
∂φ
= −2(269.157 − E) + 2(B - D - 10.99) − 2(C - D - 21.04) = 0
∂B
∂φ
= 2(C - B - 21.04) + 2(C - D - 31.891) + 2(C - 290.113) = 0
∂C
∂φ
= −2(B - D - 10.94) - 2(258.198 − D) − 2(C - D - 31.891) = 0
∂D
3B - C - D = 259.057________(a)
− B + 3C − D = 343.044________(b)
− B − C − 3D = 215.367________(c)
To solve these equations , we get the least squares estimates for the elevations
of the three points are :
Elevation of B = 269.131 m
Elevation of C = 290.128 m
Elevation of D = 258.209 m
 17
11. A distance is measured 4 times ( n = 4 ) with the following results: l1 = 32.51 m ,
l2 = 32.48 m , l3 = 32.52 , l4 = 32.53 m . Compute The least squares estimate of a
distance .
(1) if all measurements are uncorrected and of equal precision and
(2) if they are uncorrelated but have the following weights
w1= 1 , w2= 2 , w3= 1 , w4= 0.5

Solution;

Let least squares estimate of the distance be designated by x̂

n = 4 , n0 = 1 , r = n - n0 = 3
The number of condition equation n = 3 + 1 = 4
The condition equation are
l1 + v1 = x̂ (or) v1 − x̂ = -l1 = −32.51
l 2 + v 2 = x̂ (or) v 2 − x̂ = -l 2 = −32.48
l 3 + v 3 = x̂ (or) v 3 − x̂ = -l3 = −32.52
l 4 + v 4 = x̂ (or) v 4 − x̂ = -l 4 = −32.53
In the matrix form these equations are
⎡ v1 ⎤ ⎡- 1⎤ ⎡ - 32.51⎤
⎢ v ⎥ ⎢- 1⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ 2 ⎥ + ⎢ ⎥[x̂ ] = ⎢- 32.48⎥
⎢ v 3 ⎥ ⎢- 1⎥ ⎢- 32.52⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎣ v 4 ⎦ ⎣- 1⎦ ⎣- 32.53⎦

v + BΔ = f
The normal equations cofficient matrix N is N = B t WB
(1) When the observatio ns are assumed uncorrecte d and equal weight ,
W = 1, N = BtW B
⎡ − 1⎤
⎢ − 1⎥
N = B B = [- 1 - 1 - 1 - 1]⎢ ⎥ = 4
t
⎢ − 1⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎣ − 1⎦
⎡ − 32.51 ⎤
⎢ − 32.48 ⎥
t = B W B = B f = [- 1 - 1 - 1 - 1]⎢
t t ⎥ = 130.04
⎢ − 32.52 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎣ − 32.53 ⎦
x̂ = Δ = N -1 t = [4 ]−1 (130.04) = 32.51 m
 18
( 2 ) When the observations have unequal weights 1,2,1,0.5, the weight matrix becomes .

⎡1 0 0 0⎤
⎢0 2 0 0 ⎥⎥
W=⎢
⎢0 0 1 0⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎣0 0 0 0.5⎦
⎡1 0 0 0 ⎤ ⎡− 1⎤
⎢0 2 0 0 ⎥⎥ ⎢⎢− 1⎥⎥
N = B t WB = [- 1 − 1 − 1 − 1]⎢
⎢0 0 1 0 ⎥ ⎢− 1⎥
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎣0 0 0 0.5⎦ ⎣− 1⎦
N = 4.5
⎡1 0 0 0 ⎤ ⎡ − 32.51⎤
⎢0 2 0 0 ⎥⎥ ⎢⎢− 32.48⎥⎥
t = B t WB = [- 1 − 1 − 1 − 1]⎢
⎢0 0 1 0 ⎥ ⎢− 32.52⎥
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎣0 0 0 0.5⎦ ⎣− 32.53⎦
t = 146.255
x̂ = Δ = N -1t = [4.5]-1 (146.255) = 32.5 m
 19
12. A distance is measured 4 times ( n = 4 ) with the following results l1 = 32.51 m ,
l2 = 32.48 m , l3 = 32.52 m and l4 = 32.53 m . What is the least squares estimate of the distance.

Solution

Let least squares estimate of the distance designated by x̂

n = 4 , nb = 1 , r = n - n0 = 3
The number of condition equations , n
n = 3 +1= 4
The conditions are ;
l1 + v1 = x̂ ( or ) v1 = x̂ - 32.51
l 2 + v 2 = x̂ ( or ) v 2 = x̂ - 32.48
l 3 + v 3 = x̂ ( or ) v3 = x̂ - 32.52
l 4 + v 4 = x̂( or ) v 4 = x̂ - 32.53
The quantity to be minimized is
φ = v12 + v 22 + v 32 + v 24
= ( x̂ - 32.51)2 + ( x̂ - 32.48)2 + ( x̂ - 32.52)2 + ( x̂ - 32.53)2
∂φ
= 2 ( x̂ - 32.51)2 + 2( x̂ - 32.48)2 + 2( x̂ - 32.52)2 + 2( x̂ - 32.53)2 = 0
∂x
4x̂ = (32.51 + 32.48 + 32.52 + 32.53) = 130.04 m
x̂ = 32.51 m
 20
13. In figure shows a small level net in which A is a benchmark with know elevations
281.13 m. The ovservational data for the level net : l1 = 11.973 m ( B to A ) ;
l2 = 10.94 m ( D to B ) ; l3 = 22.932 m ( D to A ) , l4 = 21.04 m ( B to C ) ;
l5 = 31.891 m ( D to C ) and l6 = 8.983 m ( A to C ) . The observations are given as
being from the low point to the high point . Write matrix form of the condition for
least squares :
(a) by the method of indirect observations
(b) by the method of observation only
A l1 B

l3 l2

l6 D l4
l5

(a) n = 6 , n 0 = 3 , r = n - n 0 = 3
We will designate the elevations of points B , C and D by δ1 , δ 2 and δ 3 respectively .
The six condition equations are
B + l1 + v1 − A = 0 (or) v1 - δ1 = A - l1 = 269.157 = f1
D + l 2 + v 2 − B = 0 (or) v 2 - δ1 + δ 3 = -l 2 = −10.94 = f 2
D + l 3 + v 3 − A = 0 (or) v 3 + δ 3 = A - l 3 = 258.198 = f 3
B + l 4 + v 4 − C = 0 (or) v 4 + δ1 − δ 2 = -l 4 = −21.04 = f 4
D + l 5 + v 5 − C = 0 (or) v 5 - δ 2 + δ 3 = -l5 = −31.891 = f 5
A + l 6 + v 6 − C = 0 (or) v 6 - δ 2 = -A - l 6 = −290.113 = f 6
⎡ δ1 ⎤
Δ = ⎢⎢δ 2 ⎥⎥
⎢⎣ δ 3 ⎥⎦
In matrix form
⎡ v1 ⎤ ⎡+ 1 0 0⎤ ⎡ 281.13 ⎤ ⎡11.973⎤ ⎡ 269.157 ⎤
⎢ v ⎥ ⎢− 1 0 + 1⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ 2⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎡ δ1 ⎤ ⎢ 0 ⎥ ⎢ 10.94 ⎥ ⎢ − 10.94 ⎥
⎢ v 3 ⎥ ⎢ 0 0 + 1⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ 281.13 ⎥ ⎢22.932⎥ ⎢ 256.198 ⎥
⎢ ⎥+⎢ ⎥ ⎢δ 2 ⎥ = ⎢ ⎥−⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥
v
⎢ ⎥ ⎢
4 + 1 − 1 0 ⎥ ⎢δ ⎥ ⎢ 0 ⎥ ⎢ 21.04 ⎥ ⎢ − 21.04 ⎥
⎢ v 5 ⎥ ⎢ 0 − 1 + 1⎥ ⎣ 3 ⎦ ⎢ 0 ⎥ ⎢ 31.891⎥ ⎢ − 31.891 ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎣⎢ v 6 ⎥⎦ ⎣⎢ 0 − 1 0 ⎦⎥ ⎣⎢− 281.13⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ 8.983 ⎦⎥ ⎣⎢− 290.113⎦⎥
The form of indirect observation matrix equation,
v + BΔ = d - l = f
The vector v is 6 × 1 , B is 6 × 3 , A is 3 × 1 , d is 6 × 1 and f is 6 × 1 .
 21
Solution
(b)
Loop B - A - D - B l1 + v1 - l 3 − v 3 + l 2 + v 2 = 0
Loop D - B - C - D l 2 + v 2 + l 4 + v 4 - l5 − v 5 = 0
Loop D - A - C - D l3 + v 3 + l6 + v 6 − l5 − v 5 = 0
v1 + v 2 − v 3 = −(l1 + l 2 − l 3 )
v 2 + v 4 − v 5 = −(l 2 + l 4 − l 5 )
v 3 − v 5 + v 6 = −( l 3 − l 5 + l 6 )
In the matrx form
⎡ v1 ⎤ ⎡ l1 ⎤
⎢v ⎥ ⎢l ⎥
⎡+ 1 + 1 − 1 0 0 0 ⎤ ⎢ 2⎥
⎡+ 1 + 1 − 1 0 0 0 ⎤ ⎢ ⎥
2
⎢ 0 + 1 0 + 1 − 1 0 ⎥ ⎢ v 3 ⎥ = ⎢ 0 + 1 0 + 1 − 1 0 ⎥ ⎢l3 ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢v ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢l ⎥
⎢⎣ 0 0 + 1 0 − 1 + 1⎥⎦ ⎢ 4⎥
⎢⎣ 0 0 + 1 0 − 1 + 1⎥⎦ ⎢ 4 ⎥
⎢v5 ⎥ ⎢l 5 ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎣⎢ v 6 ⎦⎥ ⎢⎣l 6 ⎥⎦

The form of observation only matrix equation.

Av = f
Av = d - Al
Av = -Al
The vector A is 3 × 6 , v is 6 × 1 , and l is 6 × 1 .
⎡ 0.019 ⎤
f = ⎢⎢- 0.089⎥⎥ m
⎢⎣- 0.024⎥⎦
 22

14. In figure shows a small level net in which A is a benchmark with known elevations
2 8 1 . 1 3 m . T h e o b s e r v
1
= 11.973 m ( B to A ) ;
a t i o n d a t a f o r t h e l e v e l n e t : l

l2 = 10.94 m ( D to B ) ; l3 = 22.932 m ( D to A ) , l4 = 21.04 m ( B to C ) ;

l5 = 31.891 m ( D to C ) and l6 = 8.983 m ( A to C ) . The observations are given as
being from the low point to the high point . Solve the level net problem using the
procedure of adjustment of indirect observation for the case when the observed
differences in elevations are uncorrelated and have equal precision.

A l1 B

l3 l2

l6 D l4
l5

C
 23

Solution;

n = 6 , n0 = 3, r = n - n0 = 3
The elevations of points B , C and D are designated by δ1 , δ 2 and δ 3 respective ly .
The six condition equations are
B + l1 + v1 − A = 0
D + l2 + v2 − B = 0
D + l3 + v 3 − A = 0
B + l4 + v4 − C = 0
D + l5 + v 5 − C = 0
A + l6 + v 6 − C = 0
(or )
v 1 + δ1 = A - l1 = 269.157 = f1
v 2 - δ1 + δ 3 = - l 2 = − 10.94 = f2
v3 + δ3 = A - l 3 = 258.198 = f3
v 4 + δ1 − δ 2 = - l 4 = − 21.04 = f4
v 5 - δ 2 + δ 3 = - l 5 = − 31.891 = f 5
v6 - δ2 = -A - l 6 = − 290.113 = f 6
⎡ δ1 ⎤
Δ = ⎢⎢ δ 2 ⎥⎥
⎢⎣ δ 3 ⎥⎦
The matrix form of the condition becomes;
⎡ v1 ⎤ ⎡ + 1 0 0⎤ ⎡ 281.13 ⎤ ⎡11.973 ⎤ ⎡ 269.157 ⎤
⎢ v ⎥ ⎢ − 1 0 + 1⎥ ⎢ 0 ⎥ ⎢10.940 ⎥ ⎢ − 10.94 ⎥
⎢ 2⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎡ δ1 ⎤ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢v3 ⎥ ⎢ 0 0 + 1⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ 281.13 ⎥ ⎢ 22.932 ⎥ ⎢ 258.198 ⎥
⎢ ⎥+⎢ ⎥ ⎢δ 2 ⎥ = ⎢ ⎥−⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥
v
⎢ ⎥ ⎢4 + 1 − 1 0 ⎥ ⎢δ ⎥ ⎢ 0 ⎥ ⎢ 21.040 ⎥ ⎢ − 21.04 ⎥
⎢ v 5 ⎥ ⎢ 0 − 1 + 1⎥ ⎣ 3 ⎦ ⎢ 0 ⎥ ⎢ 31.891 ⎥ ⎢ − 31.891 ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ v 6 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 0 − 1 0 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ − 281.13 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 8.983 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ − 290.113 ⎥⎦

v + BΔ = d - l = f
⎡+ 1 0 0⎤ ⎡ 269.157 ⎤
⎢ − 1 0 + 1⎥ ⎢ − 10.94 ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢0 0 + 1⎥ ⎢ 258.198 ⎥
B=⎢ ⎥ and f = ⎢ ⎥
⎢ + 1 − 1 0 ⎥ ⎢ − 21.04 ⎥
⎢ 0 − 1 + 1⎥ ⎢ − 31.891 ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎣⎢ 0 − 1 0 ⎦⎥ ⎢⎣− 290.113⎦⎥
The weight matrix w of the observations is the identity matrix
because the observations are uncorrelated and have equal precision.
 24

⎡+ 1 0 0 ⎤
⎢− 1 0 + 1⎥
⎡1 − 1 0 1 0 0 ⎤ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ 0 0 + 1⎥
N = B t WB = B t B = ⎢⎢0 0 0 − 1 − 1 − 1⎥⎥ ⎢ ⎥
+1 −1 0 ⎥
⎢⎣0 1 1 0 1 0 ⎥⎦ ⎢
⎢ 0 − 1 + 1⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎣⎢ 0 − 1 0 ⎦⎥
⎡ 3 - 1 - 1⎤
N = ⎢⎢- 1 3 - 1⎥⎥
⎢⎣- 1 - 1 3 ⎥⎦
⎡ 269.157 ⎤
⎢ − 10.94 ⎥
⎡1 − 1 0 1 0 0 ⎤ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ 258.198 ⎥
t = B t W f = B t f = ⎢⎢0 0 0 − 1 − 1 − 1⎥⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ − 21.04 ⎥
⎢⎣0 1 1 0 1 0 ⎥⎦
⎢ − 31.891 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣− 290.113⎥⎦
⎡259.057⎤
t = ⎢⎢343.044⎥⎥
⎢⎣215.367⎥⎦
⎡ 3 −1 − 1⎤ ⎡2 1 1 ⎤
1⎢
N = ⎢⎢− 1 3
-1
− 1⎥ = ⎢1 2 1⎥⎥
⎥
4
⎢⎣− 1 − 1 3 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣1 1 2⎥⎦
⎡2 1 1⎤ ⎡259.057⎤ ⎡ 269.131⎤
1⎢
-1
Δ = N t = ⎢1 2 1⎥⎥ ⎢⎢343.044⎥⎥ = ⎢⎢290.128⎥⎥
4
⎢⎣1 1 2⎥⎦ ⎢⎣215.367⎥⎦ ⎢⎣258.209⎥⎦
 25
15. In figure a small level net in which A is a benchmark with known elevations 281.13 m
.The given data are below .

From To Observed Difference Levelled

(Lower point ) (Higher point) in elevation Distance
(m) ( km )

B A l1=11.973 20
D B l2=10.94 12
D A l3=22.932 15
B C l4=21.04 28
D C l5=31.891 20
A C l6=8.983 26
Using the procedure of least squars adjustment of observations only ,calculate the
elevations of points B , C and D for the case when the measured the differences in elevation
are uncorrelated and have the same weight .

A l1 B

l3 l2

l6 D l4
l5

Solution
n = 6 , n0 = 3 , r = n - n0 = 3
The three conditions are ,
Loop B - A - D - B l1 + v1 - l 3 − v 3 + l 2 + v 2 = 0
Loop D - B - C - D l 2 + v 2 + l 4 - l 5 − v 5 = 0
l3 + v 3 + l6 + v 6 − l5
Loop D - A - C - D − v5 = 0
⎡ v1 ⎤
⎢v ⎥
⎤ ⎢ ⎥ ⎡ − l1
2
⎡ + 1 + 1 − 1 0 0 0 − l2 + l 3 ⎤ ⎡ 0.019 ⎤
⎢ 0 + 1 0 + 1 − 1 0 ⎥ ⎢ v 3 ⎥ = ⎢− l − l4 + l1 ⎥⎥ = ⎢⎢− 0.089⎥⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢v ⎥ ⎢ 2
⎢⎣ 0 0 + 1 0 − 1 + 1⎥⎦ ⎢ 4 ⎥ ⎢⎣ − l 3 + l5 − l 6 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣− 0.024⎥⎦
⎢v5 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ v 6 ⎥⎦
Av = f
 26

The weight of matrix W of the observatio ns is the identity matrix

because the observatio ns are uncorrelat ed and have the same weight .
Q = W -1 = 1
⎡1 0 0⎤
⎢1 1 0 ⎥⎥
⎡ 1 + 1 - 1 0 0 0 ⎤ ⎢
⎢− 1 0 1⎥
t t ⎢
Q e = AQA = AA = ⎢0 + 1 0 + 1 − 1 0 ⎥⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ 0 1 0⎥
⎢⎣0 0 + 1 0 - 1 + 1⎥⎦
⎢ 0 − 1 − 1⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎣⎢ 0 0 1 ⎦⎥
⎡ 3 1 - 1⎤
Q e = ⎢⎢ 1 3 1 ⎥⎥
⎢⎣- 1 1 3 ⎥⎦
⎡ 8 4 4 ⎤ ⎡ 0.5 0.25 0.25 ⎤
1 ⎢ ⎥ ⎢
We = Q e = -1
⎢ − 4 8 − 4⎥ = ⎢ − 0.25 0.5 − 0.25 ⎥⎥
16
⎢⎣ 4 − 4 8 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 0.25 − 0.25 0.5 ⎥⎦
⎡ 0.5 0.25 0.25 ⎤ ⎡ 0.019 ⎤ ⎡ 0.0258 ⎤
⎢
k = We f = ⎢ − 0.25 0.5 − 0.25 ⎥⎥ ⎢⎢ − 0.089 ⎥⎥ = ⎢⎢ − 0.0433 ⎥⎥
⎢⎣ 0.25 − 0.25 0.5 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ − 0.024 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 0.0150 ⎥⎦
⎡1 0 0⎤ ⎡ 0.026 ⎤
⎢1 1 0⎥ ⎥ ⎢ − 0.018 ⎥
⎢ ⎡ 0.0258 ⎤ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ − 1 0 1 ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ 0.011 ⎥
v = QA t k = A t k = ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ − 0.0433 ⎥ = ⎢ ⎥
⎢0 1 0⎥ − 0.043 ⎥
⎢⎣ 0.0150 ⎥⎦ ⎢
⎢ 0 − 1 − 1⎥ ⎢ 0.028 ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 0 0 1 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 0.015 ⎥⎦
l̂1 = l1 + v1 = 11.973 + 0.026 = 11.999 m
l̂ 2 = l 2 + v 2 = 11.940 − 0.081 = 10.922 m
l̂3 = l 3 + v 3 = 22.932 − 0.011 = 22.921 m
l̂ 4 = l 4 + v 4 = 21.04 − 0.043 = 20.997 m
l̂5 = l 5 + v 5 = 31.391 + 0.028 = 31.919 m
l̂ 6 = l 6 + v 6 = 8.983 + 0.015 = 8.998 m

B = A - l̂1 = 281.13 − 11.999 = 269.131 m

C = A + l̂ 6 = 281.13 + 8.998 = 290.128 m
D = A - l̂3 = 281.13 − 22.921 = 258.209 m
 27
16. In figure shows a small level net in which A is a benchmark with known elevations
281.13 m . The observation data for the level net level net : l1 = 11.973 m ( B to A ) ;
l2 = 10.94 m ( D to B ) ; l3 = 22.932 m ( D to A ) , l4 = 21.04 m ( B to C ) ;
l5 = 31.891 m ( D to C ) and l6 = 8.983 m ( A to C ) . The observations are given as
being from the low point to the high point . Solve the level net problem using the
procedure of adjustment of indirect observation for the case when the weight of each
observation is inversely propotional to the leveled distance . These distance are
l1 = 20 km ,l2 = 12 km , l3 = 15 km , l4 = 28 km , l5 = 20 km ,l6 =26 km .

A l1 B

l3 l2

l6 D l4
l5

Solution ;
n = 6 , n0 = 3 , r = n - n0 = 3
The elevations of points B , C and D are designated by δ1 , δ 2 and δ 3 respectively .
The six condition equations are
B + l1 + v1 − A = 0
D + l2 + v2 − B = 0
D + l3 + v 3 − A = 0
B + l4 + v4 − C = 0
D + l5 + v 5 − C = 0
A + l6 + v6 − C = 0
(or )
v1 + δ1 = A - l1 = 269.157 = f1
v 2 - δ1 + δ 3 = - l 2 = −10.94 = f 2
v3 + δ3 = A - l3 = 258.198 = f 3
v 4 + δ1 − δ 2 = - l4 = −21.04 = f4
v5 - δ 2 + δ3 = - l5 = −31.891 = f 5
v6 - δ2 = -A - l 6 = −290.113 = f 6
 28

⎡ δ1 ⎤
Δ = ⎢⎢δ 2 ⎥⎥
⎢⎣δ3 ⎥⎦
⎡ v1 ⎤ ⎡+ 1 0 0 ⎤ ⎡ 281.13 ⎤ ⎡11.973⎤ ⎡ 269.157 ⎤
⎢v ⎥ ⎢− 1 0 + 1⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ 2⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎡ δ1 ⎤ ⎢ 0 ⎥ ⎢ 10.94 ⎥ ⎢ − 10.94 ⎥
⎢ v3 ⎥ ⎢ 0 0 + 1⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ 281.13 ⎥ ⎢22.932⎥ ⎢ 258.198 ⎥
⎢ ⎥+⎢ ⎥ ⎢δ 2 ⎥ = ⎢ ⎥−⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥
v
⎢ ⎥ ⎢
4 + 1 − 1 0 ⎥ ⎢δ ⎥ ⎢ 0 ⎥ ⎢ 21.04 ⎥ ⎢ − 21.04 ⎥
⎢ v5 ⎥ ⎢ 0 − 1 + 1⎥ ⎣ 3 ⎦ ⎢ 0 ⎥ ⎢31.891⎥ ⎢ − 31.891 ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎣⎢v 6 ⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ 0 − 1 0 ⎦⎥ ⎣⎢− 281.13⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ 8.983 ⎦⎥ ⎣⎢− 290.113⎦⎥
v + BΔ = d - l = f
The weight of each difference in elevation is propotiona l to the reciprocal of
the leveled distance between t he two points .These distance are given below .

Observatio n l1 l2 l3 l4 l5 l6
Distances ( km ) 20 12 15 28 20 26
Reciprocal of distance 0.05 0.083 0.067 0.036 0.05 0.039
Weight 1.4 2.333 1.867 1 1.4 1.077

The weights are such that the smallest value ( 0.036 ) in the third line is given
a weight value of 1 and the rest are propotiona tely computed .
Thus the weight matrix is .
⎡1.4 ⎤
⎢ 2.333 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ 1.867 ⎥
W =⎢ ⎥
⎢ 1 ⎥
⎢ 1.4 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎣⎢ 1.077 ⎦⎥
⎡+ 1 0 0⎤ ⎡ 269.157 ⎤
⎢ − 1 0 + 1⎥ ⎢ − 10.94 ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢0 0 + 1⎥ ⎢ 258.198 ⎥
B=⎢ ⎥ and f = ⎢ ⎥
⎢ + 1 − 1 0 ⎥ ⎢ − 21.04 ⎥
⎢ 0 − 1 + 1⎥ ⎢ − 31.89 ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎣⎢ 0 − 1 0 ⎦⎥ ⎢⎣ − 290.113 ⎥⎦
 29

N = B t WB
⎡1.4 0 0 0 0 0 ⎤ ⎡+ 1 0 0⎤
⎢ 0 2.333 0 0 0 0 ⎥⎥ ⎢⎢ − 1 0 + 1⎥⎥
⎡1 − 1 0 1 0 0 ⎤⎢
⎢0 0 1.867 0 0 0 ⎥⎢ 0 0 + 1⎥
N = ⎢⎢0 0 0 − 1 − 1 − 1⎥⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
0 0 0 1 0 0 ⎥ ⎢+ 1 − 1 0 ⎥
⎢⎣0 1 1 0 1 0 ⎥⎦ ⎢
⎢0 0 0 0 1 .4 0 ⎥ ⎢ 0 − 1 + 1⎥
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎣⎢ 0 0 0 0 0 1.077 ⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ 0 − 1 0 ⎦⎥
⎡ − 4.733 − 1.000 − 2.333⎤
= ⎢⎢ − 1.000 3.477 − 1.4 ⎥⎥
⎢⎣ 2.333 1.400 5.6 ⎥⎦
t = B t Wf
⎡1.4 ⎤ ⎡ 269 .157 ⎤
⎢ 2.333 ⎥ ⎢ − 10.94 ⎥
⎡1 − 1 0 1 0 0 ⎤⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ 1.867 ⎥ ⎢ 258 .198 ⎥
t = ⎢0 0 0 − 1 − 1 − 1⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎢ 1 ⎥ ⎢ − 21.04 ⎥
⎢⎣0 1 1 0 1 0 ⎥⎦
⎢ 1 .4 ⎥ ⎢ − 31.891 ⎥
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎣⎢ 1.077 ⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ − 290 .113⎦⎥
⎡381.3028 ⎤
= ⎢⎢ 378.1391 ⎥⎥
⎢⎣ 411.8852 ⎥⎦
⎡ 0.337902 0.171085 0.183543 ⎤
N -1 = ⎢⎢0.1710851 0.406418 0.172880 ⎥⎥
⎢⎣ 0.183543 0.172880 0.298256 ⎥⎦
Δ = N -1 t
⎡ 0.337902 0.171085 0.183543 ⎤ ⎡381.3028 ⎤
Δ = ⎢⎢0.1710851 0.406418 0.172880 ⎥⎥ ⎢⎢ 378.1391 ⎥⎥
⎢⎣ 0.183543 0.172880 0.298256 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 411.8852 ⎥⎦
⎡269.135⎤
Δ = ⎢⎢290.124⎥⎥
⎢⎣258.205⎥⎦
 30
17. In figure shows a small level net in which A is a benchmark with known elevations
281.13 m .The given data are below .

From To Observed Difference Levelled

(Lower point ) (Higher point) in elevation Distance
(m) ( km )

B A l1=11.973 20
D B l2=10.94 12
D A l3=22.932 15
B C l4=21.04 28
D C l5=31.891 20
A C l6=8.983 26
Using the procedure of least squares adjustment of observations only ,calculate the
elevations of points B , C and D for the case when the measurements are uncorrelated but have
weights that are inversely propotional to the respective leveled distances .
A l1 B

l3 l2

l6 D l4
l5

Solution; C
The three conditions are ,
n = 6 , n 0 = 3, r = n − n 0 = 3
Loop B - A - D - B l1 + v1 - l 3 − v 3 + l 2 + v 2 = 0
Loop D - B - C - D l 2 + v 2 + l 4 + v 4 - l5 − v 5 = 0
Loop D - A - C - D l3 + v 3 + l6 + v 6 − l5 − v 5 = 0

These equations into the matrix form ,

⎡ v1 ⎤
⎢v ⎥
⎡+ 1 + 1 − 1 0 0 0 ⎤ ⎢ 2 ⎥ ⎡ − l1 − l2 + l 3 ⎤ ⎡ 0.019 ⎤
⎢ 0 + 1 0 + 1 − 1 0 ⎥ ⎢ v 3 ⎥ = ⎢− l − l4 + l1 ⎥⎥ = ⎢⎢− 0.089⎥⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢v ⎥ ⎢ 2
⎢⎣ 0 0 + 1 0 − 1 + 1⎥⎦ ⎢ 4 ⎥ ⎢⎣ − l 3 + l5 − l 6 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣− 0.024⎥⎦
⎢v5 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ v 6 ⎥⎦
Av = f
 31

The weight of each measurement is inversely propotional to the leveled

distance .
Thus the weight matrix W is ;
⎡a ⎤
⎢ 20 ⎥
⎢ a ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ 12 ⎥
⎢ a ⎥
⎢ 15 ⎥
W=⎢ ⎥
a
⎢ ⎥
⎢ 28 ⎥
⎢ a ⎥
⎢ 20 ⎥
⎢ a ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎣ 26 ⎦
a is the constant of propotionality . Since the cofactor matrix Q is the inverse
of the weight matrix .
⎡20 ⎤
⎢ 12 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
1 ⎢ 15 ⎥
Q= ⎢ ⎥
a⎢ 28 ⎥
⎢ 20 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎣⎢ 26⎦⎥
Any convenient value can be selected for a , let a = 12 ,
⎡1.67 ⎤
⎢ 1 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ 1.25 ⎥
Q=⎢ ⎥
⎢ 2.33 ⎥
⎢ 1.67 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎣⎢ 2.17 ⎦⎥
⎡1.67 ⎤
⎢ 1 ⎥
⎡+ 1 + 1 − 1 0 0 0 ⎤⎢ ⎥
⎢ 1.25 ⎥
AQ = ⎢⎢ 0 + 1 0 + 1 − 1 0 ⎥⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ 2.33 ⎥
⎢⎣ 0 0 +1 0 −1 + 1⎥⎦
⎢ 1.67 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 2.17 ⎥⎦
⎡1.67 1 - 1.25 0 0 0 ⎤
⎢
AQ = ⎢ 0 1 0 2.33 - 1.67 0 ⎥⎥
⎢⎣ 0 0 1.25 0 - 1.67 2.17 ⎥⎦
 32

⎡1 0 0⎤
⎢1 1 0⎥
⎡1.67 1 - 1.25 0 0 0 ⎤⎢ ⎥
⎢ − 1 0 1 ⎥
Q e = AQA t = ⎢⎢ 0 1 0 2.33 - 1.67 0 ⎥⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ 0 1 0⎥
⎢⎣ 0 0 1.25 0 - 1.67 2.17⎥⎦
⎢ 0 − 1 − 1⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 0 0 1 ⎥⎦
⎡ 3.92 1 − 1.25⎤
⎢
Qe = ⎢ 1 5 1.67 ⎥⎥
⎢⎣− 1.25 1.67 5.09 ⎥⎦
⎡0.3158 − 0.1 0.1104 ⎤
We = Q e = ⎢ − 0.1 0.2563 − 0.1087⎥⎥
-1 ⎢

⎢⎣0.1104 0.1087 0.2592 ⎥⎦

⎡0.3158 - 0.1 0.1104 ⎤ ⎡ 0.019 ⎤ ⎡ 0.01255 ⎤
k = We f = ⎢ - 0.1 0.2563 - 0.1087⎥⎥ ⎢⎢− 0.089⎥⎥ = ⎢⎢− 0.0221⎥⎥
⎢
⎢⎣0.1104 0.1087 0.2592 ⎥⎦ ⎣⎢− 0.024⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 0.00555 ⎥⎦
⎡ 1.67 0 0 ⎤ ⎡ 0.0205 ⎤
⎢ 1 1 0 ⎥ ⎥ ⎢− 0.0099⎥
⎢ ⎡ 0.01255 ⎤ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ - 1.25 0 1.25 ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ − 0.0084 ⎥
v = QA t k = ⎢ ⎥ ⎢− 0.0221⎥ = ⎢ ⎥
⎢ 0 2.33 0 ⎥ − 0.0515⎥
⎢⎣ 0.00555 ⎥⎦ ⎢
⎢ 0 - 1.67 - 1.67⎥ ⎢ 0.0276 ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 0 0 2.17 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 0.012 ⎥⎦
The least squares adjusted observations are
l̂1 = l1 + v1 = 11.994 m
l̂ 2 = l 2 + v 2 = 10.93 m
l̂3 = l 3 + v 3 = 22.924 m
l̂ 4 = l 4 + v 4 = 20.988 m
l̂5 = l 5 + v 5 = 3.919 m
l̂6 = l 6 + v 6 = 8.995 m
The elevation of the three points are
B = A - l̂1 = 281.13 − 11.994 = 269.136 m
C = A + l̂6 = 281.13 + 8.995 = 290.125 m
D = A - l̂3 = 281.13 − 22.924 = 258.206 m
 33
18.(a) Describe the different type of photograph .

Solution

Two basic classifications of photography used in the science of photogrammetry are

terrestrial and aerial .
The term aerial photogrammetry denotes that branch of photogrammetry wherein photo-
graphs of the terrain in an area are taken in an orderly sequence by a precision camera
mounted in an aircraft flying over the area .
Terrestrial photogrammetry denotes that branch wherein photographs are taken from a
fixed , and usually known , position on or near the ground and with the camera axis horizontal
or nearly so .
Space photogrammetry embraces all aspects of extraterrestrial photography and imagery
and subsequent measurement where in the camera may be fixed on earth , contained in on
artificial satellite , or positioned on the moon or a planet .

18.(b) A vertical photograph was taken , with a camera having a 6 inches focal length
, from a flying height 8000 feet above sea level . What is the scale of the photograph at an
elevation of 1250 feet above mean sea level ? What is datum scale ?

Solution f = 6 inch , H ′ = 8000 - 1250 = 6750 ft

f
Photo scale , S =
H′
6
= 12
6750
= 1 : 13500
6
Datum Scale = 12
8000
= 1 : 16000
 34

19. The following measurements of an angle which were taken in a test on a watts
microptic Theodolite .
94⋅ 4′19.00 // 94⋅4′21.25 // 94⋅ 4′18.75 //
94⋅ 4′21.57 // 94⋅4′21.25 // 94⋅ 4′18.75 //
94⋅ 4′22.50 // 94⋅4′22.00 // 94⋅ 4′21.00 //
94⋅ 4′21.25 // 94⋅4′21.50 // 94⋅ 4′20.50 //
94⋅ 4′20.25 // 94⋅4′22.25 // 94⋅ 4′20.50 //
94⋅ 4′21.50 // 94⋅4′19.50 // 94⋅ 4′20.50 //
94⋅ 4′20.00 // 94⋅4′19.75 // 94⋅ 4′20.25 //
94⋅ 4′20.00 // 94⋅4′20.50 // 94⋅ 4′20.50 //
94⋅ 4′19.00 //

(a) Compute the mean of angle , the standard deviation and the variance .
(b) Construct a histogram.
(c) Calculate the ordinates for density distribution curve and plot this curve super
imposed on the histogram .
Solution
94 ⋅ 4 ′18 .75 // 94 ⋅ 4 ′20 .25 // 94 ⋅ 4 ′21 .25 //
94 ⋅ 4 ′18 .75 // 94 ⋅ 4 ′20 .25 // 94 ⋅ 4 ′21 .25 //
94 ⋅ 4 ′19 .00 // 94 ⋅ 4 ′20 .5 // 94 ⋅ 4 ′21 .25 //
94 ⋅ 4 ′19 .00 // 94 ⋅ 4 ′20 .5 // 94 ⋅ 4 ′21 .5 //
94 ⋅ 4 ′19 .5 // 94 ⋅ 4 ′20 .5 // 94 ⋅ 4 ′21 .5 //
94 ⋅ 4 ′19 .75 // 94 ⋅ 4 ′20 .5 // 94 ⋅ 4 ′21 .57 //
94 ⋅ 4 ′20 .00 // 94 ⋅ 4 ′20 .5 // 94 ⋅ 4 ′22 //
94 ⋅ 4 ′20 .00 // 94 ⋅ 4 ′21 // 94 ⋅ 4 ′22 .25 //
94 ⋅ 4 ′22 .5 //

mean x = 94⋅ 4′ 20.55′′

sample median = 94⋅ 4′ 20.5′′
sample mode = 94⋅ 4′ 20.5′′
sample midrange = 94⋅ 4′ 20.62′′
Std deviation σ = 1.0633615 sec
1 n
variance σ2 = ∑ (x i - x) 2 × (60 × 60) 2
n - 1 i =1
= 1.1307377 sec 2
No. of cell k = 1 + 3.3 log25
= 5.613 (use 6 )
x -x
cell width C = max min = 0.625
6
 35

Class interval frequency , f i Relative frequency

18.7 5′′ - 19.37 5′′ 4 0.16
19.37 5′′ - 20.0 0′′ 2 0.08
20.0 0′′ - 20.62 5′′ 9 0.36
20.62 5′′ - 21.2 5′′ 1 0.04
21.2 5′′ - 21.87 5′′ 6 0.24
21.87 5′′ - 22.5′′ 3 0.12
∑ = 25 ∑=1

1
A1 = = 0.37517088 6
σ̂ x 2π
1
A2 = = 0.4421892
2σ̂ 2x
A1
y =
2
e A 2 (x - x)

2 A1
x(sec) (x - x) 2 A2 (x - x) 2 eA 2 (x- x) y=
2
eA 2 (x- x)

19.0625 2.2127 0.9784 2.6602 0.1410

19.6875 0.7439 0.3289 1.3894 0.2700
20.3125 0.0564 0.0249 1.0252 0.3659
20.9375 0.1502 0.0664 1.0687 0.3511
21.5625 1.0252 0.4533 1.5735 0.2384
22.1875 2.6814 1.1857 3.2730 0.1146

Relative frequency , Y
0.5
Histogram

0.4

0.3

Density of distribution
0.2
curve

0.1

Angle , X
 36
20. The project area is shown in figure below . It is to be covered with vertical photography
having a scale of 1:13200 . End lap and side lap are to be 60% and 35% respectively . A 6
in focal length camera with 9 in square format is to be used . An intervolometer will be used
to control the interval between exposures . The ground speed of the aircraft will be maintained
at 180 mph . The outer flight lines are to coincide with the east and west boundaries of the
area . Prepare the flight map on a base map whose scale is 1:24000 and compute the total
number of photographs .
AB = CD = 13 mi
EF = GH = 3 mi
AE = GC = 3.25 mi
FH = 6.5 mi

A E G C

F H

B D
Solution;

( 1 ) Flight line along the longer side to reduce the no. of flight line .
Fly North-South to reduce the no.of flight line.

( 2 ) Photo scale = 1: 13200 ( 1in =1100 ft )

G = 9 in x 1100 ft =9900 ft

( 3 ) W= 0.65 G at 35% S.L

= 0.65 x 9900
= 6435 ft

( 4 ) no of flight line:
6.5 mi x 5280
= +1
6435
= 6.33 ( Use 7 )
6.5 mi x 5280
Adjusted flight line spacing Wa =
= 5720 ft 6
 37

3.25 mi x 5280
no of flight line = +1
6435
= 3.67 ( Use 4 )
3.25 mi x 5280
Adjusted flight line spacing Wa =
3
= 5720 ft

(5) no of photo per strip

B = 0.4 G at 60% E.L
=0.4 x 9900 = 3960 ft
10 mi x 5280
no of photo per strip = +2+2
3960
= 17.33 ( Use 18 )
13 mi x 5280
no of photo per strip = +2+2
3960
= 21.33 ( Use 22 )

Total no of photo = 2 ( 4x 22) +(5x18)

= 266 Nos

map scale = 1:24000 ( 1 in = 2000 ft )

2000/ - 1//
5720
5720/ = x1//
2000
= 2.86// ( flight line spacing on the map )
Aircraft velocity = 180 mph
180 mph x 5280
= 264 ft / sec
3600
3960
intervolometer setting = = 15 sec
264
 38
21. The image of a point whose elevation is 2000 ft above datum appears 65.1 millimeters
from the principal point of a vertical photograph taken from a flying height of 6000 ft above
datum . What would this distance from the principal point be if the point were at datum . Assume
that the radom error in each measured photo distance is ±0.002 inches and that the error in
flying height is ± 5.5 ft. What is the expected error in the height of the image ?
Solution
h = 2000 ft , r = 65.1 mm , H = 6000 ft , r ′ = ?
rh
d=
H
65.1 mm × 2000′
d= = 21.7 mm
6000′
d = r - r′
r′ = r - d
= 65.1 - 21.7 = 43.4 mm
dd = d ab = ± 0.002 inches
dH = ±5.5 ft , dh = ?
rh
d=
H
dH
h=
r
Error in h caused by the error dd.
dH
h=
r
dh H
=
dd r
H
dh = × dd
r
6000′ × 0.002′′
= = 4.6820′′
65.2 mm/25.4
Error in h caused by the error dH.
dH
h=
r
dh d
=
dH r
d 21.7 mm
dh = × dH = × (±5.5′) = 1.8333′
r 65.1 mm
dh (total) = (4.6820) 2 + (1.8333) 2
= ± 5.0281 ft
 39
22. On a vertical photograph images a and b of the ground points A and B have photograpic
coordnates x a = −12.68 mm , y a = 70.27 mm , x b = 89.07 mm and y b = −92.41 mm.
The horizontal distance between A and B is 3784 feet and the elevations of A and B are 1328
and 1243 feet above datum respectively . Calculate the flying height above datum if the camera
had a 6 inch focal length .

Solution;

x a = - 12.68 mm , y a = 70.27 mm, x b = 89.07 mm ,

y b = −92.41 mm, AB = 3748 ft , h A = 1328 ft
h B = 1243 ft , f = 6′′ = 152.4 mm , H = ?
(1) To find the photo distance ab

ab = (x b - x a ) 2 + (y b - y a ) 2

= (89.07 + 12.68) 2 + (−92.41 − 70.27) 2

= 191.88 mm = 7.55 in
(2) To find approximate H ,
h + h B 1328 + 1243
h AB = A = = 1285.5 ft
2 2
ab f
S = =
AB H1 − h AB
7.55 6
=
3784 H1 − 1285.5
H1 = 4292.65 ft
(3) To find AB1

AB1 = (X B - X A ) 2 + (YB - YA ) 2
2 2
2 ⎡x x ⎤ ⎡y y ⎤
(AB1 ) = ⎢ b (H − h B ) − a (H − h A ) ⎥ + ⎢ b (H − h B ) − a (H − h A ) ⎥
⎣ f f ⎦ ⎣ f f ⎦
2
⎡ 89.07 − 12.68 ⎤
(AB1 ) 2 = ⎢ (4292.65 − 1243) − (4292.65 − 1328) ⎥ +
⎣ 152.4 152.4 ⎦
2
⎡ - 92.41 70.27 ⎤
⎢⎣ 152.4 (4292.65 − 1243) − 152.4 (4292.65 − 1328) ⎥⎦
(AB1 ) = 3802.72
(4) To find H 2
H 2 − h AB AB
=
H1 − h AB AB1
3784
H2 = (4292.65 - 1285.5) + 1285.5
3802.72
= 4277.85 ft
 40

(5) To find AB2 ,

2 2
⎡x x ⎤ ⎡y y ⎤
(AB2 ) 2 = ⎢ b (H 2 − h B ) − a (H 2 − h A )⎥ + ⎢ b (H 2 − h B ) − a (H 2 − h A )⎥
⎣ f f ⎦ ⎣ f f ⎦
2
⎡ 89.07 - 12.68 ⎤
=⎢ (4277.85− 1243) − (4277.85− 1328)⎥ +
⎣152.4 152.4 ⎦
2
⎡ - 92.41 70.27 ⎤
⎢⎣ 152.4 (4277.85− 1243) − 152.4 (4277.85− 1328)⎥⎦
(AB2 ) = 3784.09ft ≈ 3784 ft
Flying height = 4277.85ft
 41
23.(a) A pair of over lapping vertical photographs were taken with a 152.45 mm focal
length camera from flying height 6850 ft above sea level . The air base was 3200 ft . The
stereopair was oriented for parallax measurements and the parallax bar constant was deter-
mined as C= 67.75 mm . Calculate the parallax bar micrometer settings necessary to trace 1000,
1050 , 1200 , 1250 , 1400 , and 1450 ft contours .

Solution

f = 152.45 mm
B=3200 ft
H=6850 ft
C=67.75 mm

Bf
Contour(ft) H-h(ft) P= (mm) r = p-c
H-h
1000 5850 83.3915 15.6415
1050 5800 84.1103 16.3603
1200 5650 86.3434 18.5934
1250 5600 87.1143 19.3643
1400 5450 89.5119 21.7619
1450 5400 90.3407 22.5907

23.( b ) A vertical aerial photograph was taken from a flying height of 12000 feet above
datum with a camera having a focal length of 209.72 mm . Highest , lowest , and average terrain
appearing in the photograph is at 6650 , 3085 , and 4800 feet respectively . Calculate minium,
maximun and average photographic scale .

Solution
H = 12000ft , f = 209.72 mm = 0.688 ft
h max = 6650 ft , h min = 3085ft , h avg = 4800ft
f 0.688
Smax = = = 1 : 7776
H - h max 12000- 6650
f 0.688
Smin = = = 1 : 12958
H - h min 12000- 3085
f 0.688
Savg = = = 1 : 10465
H - h avg 12000- 4800
 42
24.(a) Points A and B are at elevations 1365 and 1640 feet above datum , respectively.The
photographic coordinates of their images on a vertical photograph are xa=68.27 mm ,
ya= -32.37 mm , xb= -87.44 mm and yb=26.81 mm .What is the horizontal length of the line AB
if the photo was taken from16000 feet above datum with an 8.25 inch focal length camera ?

Solution;

h A = 1365 ft , h B = 1640 ft , x a = 68.27 mm , y a = −32.37 ft ,

1
x b = −87.44 fmm , y b = 26.81 mm , f = 8 in = 209.55 mm.
4
H = 16000 ft , Length of AB = ?
x
X A = (H - h A ) a
f
68.27
= (16000 - 1365) = 4767.986 ft
209.55
x
X B = (H - h B ) b
f
(-87.44)
= (16000 - 1640) = -5992.071 ft
209.55
y
YA = (H - h A ) a
f
(-32.37)
= (16000 - 1365) = -2260.725 ft
209.55
y
YB = (H - h B ) b
f
26.81
= (16000 - 1640) = 1837.23 ft
209.55
Length of AB = (X B − X A ) 2 + (YB − YA ) 2

= (-5992.071 − 4767.986) 2 + (1837.23 + 2260.725) 2

= 11513.994 ft
 43

24.(b) A pair of overlapping vertical photos were taken with a 6 in focal length camera
from a flying height of 7630 feet above sea level . The air base was 3683 feet . This pair was
oriented for parallax measurements with a stereocomparagraph having a forward-reading
parallax bar , and parallax bar constant , C , was determined as 80.28 mm. Calculate the required
micrometer setting for tracing the 1500 , 1600 , 1700 and 1800 feet contours .

Solution;
H =7630 ft , f = 6 in , B = 3683 ft , C = 80.28 mm

Contour(ft) H-h(ft) Bf (mm) r=p-c(mm)

p=
H-h

1500 6130 91.56 11.28

1600 6030 93.08 12.8

1700 5930 94.65 14.37

1800 5830 96.28 16

 44
25. Images a , b ,and c of ground points A , B and C appear on a vertical photograph taken
from a flying height of 7500 feet above datum . A 6 inch focal length camera was used . Points
A , B and C have elevations of 725 , 640 ,and 1095 feet above datum respectively .Measured
photocoordinates of the images are xa =-2.371 in , ya = 1.864 in, xb =2.062 in , yb =3.183 in,
xc= 3.704 and yc = -3.138 in . Calculate the lengths of the lines AB , BC , and AC and
the area within the triangle ABC .

Solution;

H = 7500 ft , f = 6′′ , h A = 725 ft , h B = 640 ft , h C = 1095 ft , x a = −2.371 ft ,

y a = 1.864 in, x b = 2.062 in , y b = 3.183 in, x c = 3.704 in , y c = −3.138 in

Length of AB = (X B - X A ) 2 + (YB - YA ) 2
2 2
⎡x x ⎤ ⎡y y ⎤
AB = ⎢ b (H − h B ) − a (H − h A )⎥ + ⎢ b (H − h B ) − a (H − h A )⎥
⎣ f f ⎦ ⎣ f f ⎦
2 2
⎡ 2.062 - 2.371 ⎤ ⎡ 3.183 1.864 ⎤
AB = ⎢ (7500 − 640) − (7500 − 725)⎥ + ⎢ (7500 − 640) − (7500 − 725)⎥
⎣ 6 6 ⎦ ⎣ 6 6 ⎦
AB = 25349286.57 + 2354577.72 = 5263.446 ft

Length of BC = (X C - X B ) 2 + (YC - YB ) 2
2 2
⎡x x ⎤ ⎡y y ⎤
BC = ⎢ c (H − h C ) − b (H − h B )⎥ + ⎢ c (H − h C ) − c (H − h B )⎥
⎣ f f ⎦ ⎣ f f ⎦
2 2
⎡ 3.704 2.062 ⎤ ⎡ - 3.183 3.183 ⎤
BC = ⎢ (7500 − 1045) − (7500 − 640)⎥ + ⎢ (7500 − 1095) − (7500 − 640)⎥
⎣ 6 6 ⎦ ⎣ 6 6 ⎦
BC = 2548705.818 + 48846750.01 = 7169.062 ft

length of AC = (X C - X A ) 2 + (YC - YA ) 2
2 2
⎡x x ⎤ ⎡y y ⎤
AC = ⎢ c (H − h C ) − a (H − h A ) ⎥ + ⎢ c (H − h C ) − a (H − h A ) ⎥
⎣ f f ⎦ ⎣ f f ⎦
2 2
⎡ 3.704 - 2.371 ⎤ ⎡ - 3.138 1.864 ⎤
AC = ⎢ (7500 − 1095) − (7500 − 725) ⎥ + ⎢ (7500 − 1095) − (7500 − 725) ⎥
⎣ 6 6 ⎦ ⎣ 6 6 ⎦
AC = 43973797.0 7 + 29752461.1 6 = 8586.400 ft
ΔABC = s(s - a)(s - b)(s - c) = 18819106.8 6 ft 2
wher e , a = BC = 7169.062 ft
b = AC = 8586.400 ft
c = AB = 5263.446 ft
a+b+c
s= = 10509.454 ft
2
 45
26. On a vertical photograph images a and b of the ground points A and B have
photographic coordinates xa= -12.68 mm ,ya= 70.24 mm ,xb= 89.07 mm ,and yb= -92.41 mm .
The horizontal distance between A and B is 5785 feet and the elevations of A and B are 1328
and 1243 feet above datum respectively .Calculate the flying height above datum if the camera
had a 88.78 mm focal length .

Solution;

Length AB = 5785 ft , f = 88.78 mm = 3.495 in, x a = −12.68 mm, y a = 70.24 mm

x b = 89.07 mm , y b = −92.41 mm, h A = 1328 ft , h B = 1243 ft

(1) To find the photo distance ab

ab = (x b - x a ) 2 + (y b - y a ) 2

= (89.07 + 12.68) 2 + (−92.41 − 70.24) 2

= 191.854 mm = 7.553 in

(2) To find approximate H ,

h + h B 1328 + 1243
h AB = A = = 1285.5 ft
2 2
ab f
=
AB H1 − h AB
7.553 3.495
=
5785 H1 − 1285.5
H1 = 3962.393 ft

(3) To find AB1

Length of AB1 = (X B - X A ) 2 + (YB - YA ) 2

2 2
⎡x
2 x ⎤ ⎡y y ⎤
AB1 = ⎢ b (H − h B ) − a (H − h A )⎥ + ⎢ b (H − h B ) − a (H − h A )⎥
⎣ f f ⎦ ⎣ f f ⎦
2
⎡ 89.07
2 - 12.68 ⎤
AB1 = ⎢ (3962.393 − 1243) − (3962.393 − 1328) ⎥
⎣ 88.78 88.78 ⎦
2
⎡ - 92.41 70.24 ⎤
+⎢ (3962.393 − 1243) − (3962.393 − 1328) ⎥
⎣ 88.78 88.78 ⎦
AB1 = 5813.236 ft
 46

(4) To find H 2
H 2 − h AB AB
=
H1 − h AB AB1
5785
H2 = (3962.393 - 1285.5) + 1285.5
5813.236
= 3949.391 ft

(5) To find AB2 ,

2 2
⎡x x ⎤ ⎡y y ⎤
(AB2 ) 2 = ⎢ b (H2 − h B ) − a (H2 − h A )⎥ + ⎢ b (H2 − h B ) − a (H2 − h A )⎥
⎣f f ⎦ ⎣f f ⎦
2
⎡ 89.07 - 12.68 ⎤
=⎢ (3949.391− 1243) - (3949.391− 1328)⎥ +
⎣ 88.78 88.78 ⎦
2
⎡ - 92.41 70.24 ⎤
⎢⎣ 88.78 (3949.391− 1243) - 88.78 (3949.391− 1328)⎥⎦
AB2 = 5785.13 ft ≈ 5785ft
∴Flying height = 3949.391 ft
 47

27. Calculate the stereoscopic parallaxes of points a through d given the following measured
photocoordinates .

point x ( left photo ) x / ( right photo )

a 2.15 in -1.28 in
b 70.25 mm -19.41 mm
c 3.80 in 0.27 in
d 102.87 mm 11.02 mm

Which point is highest in elevation ? Which is lowest ? And also calculate the elevation of
points a through d if the camera focal length is 6 inches , flying height above datum is 12050 feet,
and the air base is 6320 feet .

Solution ;

f = 6 in , B = 6320 ft , H = 12050 ft
Pa = x a - x ′a = 2.15 + 1.28 = 3.43 in
Pb = x b - x ′b = 70.25 + 19.41 = 89.66 mm = 3.53 in
Pc = x c - x ′c = 3.8 - 0.27 = 3.53 in
Pd = x d - x ′d = 102.87 − 11.02 = 91.85 mm = 3.62 in
d point is highest in elevation.
a point is lowest in elevation .
Bf 6320 × 6
hA = H - = 12050 -
x a - x ′a 3.43
= 994.606 ft
Bf 6320 × 6
hB = H - = 12050 -
′
xb - xb 3.53
= 1307.79 ft
Bf 6320 × 6
hC = H - = 12050 -
x c - x ′c 3.53
= 1307.79 ft
Bf 6320 × 6
hD = H - = 12050 -
x d - x ′d 3.62
= 1574.862 ft
 48
28.(a) A pair of overlapping vertical photos are oriented for parallax measurement with
stereoscope and forward-reading parallax bar . On the left photo , b measures 82.55 mm and
on the right photo b/ is 83.00 mm . The parallax bar reading on o1 and o2 were 20.77 mm and
20.88 mm respectively . (a) Calculate the parallax bar constant C based on the average for the
two principal points . (b) Which principal point is higher in elevation ? (c) Calculate the parallaxes
of points a through d , given the following micrometer readings.

Point Micrometer reading , mm

a 19.82
b 20.39
c 21.01
d 18.46

Solution;
b = 82.55 mm , b′ = 83 mm , ro1 = 20.77 mm , ro 2 = 20.88 mm
(a) c1 = b′ - ro1 = 83 - 20.77 = 62.23 mm
c 2 = b - ro 2 = 82.55 - 20.88 = 61.67 mm
c +c 62.23 + 61.67
c = 1 2 = = 61.95 mm
2 2
(b) Po1 = b′ = 83 mm
Po 2 = b = 82.55 mm
Po1 = 83 mm is higher in elevation
(c) Pa = c + ra = 61.95 + 19.82 = 81.77 mm
Pb = c + rb = 61.95 + 20.39 = 82.34 mm
Pc = c + rc = 61.95 + 21.01 = 82.96 mm
Pd = c + rd = 61.95 + 18.46 = 80.41 mm

(b) The image of two control points A nad B appear in the overlap area of a pair of
vertical photographs which were taken with a camera having a focal length of 152.45 mm.The
following photocoordinates and ground coordinates apply to points A and B . Calculate the air
base of the stereopair .
.

Point Left Coordinates Right Coordinates Ground Coordinates

x,mm y,mm x' ,mm y',mm X , ft Y ,ft
A 26.25 -96 -65.07 -95.99 256335.4 91741.6
B -2 34.2 -92.62 34.18 256616.4 89626.1
 49

Solution
Pa = x a - x ′a = 26.25 + 65.07 = 91.32 mm
Pb = x b - x ′b = −2 + 92.62 = 90.62 mm
AB 2 = (X B - X A ) 2 + (YB - YA ) 2
AB 2 = (256616.4 - 256335.4) 2 + (89626.1 - 91741.6) 2
AB = 2134.081 ft
2 2
2 ⎡ B B ⎤ ⎡ B B ⎤
AB = ⎢ x b ( ) − x a ( )⎥ + ⎢ y b ( ) − y a ( )⎥
⎣ Pb Pb ⎦ ⎣ Pa Pa ⎦
AB
B =
2 2
⎛ xb xa ⎞ ⎛y y ⎞
⎜⎜ - ⎟⎟ + ⎜⎜ b - a ⎟⎟
⎝ Pb Pa ⎠ ⎝ Pb Pa ⎠
2134.081
B =
2 2
⎛ - 2 26.25 ⎞ ⎛ 34.2 96 ⎞
⎜ - ⎟ +⎜ - ⎟
⎝ 90.62 91.32 ⎠ ⎝ 90.62 91.32 ⎠
B = 1459.91 ft
 50
29. A pair of overlapping vertical photographs are mounted for parallax measurement.
Distance D is measured as 10.24 inches . Calculate the stereoscopic parallaxex of the following
points whose measured d values are as follows .
Point d
a 6.71 in
b 6.95 in
c 6.28 in
d 6.49 in
And also calculate the area on the ground contained within triangle ABC.Measured x
and y photocoordinates of a ,b and c on the left photo were xa= -0.282 inches , ya=3.47 inches,
xb=0.875 inches , yb= - 4.041 inches , xc= 4.328 inches ,and yc= 1.178 inches .The air base is
3705 feet .

Solution ,
Pa = D − d a = 10.24 − 6.71 = 3.53 in
Pb = D − d b = 10.24 − 6.95 = 3.29 in
Pc = D − d c = 10.24 − 6.28 = 3.96 in
Pd = D − d d = 10.24 − 6.49 = 3.75 in
Bx a 3705( −0.282)
XA = = = −295.98 ft
Pa 3.53
Bx b 3705( +0.875)
XB = = = 985.372 ft
Pb 3.29
Bx c 3705(4.328)
XC = = = 4049.3 ft
Pc 3.96
By a 3705(3.47)
YA = = = 3642.03 ft
Pa 3.53
By b 3705( −4.401)
YB = = = −4956.14 ft
Pb 3.29
By c 3705(1.178)
YC = = = 1102.144 ft
Pc 3.96

AB = (X B − X A ) 2 + (YB − YA ) 2
= 8693.123 ft

BC = (X C − X B ) 2 + (YC − YB ) 2
= 6789 ft

AC = (X C − X A ) 2 + (YC − YA ) 2
= 5033.138 ft
a + b + c BC + AC + AB
s= = = 10257.631 ft
2 2
ΔABC = s(s - a)(s - b)(s - c)
= s(s - BC)(s - AC)(s - AB)
= 17053501.22 ft 2
 51
30. A pair of overlapping vertical photos are exposed from a flying of 12050 ft above
datum using an 88.84 mm focal length camera . The air base was determined as 9830 feet .
The following micrometer readings were taken ( forward reading parallax bar ). Calculate the
elevations of points 1 through 4 if the elevation of point A is 1868 feet above datum .

Point Micrometer reading , mm

A 12.76
1 18.29
2 19.06
3 10.20
4 20.73

Solution,
h A = 1868 ft , H = 12050 ft , f = 88.84 mm , B = 9830 ft , r a = 12.76 mm ,
r1 = 18.29 mm, r 2 = 19.06 mm , r3 = 10.2 mm , r 4 = 20.73 mm
Bf
hA = H -
Pa
Bf
hA + =H
Pa
Bf
Pa =
(H - h A )
9830 × 88.84
= = 85.769 mm
(12050 - 1868)
Pa = c + ra
c = P a - r a = 85.769 − 12.76 = 73.009 mm
P1 = c + r1 = 73.009 + 18.29 = 91.299 mm
P 2 = c + r 2 = 73.009 + 19.06 = 92.069 mm
P3 = c + r3 = 73.009 + 10.2 = 83.209 mm
P 4 = c + r 4 = 73.009 + 20.73 = 93.739 mm
Bf 9830 × 88.84
h1 = H - = 12050 -
P1 91.299
h 1 = 2484.756 ft
Bf 9830 × 88.84
h2 = H - = 12050 - = 2564.753 ft
P2 92.069
Bf 9830 × 88.84
h3 = H - = 12050 - = 1554.775 ft
P3 83.209
Bf 9830 × 88.84
h4 = H - = 12050 - = 2733.737 ft
P4 93.739
BY
TU (Maubin)
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