THE METHOD OF COLUMN ANALOGY

Prob: 1. Find the fixed end moments in a beam shown in fig by using the method of column
analogy.
W
A B
a b
L
W M=Pxe
S.D.S
[ ( )]
MS dia:
-
Wa ( )
P
 CG Unit width
L/2
Mi dia: A =1×L=L

Mi B
Mi A

( )

( )

Fixed end moment at A,

MA = MS at A – Mi at A

( )

1
MB = MS at B – Mi at B

( )

Prob: 2. Determine the fixing moments in the beam AB, as shown in fig with load increasing
from zero at A to "" per unit length at B. Use the method of column analogy.

L B ∫
A

L2 /6
S.D.S |
L/2
- MS dia:
L2 /6 ∫
∑
0.8 L ̅ ∑ ⁄
 CG Unit width
L/2
Mi dia
|

wl2
30 -7wl2
60

2
A =1×L=L

M=Pxe

MA = MS at A – Mi at A

MB = MS at B – Mi at B

( )

3
Prob: 3. Find the fixed end moments in a beam show in fig. by using column analogy method.

240kN
72kN/m
A B
4m 8m
72kN/m
S.D.S

1296
+ P1
Ms dia:
A=1
240kN

S.D.S
640
160
+ P2
Ms dia:

 CG Unit width
6m
Mi dia:

1076.8kN-m
1291.2kN-m

∑
̅
∑
= 5.33 m from left
total P = P1 + P2 = 10368 + 3840 = 14208 P2 P1
A = 1 × 12 = 12 m2

5.33m CG

= 144m4
M = P × e = 3840 × [– (6 – 5.33)] = – 2572.8

4
 = 1291.2 kN – m

= 1076.8 kN – m
MA = MS at A – Mi at A
= 0 – 1291.2
= –1291.2 kN – m
MB = MS at B – Mi at B
= 0 – 1076.8
= –1076.8 kN – m

Prob: 4. Determine the fixed end moments in a beam shown in fig. by using column analogy
method.

P P
( ) ( )
A L/3 L/3 L/3 B
P P

M=P×e=0
S.D.S
A=1×L
PL/3 PL/3
+
Ms dia:
P

 CG Unit width
L/2
Mi dia:

2PL/9
MA = MS at A – Mi at A MB = MS at B – Mi at B

5
 Prob: 5. Determine the fixing moments in a beam shown by using method of column analogy.

20kN/m 160kN
A B
8m 8m 8m = -1706.667
20kN/m
S.D.S
= -20480
MS dia:
- total P = P1 + P2 = -22186.667
640 A = 1 × 24 = 24m2
160kN
S.D.S

MS dia: M=P×e
-
= –1706.667 × [– (12 – 2)] - 20480 ×
2560 P1 P2
[– (12 – 16/3)]
 CG Unit width = 153600
2m
16/3m
12m

Mi dia
= – 2524.44 kN – m

675.5
-2524.44 = 675.55 kN – m
5

MA = MS at A – Mi at A

= – 675.56 kN – m

MB = MS at B – Mi at B

= – 675.55 kN – m

6
 Prob: 6. Figure shows a fixed beam having variable x’section. Calculate the fixed end
moments by using column analogy.
246kN
4m
∑
A B ̅
∑
1.5I I 2I
3m 6m 3m

= 5.7632m from left

2/3 CG 1 Width dia:
I

5.7632 6.2368

246
S.D.S

MS dia: = 90.967 m4

984
M
2 164 3
dia:
EI
1

656 246
P 2 P3
P1 total P = P1 + P2 + P3 = –1353
CG
5.7632 6.2368 M=P×e

M i dia: = –738 × [– (5.7632 – 1)] – 492 ×

[– (5.7632 – 1.5)] – 123 ×

262.89 [– (5.7632 – 10/3)]

-516.95 = 5911.62

= – 516.95 kN – m

= 262.89 kN – m

7
 MA = MS at A – Mi at A MB = MS at B – Mi at B

= – 467.05 kN – m = – 262.89 kN – m
Prob: 7. Calculate the fixing moments for the loaded beam shown in fig. moment of inertia
are varied in length. Use the method of column analogy.
240kN
4m
72kN/m
A B

1.5I I 2I
3m 6m 3m
∑
̅
∑
2/3 CG 1/2
= 5.7632m from left
5.7632 6.2368

72kN/m
S.D.S

c 1296
432 972
+
a M dia:
b S
1296

= 90.967 m4
1 648 2 486 3 M dia:
EI For U.D.L
240kN
S.D.S B.M at 3m = 432 × 3 – 72 × 3 ×1.5
640
= 972 kN-m

M dia:
S
640
480
240 ∫
5
320 4 6
M dia:
120
P
EI = 1620
P P 3
1 2
1.95 1.95
CG

6m

P P P
5 4 6
2m 2m
CG

5.33m
M dia:
i = 7128

1276.29 ∑ ∫ ( )
1339.74
̅
∑
= 1.95m from left
8
 ∑
̅
∑
= 5.33m from left

total P = P1 + P2 + P3 + P4 – P5 – P6 = 12438

M=P×e
= 1080 × [– (5.7632 – 1.95)] + 810 × (6.2368 – 1.95) + 7128 (6 – 5.7632)
+ 3840 [– (5.7632 – 5.33)] – 240 × [– (5.7632 –2)] – 180 × (6.2368 –2)
= – 480.98

= 1339.74 kN – m

= 1276.29 kN – m

MA = MS at A – Mi at A

= – 1339.74 kN – m
MB = MS at B – Mi at B

= – 1276.29 kN – m

9
 Prob: 8. By using the method of column analogy calculate the fixed end moments for the
beam shown in fig. E is constant and I are variable in length.
60k
18'
6k/ft
A B
2I I 2I
9' 18' 9'

1/2 CG 1/2
[ ]
18'

6k/ft = 2187 ft4

S.D.S B.M at 9ft = 108 × 9 – 6 × 9 ×4.5
c 972 = 729 k–ft
108 729
+
a MS dia: ∫
b
972
|
1 2 3 M dia:
EI
60k
S.D.S
540
270

MS dia:
540 = 16038
270 270
5 4 6
135 135 M dia:
EI
P1 P2 P3
5.85 5.85
total P = P1 + P2 + P3 + P4 – P5 – P6 = 28188
18'
∑ ∫
P4 P6 ̅
P5 ∑
6' 6'
= 5.85 ft from left
Mi dia: M=P×e

1044 1044

10
M = 1822.5 × [– (18 – 5.85)] + 16038 × 0 + 1822.5 × (18 – 5.85) – 607.5 [– (18 – 6)] – 607.5
(18 – 6) = 0

= 1044 k–ft

= 1044 k–ft
MA = MS at A – Mi at A

= – 1044 k–ft
MB = MS at B – Mi at B

= –1044 k–ft

Prob: 9. Determine the stiffness and carryover factors for a beam element shown with
variable moment of inertia by using column analogy method.

A B
2I I
9m 15m
A
∑
̅
∑

1/2 CG 1 width
EI
=13.73 m from left

13.73 10.27

P = A
11
M=P×e
= A × (–13.73) = 13.73A

= 0.284 EI

= – 0.123 EI

MB = – 0.433 MA

Prob: 10. Use the method of column analogy determines the fixing moments for a beam
shown in fig with variable moment of inertia.

∑
̅
∑
= 3.5 m from left

P3 = 2 × 1000 = –2000

Total P = P1 + P2 + P3 + P4 = –10000

12
 1000kg 2000kg
2000kg/m
A B
2I I
2m 1m 3m

1/2 CG 1 width
I
3.5m
= 12.375 m4
2000kg/m
M=P×e
S.D.S
= –4500×[– (3.5–0.75)] –3000×
MS dia:
[– (3.5–2/3)] –2000× [– (3.5 – 1)]

9000 – 500 × [– (3.5 – 7/3)]

M dia: = 26458.33
1 EI

4500 1000kg 2000kg

S.D.S
MS dia: = – 9705.39 kg – m
2000
8000
M dia:
3 4 EI = 312289 kg–m
2
1000
4000
P2 MA = MS at A – Mi at A
P4
P1
2/3 P3
CG = – 7294.61 kg – m
0.75
1 MB = MS at B – Mi at B
7/3
Mi dia:
= – 0.312289 kg – m

3122.89
9705.39

13
 APPROXIMATE ANALYSIS OF STATICALLY INDETERMINATE STRUCTURES

Prob: 1. Analyze the structure shown in figure using the portal method.

1k B D F

12'

C
40' 40'
A
1k . . E

. 0.25k . 0.5k . 0.25k

0.25k 0.5k 0.25k

1.5k-ft 1.5 1.5 1.5

1k 0.75 0.75 0.25 0.25

1.5 3 0.075 1.5

0.075 0.075 0.075

0.25 0.5
0.25

0.075 0 0.075

0.075 0.075
0
0.25 0.5
0.25

1.5 3 1.5

0.25 0.5
0.25
0.075 0 0.075

1.5k-ft 3k-ft 1.5k-ft

14
Prob: 2. Analyze the given frame shown in fig by using the portal method.
10k

12'
10k

12'

60' 20'

10k
. .
. 2.5k . .5k
2.5k

10k
. .
5k 10k 5k

10k 15
15k-ft 15 15
7.5k 7.5 2.5 2.5

15 30 1.5 15
0.5 0.5 1.5

2.5k 5k
2.5k

0.5 1 1.5

0.5 1.5
1
2.5k 5k 2.5k
15 30 15
10k 75 7.5 7.5 75 75 2.5 2.5 75

60 2.5 7.5 60
2.5 120 7.5

5k
10k 5k
3 6 9

15
 Prob: 3. Analyze the structure shown in fig using the cantilever method.
Assume columns have same x’sectional area.

∑
2k C F I ̅
∑
= 46.7 ft from left
20'
2k B E H

20'
A D G = 1 × 46.72 + 1 × (60 – 46.7)2 + 1 × (80 – 46.7)2
60' 20'
= 3466.67 ft4
For upper story
46.7 M = 2 × 10 = 20 k-ft
2k

V EF V HI
V BC

46.
M = 2 × 30 + 2 × 10 = 80 k-ft
2 7
k

2 VDE = 0.08 × 4 = 0.32 k

k
VGH = 0.19 × 4 = 0.76 k

V V
V
DE GH
AB

. .
. . .
. .
. . .
For Lower Story

16
 8.1k-ft 8.1 1.9 1.9
2k 1.19 0.19
1.19 0.19

8.1 10 0.19 1.9

0.27 0.27 0.19

0.81 1
0.19

0.27 0.08 0.19

0.27 0.19
0.08
0.81 1 0.19
8.1 10 1.9
2k 24.3 1.19 1.19 24.3 5.7 0.19 0.19 5.7

16.2 0.81 0.57 3.8

0.81 20 0.57

1.62 2 0.38
0.32 0.76
1.08

1.08 0.76
0.32
2 0.38
1.62

16.2 20 3.8

1.62 2
1.08 0.38
0.32
0.76
16.2 20
3.8

17
 Prob: 4. Analyze the given frame loaded shown in fig by using the cantilever method.
Assume columns have same x’sectional area.

3k C F I

12' ∑
3k B E H ̅
∑
12' = 36.67 ft from left
A D G

40' 30'

For upper story

3k

= 1 × 36.672 + 1 × (40 – 36.67)2 + 1 × (70 –

3k 36.67)2
= 2466.67 ft4
M = 3 × 6 = 18 k-ft
3k

V EF V HI
V BC
36.67

For lower story

3k M = 3 × 24 + 3 × 12 = 108 k-ft

3k
VDE = 0.024 × 6 = 0.144 k

36.67 VGH = 0.243 × 6 = 1.458 k

V DE V GH
V AB

18
 5.34 5.34 3.645 3.645
3k 2.11 0.6125 0.6125
2.11

5.34 8.985 0.243 3.645

0.267 0.267 0.243

1.4975
0.89
0.6125

0.267 0.024 0.243

0.267 0.243
0.024
0.89 1.4975
0.6125
5.34 8.985
18.225 3.675
3k 26.7 2.11 2.11 26.7 18.225 0.6125 0.6125

21.36 1.335 1.215 14.7

1.335 35.94 1.215

1.78
2.995 1.225

1.602 0.144 1.458

Prob: 5. Solve the given frame by using the factor method.

1k B Krel = 5 D Krel = 5 F

Krel = 1
Krel = 2 Krel = 1 12'

A C E
40' 40'

g = 0.167 g = 0.167 g = 0.167

C = 0.833
C = 0.833

C = 0.833
C =1

C =1
C =1

G = 1.25 G = 1.25 G = 1.25 G = 1.25

C = 1.333
C = 1.333

C = 2.666

∑ ∑ ∑
C = 1.417

C = 1.417
C = 2.834

19
 ∑
∑

∑
1.45 1.45 1.45 1.45
1k

1.45
1.45 2.9

. 0.25 . 0.5 . 0.25

1.55 3.1
1.55

0.25k
0.25k
0.5
1.55 k-ft 3.1 1.55 k-ft

0
0.0725 0.0725k

1k D
1.45

∑ +

1.45 + 0.25 × 12 – 1.55 – VA × 40 = 0

VA = 0.0725k

0.25
1.45
D
1.55

VA +
∑
1.45 – 1.55 + 0.25 × 12 – VE × 40 = 0
VE = 0.0725k
∑
VA + VC + VE = 0 0.25

VC = 0
1.55

VE
20
Prob: 6. Analyze the structure shown in fig using the factor method.

2k Krel = 4 Krel = 12

Krel = 2 Krel = 2 Krel = 1 20'

2k Krel = 4 Krel = 12

Krel = 2 Krel = 2 Krel = 1 20'

60' 20'

g = 0.333 g = 0.111 g = 0.077

C = 0.667

C = 0.923
C = 0.889

g = 0.5 g = 0.2 g = 0.143

C =1 C = 0.857
C = 0.5

C = 0.8
C =1

C =1

G = 1.566 G = 1.112 G = 1.8 G = 1.576

C = 1.834

C = 1.352
C = 2.578

∑ ∑
∑
C = 2.49

C = 1.319
C = 1.666

G = 2.4 G = 1.8 G = 3.264 G = 2.716

C = 1.357
C = 2.6
C=2

∑ ∑
∑
C = 1.429
C = 2.8
C = 2.5

21
∑
∑
Story shear (upper) = 2 k
Story shear (lower) = 4 k
∑
∑

6.5 3.5 5.7 4.9

2k

4.9
6.5 9.2

. 0.62 . 0.9 . 0.48

5.9 8.8
4.9
18.5 13.5
2k 9 16.3

8.6
12.6 16.5

. 1.42 . 1.7 . 0.88

15.8 17.7
9

1.42
0.88
1.7
15.8
17.7 9

22
 ARCH AND SUSPENSION SYSTEMS

Prob: 1. A three-hinged parabolic arch of span 40m and rise 10m is carrying a uniformly
Distributed load as shown in fig. find the horizontal thrust and draw the B.M.D.
3t/m
3t/m
A B
.C 20 m 20 m

10 m

B
40 m
∑ +
3 × 20 × 10 – VB × 40 = 0
3t/m
VB = 15 t
.C
∑
VA – 3 × 20 + VB = 0
A
H
VA = 45 t
∑ +
45 t
45 × 20 – H × 10 – 3 × 20 × 10 = 0
H = 30 t
For parabolic arch,

For left portion,

Moment at any x distance,

For Mmax:,

x = 10m
+ve Mmax: = 15 × 10 – 0.75 × 102 = 75 t–m
For right portion,

23
 + 75t-m
= 0.75x2 – 15x -
75t-m
For Mmax:,

B.M.D
x = 10m
–ve Mmax: = 0.75 × 102 – 15 × 10 = –75 t–m

Prob: 2. A parabolic three-pinned arch has a span of 20m and central rise 4m. It is loaded
with a uniformly distributed load of 2t/m for a length of 8m from left end support. Draw the
B.M.D and find the position and magnitude of max: B.M over the arch.

∑ + 2t/m
2 × 8 × 4 – VB × 20 = 0
.C
VB = 3.2 t
∑ 4m

VA – 2 × 8 +3.2 = 0 A B
VA = 12.8 t 8m
20m
For parabolic arch

.C

For left portion,

H
Moment at any x distance,

3.2 t

= 12.8x –x2 – 6.4x + 0.32x2 ∑

= 6.4x – 0.68x2 3.2 × 10 – H × 4 = 0
For Mmax:, H=8t

x = 4.71 m from support A

+ve Mmax: = 6.4 × 4.71 – 0.68 × 4.712
= 15.06 t–m

24
For right potion,

+ 15.06 t-m

8 t-m
-
= 3.2x – 6.4x + 0.32x2
= 0.32x2 – 3.2x
For Mmax:,
4.71 m B.M.D

8m

x=5m
–ve Mmax: = 0.32 × 52 – 3.2 × 5
= –8 t–m

Prob: 3. A three-hinged parabolic arch of span 40 m and central rise 10 m is carrying a

uniformly distributed load as shown in fig. Determine the BM over the arch and find the
position and magnitude of max: BM.

3000 kg/m
∑ +
3000 × 20 × 20 – VB × 40 = 0 .
C
VB = 3000 kg 10 m
∑
A B
VA + 3000 × 20 – 3000 = 0
10 m 10 m 10 m 10 m
VA = 3000 kg
3000 kg/m
For parabolic arch
.C

For left portion,

H
Moment at any x distance,
VA
( )

= 30000x – 45000x + 1125x2 ∑ +

2
= 1125x – 15000x VA × 20 – 3000 × 10 × 5 – H × 10 = 0
For Mmax:, H = 45000 kg

25
x = 6.667 m

( ) ( ) .
= 1125x2 – 15000x – 1500 (x2 – 20x + 100)
= 1125x2 – 15000x – 1500x2 – 30000x – 150000
= 15000x – 375x2 – 150000 x

+ve Mmax: = 1125 × 6.6672 – 15000 × 6.667

= –50000kg – m
M at 10m = 1125 × 102 – 15000 × 10
= –37500 kg-m

M at 15m = 15000 × 15 – 375 × 152 – 150000

= –9375 kg–m

Prob: 4. Draw the influence line for the in member FG due to vertical reaction only and
horizontal reaction only. Also find the influence line for the horizontal reaction.

A B C D E F G H I

e
d f

c g 60'

h
b

a i

8 panels @ 30' = 240'

I.L for vertical reaction only in member FG

If unit load at A to E
Take the right section of FG member,

26
∑ +

If unit load at F to I, take the left section of FG member,

∑ +
Ray × 150 – FG × 15 = 0

A B C D E F G H I

0.75
1.5 1.25

2.25 2.5
3
3.75

I.L for barforce in FG member due to vertical reaction only.

I. L for horizontal reaction only in member FG

If unit load apply at A to E, take right section of FG,

∑ +
–Riy × 120 + Rix × 48 = 0

∑ +
Rix × 45 – FG × 15 = 0

27
If unit load at F to I, take the left section of FG member,

∑ +
Ray × 120 – Rax × 48 = 0 3.75
2.8125 2.8125
1.875 1.875
∑ + 0.9375
0.9375
– Rax × 45 + FG × 15 = 0

A B C D E F G H I

I.L for barforce in FG member due to horizontal reaction only.

I.L for horizontal reaction

1.25
If unit load apply at A to E 0.9375 0.9375
0.625 0.625
0.3125 0.3125
If unit load at F to I
A B C D E F G H I

I.L for horizontal reaction.

28
 YIELD LINE AND STRIP M ETHODS FOR SLABS

Prob: 1. Determine the ultimate moment of a square isotropic slab simply supported on three
sides and subjected to a uniform load ‘q’ per unit area.

Part 1
x

Part 3
Part 2

L/2 L/2

Let the junction of three fracture line have a Virtual displacement  =1

The internal virtual work,

( )

The external virtual work,

{ [ ]}

, -

, -

W=U

, - ( )

29
 { }

( )

[ ]
( )

For max: value of m,

( )
[ ]
( )

18L2 – 24x2 – 12xL = 0

24x2 + 12xL – 18L2 = 0
x = 0.65L

[ ]
( )

 ultimate moment ,

30
 PLASTIC ANALYSIS OF CONTINUOUS BEAMS AND FRAMES

Prob: 1. Find the fully plastic moment for the beam shown with the collapse loads indicated.

2P 3P EI constant

Total load 4P

L 0.25L 0.75L 0.6L 0.4L

Beam mechanism (1)

4P/L

1 2

1 + 2

( )
x

* +

(L – 2x) (L + x) – (Lx – x2 ) = 0
L2 + Lx – 2Lx – 2x2 – Lx + x2 = 0
L2 – 2Lx – x2 = 0
x2 + 2Lx – L2 = 0

Beam mechanism (2)

2P × 0.25L1 = MP 1 + MP (1 + 2 ) + MP 2
0.5PL1 = 2MP 1 + 2MP 2

31
 0.5PL ×32 = 2MP × 32 + 2MP 2
2P
1.5PL2 = 8MP 2
MP = 0.1875PL

Beam mechanism (3) 1 2

3P × 0.6L1 = MP 1 + MP (1 + 2 )
1 + 2
1.8PL1 = 2MP 1 + 1.5MP 1
= 3.5MP 1
1.8PL = 3.5MP 3P
MP = 0.514PL
 Fully plastic moment, MP = 0.514PL
1 2

1 + 2

Prob: 2. Find the fully plastic moment for the continuous beam shown with the collapse load.

2L L

L/4 L/4 L/2 1.5L

Beam mechanism (1.a)

2L L

1 2
( )

1 + 2

32
Beam mechanism (1.b)

2L L

 

2

Beam mechanism (2)

x


1 2

1 + 2
( )

( )

* +

x2 – 6Lx + 4.5L2 = 0
x = 0.879L

= 0.19L2
Ans: MP =2/5 L2

33
Prob: 3. A fixed beam of span 6m carries a uniformly distributed load of 6.6t/m on the right
hand 4.5m as shown in fig:. Calculate the plastic moment and locate the position of the
plastic hinge.

6.6 t/m
A B

1.5m 4.5m

Soln

6-x x
4.5 - x

1 2

1
1 +2

[( ) ( ) ]

( ) ( )

( ) ( )

– 19.8x2 + 111.375x = 12MP

MP = –1.65x2 +9.28x

– 3.3x +9.28 = 0
x = 2.812m
MP = –1.65 (2.812)2 +9.28 ×2.812
= 13.05 t-m

34
Prob: 4. Determine the fully plastic moment for the continuous beam shown.

10 t 5t 6t 8t

2MP MP 1.5MP

2m 4m 3m 4m 4m 4m 4m

Beam mechanism (1.a)

10 t 5t 10 × 21 + 5 × 32 = 2MP (1 + 2 ) + MP 2

1 2
( )
1 +2
MP = 8.5 t-m

Beam mechanism (1.b)

10 t 5t 10 × 21 + 5 × 32 = 2MP (1 + 2 ) + MP 2

501 = 8MP 1
1 2
MP = 6.25 t-m
1 +2

Beam mechanism (2)

6t
6 × 4 = MP ( + 2 +)
24 = 4MP 
  MP = 6 t-m

2
Beam mechanism (3)

8t 8 × 4 = MP  + 1.5 MP × 2
32 = 4MP 
MP = 8 t-m
 

fully plastic moment MP = 8.5 t-m

2
35
Prob: 5. Determine true collapse load for the frame shown. Ignore the effects of shear and
axial forces.
2P
P
2MP

0.6L
MP MP

L/2 L/2

Beam mechanism
2P

.  
.
. 2

Sidesway mechanism
P
P × 0.6L = MP ( +) + MP ( + )
. . 0.6PL = 4MP 
P = 6.667 MP /L

. .

36
Combine mechanism
2P
P


.
 ..
2
2

. .
1.6PL = 8MP 
P = 5MP /L
 True collapse load = 5MP /L

Prob: 6. Determine the fully plastic moment for the frame shown, with collapse loads
indicated. Ignore the effects of shear and axial forces.
P
2P

Constant MP

0.8L

P
0.4L 0.6L

Beam mechanism
. .
1 2
1 + 2
.
P × 0.4L1 = MP 1 + MP (1 + 2 ) + MP 2
0.4PL × 1.52 = 2MP ×1.52 + 2MP 2
0.6PL2 = 5 MP 2
MP = 0.12PL

37
Sidesway mechanism

2P

. .
2P × 0.8L = MP (+ ) + MP 
1.6PL = 3MP 
MP = 0.533PL


.
Combined mechanism
2P × 0.8L1 + P × 0.4L1 = MP 1 + MP (1 + 2 ) + MP (1 +2 )
1.6PL× 1.52 + 0.4PL × 1.52 = 3MP × 1.52 + 2MP 2
P 3PL2 = 6.5 MP 2
2P
1
. 2
1 +2
..
1 +2
MP = 0.462 PL

1
 Fully plastic moment, MP = 0.533 PL
.

Prob: 7. Determine the fully plastic moment for the frames shown with the collapse loads
indicated. Ignore the effects of shear and axial forces.
P P
P

Constant MP

L/2 L/2 L/2 L/2

38
Mechanism (1)

. 
P

.
. 2

P
Mechanism (2) .
 
.
. 2

Mechanism (3)
P
. . .

. . .

Mechanism (4) = (3) + (1) combine

P

P

.. .
. 2
. . .
39
Mechanism (5) = (3) + (2) combine

..
P P
.  
..
. 2
2

. . .

Mechanism (6) = (5) + joint mechanism

P
. . P

.

..
2
2

. . .

Mechanism (7) = (6) + (1) combine

P
P
.. P


. 2
 

. 2

.. 2

. . .
40
 Fully plastic moment, MP = 0.1875 PL

Prob: 8. Determine true collapse load for the frame shown. Ignore the effects of shear and
axial forces. 4P 5P
3P
2MP 3MP

MP 2MP 2MP 2L

L L 1.5L 1.5L
Mechanism (1)

. . 
4P

.
2

Mechanism (2)

5P
. 
. . 
2

Mechanism (3) 2P
. . .
.

. .
41
Mechanism (4) = (3) + (1) combine

4P
2P

.. 
.
. 2

. . .

Mechanism (5) = (3) + (2) combine

5P
2P
. .. . . 
2

2

. . .

Mechanism (6) = (5) + joint mechanism

5P
2P
. .   .
. 2
2

. . .
42
 Mechanism (7) = (6) + (1) combine

5P
2P

4P

..  . 
. 2 . 2
2

.
. .
True collapse load, PC = 1.467 MP /L

Prob: 9. Determine the true collapse load for the frame shown. Ignore the effects of shear and
axial forces.
3P 4P 2P
2P
2MP 3MP 2MP
1.5L
MP 2MP 2MP MP

L 2L L 3L 1.5L 1.5L

Mechanism (1)
3P

.  /2
.
. +/2

Mechanism (2)
4P
.  /3
. ( )

. +/3

43
Mechanism (3)
2P
.
  .
. 

Mechanism (4)
2P
. . . .

Mechanism (5) = (4) + (1) combine

3P
2P
 /2
.. . .
 . +/2

( )

44
Mechanism (6) = (4) + (2) combine

4P
2P
. ..  /3
.. .
 . +/3

( )

Mechanism (7) = (4) + (3) combine

..
2P
2P
. .   .
2
 . 2

Mechanism (8) = (7) + joint mechanism

2P
. . . 
2P

 .
2
 . 2

45
Mechanism (9) = (8) + (2) + joint mechanism

4P
2P
. .  /3
.. 
2P

 .
2
. +/3 . 2

( )

Mechanism (10) = (9) + (1) + joint mechanism

3P 4P
2P
 /2
..  /3
.. 
2P

 .
2
. +/2 . +/3
. 2

( ) ( )

True collapse load, PC =1.5 MP /L

46