Complex Sentence

- Simple Sentence - Complex Sentence

Contains one main /independent clause Contains one main/independent clause + one

e.g The baby cried. subordinate clause

e.g Although I was tired, I stayed up late studying.

LINKING WORDS

Comparison /Contrast

A is larger than B.

A is more expensive than B.

C is the largest/ most expensive.

C is significantly larger than B.

C is expensive, whereas A is cheap. (whereas : iken, zıtlık belirtir.)

A is quite small. On the other hand, C is very large.

The main difference between A and C that A is cheap whereas C is expensive.

A is cheap. In contrast, B is quite expensive. (In contrast: tersine, karşı)

Cause and Effect

Speeding is the cause of many car accidents.

Speeding causes / leads to / results in many car accidents.

Car accidents are caused by / are the result of speeding.

Car accidents occur because of speeding.

Car accidents occur because / since people speed.

As a result of speeding, car accident occur.

Additional Information

A is small and cheap.

A is small. A is also cheap.

Not only is A cheap, but it is also small.

- Not only + inverted verb phrase ( s/are/verb + subject + adjective), but sub + verb also + adj.

As well as / In addition to being cheap, A is small. (As well as: yanı sıra)

A is small. In addition, A is cheap.

Opposition

Exam time can be stressful, but it is possible to survive.

Although exam time can be stressful, it is possible to survive.

- Although + given situation , unexpected event/ situation.

Despite / In spite of the stress of exam time, it is possible to survive. (Despite : -e rağmen)

- Inspite of + noun or given situation, unexpected event/ situation.

Exam time is stressful. However, it is possible to survive.

- Given situation sentence. However, unexpected event/ situation.

Examples

1- Although large windmills are sometimes ugly, they generate cheap electricity.
2- Public transport can be irregular and inconvenient, whereas private cars are a covenient means of
transport.

RELATIVE CLAUSE (Adjective Clause)

A person: who/that/whose

e.g This is the man who lent me the book.

I saw a man that wears black coat.

A new girl whose eyes are stunning, attended the course.

A thing: which/that/whose

e.g The law which/that should be abolished is the tax on luxury products.

I’d like to visit Canada whose climate is harsh.

A place or location: where

e.g The country where I lived has many lakes.

A reason: why - A time: when

e.g Hospitable people and warm weather are the reason why most people move here.

e.g This is the time when we turn in.

Reference Pronoun

A pronoun replaces a noun. Sometimes this is done to avoid repetition. Reference words can refer forward or
back.

e.g One firm is already using specially designed psychometric software. The Kleanup Kitchen Company is
employing it to choose members of its staff for a specific project. One firm = The Kleanup Kitchen Company
specially designed psychometric software = it its = The Kleanup Kitchen Company’s

CONDITIONAL (If)

Zero : If + Present Simple , Present Simple

e.g If you eat too much sugar, you put on weight.

One : If+ Present Simple, Will (High Possibility)

e.g If I see her tomorrow, I will speak to her.

Two: If + Past Simple , Would (Low Possibility)

e.g If I saw her tomorrow , I would speak to her.

Two 1 : Hypothetical (Varsayımsal)

e.g If I were a lawyer, I would not take on this case. Three

: If + Past Perfect , would have V3 (Zero Possibility)

e.g If she had been here , she would have made me a cake.

Use of may, might, could

- Reduce the certainty (Kesinliği azaltmak için) (1-2-3)

e.g If I see her, I will talk to her. (no doubt)

If I see her, I may/might/could talk to her. (some doubt)

e.g If I saw her tomorrow , I would speak to her. (sure)

If I saw her tomorrow , I might/could speak to her. (possible)

e.g I had had some time, I would have tidied up my office. (sure)

I had had some time, I might/could have tidied up my office. (possible)

 When (yapınca) When you finish your homework, I give you two dollars.

As soon as (yapar yapmaz) As soon as I finish my work, I give you a lift.

Unless (If not) Unless you invest your money properly, you won’t earn much
interest.

Provided that (koşuluyla) Provided that you eat less sugar, you will lose weight.
As long as (-dığın sürece) You are allowed to go as long as you let us know when you arrive.

In case (ihtimaline karşı) In case I forget later, here are the keys to the garage.
Even if (-sa bile) Even if you come over today, I’m not going to be home.

Wish

Geniş Zaman: wish + Past Simple

e.g I wish I had a car

I wish my father wasn’t always right. Geçmiş

Zaman : wish+ Past Perfect

e.g I wish I had gone to the USA.

I wish I had thought about the other costs before I bought it.

wish + something/someone + would

e.g I wish you would stop smoking.

I wish my neighbour would stop talking loudly.

should have done

- Geçmişle ilgili eleştiri yapmak için kullanılır.

e.g I should have studied hard when I was at university.

rather

- rather than
e.g We ought to invest in machinery rather than buildings.
(İnşaat yerine makineye yatırım yapmamız lazım.)

- would rather (tercih ederim)

e.g I’d rather you didn’t hunt elephants.
e.g How about a drink? ~ I'd rather have something to eat.
(Bir içkiye ne dersin? ~ Bir şeyler yemeği tercih ederim.)

Future In the Past (Geçmişte gelecek)

was/were going to – gelecektim

yapacaktım
e.g I was going to be a lawyer but I changed my mind (Bir avukat olacaktım ama fikrimi değiştirdim)

She was going to be my wife but she got married someone else.

I was going to buy a new cell phone but my father gave me a new one in my birthday.

She was gonna be at home before noon.

!!!! Genellikle planlanmış ama yapılamamış eylemleri anlatır.

would

Yan cümle konumunda kullanılır.

e.g She thought she would die in a week. (Bir hafta içinde öleceğini düşünüyordu.)

!!!! Will, geniş zamana benzer anlamda verebilir.

e.g I will give you a lift if you like. (İstersen seni arabayla bırakırım.)

I would give you a lift if you liked. (İsteseydin seni bırakırdım.)

It would also be very interesting to be able to work there. (Orada çalışabilmek de çok ilginç olurdu.)

He would do anything for me. (Benim için her şeyi yapardı.)

Examples

1- We thought they would get married. (Evleneceklerini zannediyorduk.)

2- She said she would come before noon. (O öğleden önce geleceğini söyledi.)
3- She thought she would be a lawyer but she changed her mind. (Avukat olacağını düşünüyordu ama
fikrini değiştirdi.)
4- I thought you would study tonight. (Bu gece ders çalışacağını sanıyordum.)
Noun Clause

Temel Cümle + Yan Cümle (Noun Clause- İsim Cümleciği)

- Bir fillden sonra gelir.

e.g I know that you are right.

We saw that the city had been abandoned. (Şehrin terk edilmiş olduğunu gördük.)

He accepted that he had stolen the money. (Parayı çalmış olduğunu kabul etti.)

- Bir sıfattan sonra da gelebilir.

e.g It is so sad that she is not with us today. (Bugün bizimle olmaması çok üzücü.)

Is it true that you lost the game? (Maçı kaybettiğiniz doğru mu?)

- Özne görevinde de kullanılabilir.

e.g That he remains silent won’t drop the charges against him. (Sessiz kalması aleyhindeki suçlamaları düşürmez.)

That he hasn’t made it is so sad. (Başaramamış olması çok üzücü.)

That the moon is the orbit of the earth is a fact which is accepted by many people.

Wh- (What, Where, When, Why, Who, Whom, Whose, Which, How)

e.g I heard what you said. (Ne söylediğini duydum.)

Nobody knows where she went. (Onun nereye gittiğini kimse bilmiyor.)

Do you know when the post office opens in the afternoon? (Postanenin öğleden sonra kaçta açılacağını biliyor
musun?)

Why she did that is still a secret. (Onun ne yaptığı hala bir sır.)

Is it clear who will make the opening speech? (Açılış konuşmasını kimin yapacağı belli mi?)

Whose house this is, is of no concern. (Bu evin kimin olduğu umurumda değil.)

We will see after the race which horse is the fastest. (Hangi atın en hızlı olduğunu yarıştan sonra göreceğiz.)

Examples

1- That there is no gravity in space is a fact.

2- I don’t care whose relative he is.
3- When the plan will take off must be written on the ticket.

Whether / If

Yes ya da no ile cevap verilebilen soruları noun clause ‘a dönüştürdüğümüzde whether/if kullanılır. Tek bir
olasılığın gerçekleşme durumunda birbirlerinin yerine kullanılabilir.
e.g She asked me whether/if I had enjoyed the party. (O bana partiyi sevip sevmediğimi sordu.)

My wife asked me whether the guests would stay over. (Karım bana misafirlerin yatıya kalıp kalmayacağını
sordu.)

I don’t know whether/if they will speak English (İngilizce konuşup konuşmayacaklarını bilmiyorum.)

İki alternatif varsa ; whether - or kullanılır.

e.g My wife asked me whether the guests would stay over or they would stay at a hotel.

(Karım bana misafirlerin yatıya mı kalacaklarını yoksa otelde mi kalacaklarını sordu?)

Whether özne pozisyonunda kullanılabilir.

e.g Whether she is thirty or twenty-nine years old isn’t an obtacle to get the job.

(Otuz ya da yirmi dokuz yaşında olması işe girmesine engel değil.)

Whether: Umursamazlık/Kayıtsızlık durumunda kullanılır.

e.g Whether you like it or not, I’m coming with you.

(Hoşuna gitse de gitmese de seninle geliyorum.)

Even If: -sa bile

e.g We may not manage even if we try. (Denesek bile başaramayabiliriz.)

Subject - Verb Agreement

WHO- WHAT- WHERE – WHEN – HOW – WHY

e.g John called earlier to cancel his appointment

The bus returned to the station to drop off the passengers

I see the girl who wears a black coat drinking coffee, when I go to the school.

The student went to school in this morning on foot.

Vurgulama yapmak için bazı ögeleri cümle başına alabiliriz

e.g On the train, John was fine, but the office he felt sick.

e.g Earlier John felt sick, but now, he’s alright.

 Much - A Little - Little

• Uncountable Nouns
• Much : çok fazla
A little : not much not little (bir miktar)
Little : çok az

e.g Normally I eat a little rice but, I ate much rice last night

Many - A Few - Few

• Countable Nouns
• Many : çok fazla
A Few : not many not few (bir miktar)
Few : çok az

e.g Do you know many people here?

No, I don’t know many people. I know a few people here.

- Little ve Few den önce very kullanılır.

e.g I usually eat very little rice, but I ate a little rice last night.

I usually buy very few apple, but I bought a few apple last night.

- Sayılamayan ismi , sayılabilir hale getirmek için doğru ölçü birimi kullanılır.
e.g Much Milk – Many glasses of milk
Much Bread - Many slices of bread
Much Equipment – Many pieces of equipment

If you don’t want to worry about whether a noun is countable or uncountable, you can use expressions that work
for both groups.

- A lot of – Much, Many

- Some – A little, A few

e.g I eat a lot of rice (much)

I ate some rice last night. (a little)

Passive Voice

When we use the Passive;

1- We don’t know who the subject is, or it is not important

e.g Somebody cleaned the room

The room was cleaned

2- When it is obvious who the subject is because he/she usually does it

e.g The cleaner cleaned the room

The room was cleaned

Tense Active Passive

Present Simple I do it It is done
Past Simple I did it It was done
Future Simple I will do it It will be done
Present Continuous I am doing it It is being done
Past Continuous I was doing it It was being done
Future Continuous I will be doing it It will be being done
Present Perfect I have done it It has been done
Past Perfect I had done it It had been done
Future Perfect I will have been done it It will have been done

Perfect Continuous Tense is not common in Passive.

In structures containing the infinitive: do ----- done

Active Passive
Be going to I am going to do it It is going to be done
Have to I have to do it It has to be done
Used to I used to do it It used to be done
Modals (can, could, must…) I can do it It can be done

In expressions containing the Gerund: doing ------ being done

Active Passive
Avoid I avoid seeing him He avoids being seen
Don’t mind I don’t mind teaching her She doesn’t mind being taught

Examples

1- How is going to achieve this goals?

How is going to be achieved this goals?
2- The surgeon has recently operated on his knees.
His knees has recently been operated on.
 How can I paraphrase?

Substituting synonyms :

e.g Helen Davies is the most famous person in this town.

Helen Davies is the most well-known person in this town.

It’s the final night of the show.

It’s the last night of the show.

Nicole was nervous because it was the premier of her film.

Nicole was nervous because it was the first night of her film.

The prize for Best Score goes to Harriet James for the theme song ‘Leaving Missisippi’

The award for Best Score goes to Harriet James for the theme song ‘Leaving Missisippi’

The lead actor was fired from the film because of his bad behaviour.

The lead actor was dismissed the film because of his bad behaviour.

Changing word forms:

e.g De Vrie was the composer of ‘Jules’ Theme.

De Vrie composed ‘Jules’ Theme.

She performed really well in the new play.

She gave an excellent performance in the new play.

The actor and director had creative differences.

The actor and director differed creatively.

Thomas Howard is recognised by the nation as the best president the country has ever had.

Thomas Howard is nationally recognised as the best president the country has ever had.

Change some of the words in the original sentence into different parts of speech (you will often need to
change the word order and some other words, too).

e.g The most effective way to build your English skill is to study regularly."

The most effective way of building your English skill is to do studying on a regular basis."
Passive – Active or Active – Passive :

If the original sentence is in the active voice, change it to passive or vice versa.

e.g 1. "To improve English, you should learn new vocabulary on a daily basis."
2. "To improve English, new vocabulary should be learned on a daily basis."

The doctor had treated hundreds of patients before he received his medical license.

Hundreds of patients had treated by the doctor before he received his medical license.

My mother washes the floor every Sunday.

The floor is washed every Sunday.

The police is delivering the food to an orphanage.

The food is being delivered to an orphanage.

The French professors used to teach students in the East Building.

Students used to be taught by the French professors in the East Building.

We all knew the team would finish the project on time.

We all knew the project would be finished on time by the team.

Paraphrasing the positive and negative sentences

Changing the verb positive to negative or negative to positive

e.g The meeting was difficult.

The meeting wasn’t easy.

Both .... and, neither.... nor

e.g Both Human Resources and the Finance Department were unaffected when the company was taken
over.

Neither Human Resources nor the Finance Department were affected when the company was taken
over.

more than/ less than

e.g Bob earns more money than Paul. -------- Paul earns less money than Bob.
Examples:

1- Working in a bank is less interesting than working in a hotel. (more interesting)

Working in a hotel is more interesting than working in a bank.

2- Neither managers nor staff in the catering industry earn high salaries. (both/low)

Both managers and staff in the catering industry earn low salaries.

3- Most of the company’s employees have little experience in IT. (only a few)

Only a few of company’s employees have little experience in IT.

4- The staff kitchen is usually dirty. (often/clean)

The staff kitchen isn’t often clean.

Paraphrase with relative clause

e.g Viruses are dangerous programs. They usually enter a computer secretly.

Viruses are dangerous programs which usually enter a computer secretly.

Laura is a wealthy woman. She rarely worries about the cost of things.

Laura is a wealthy woman who rarely worries about the cost of things.

I bought a second-hand car from a local dealer. It turns out to be a lemon.

I bought a second-hand car from a local dealer that turns out to be a lemon.

Paraphrase with Appositive Sentences

e.g The first man in space was from Russia. He was Yuri Gagarin.

The first man in space, Yuri Gagarin, was from Russia.

Frédéric Chopin, a Polish composer, was one of the most celebrated virtuoso pianists of his day.

The Eiffel Tower, Gustave Eiffel’s masterpiece, can be found on the Champs de Mars.
 We use the to-infinitive:

• to express purpose (to answer "Why...?"): (AMAÇ)

He bought some flowers to give to his wife.

He locked the door to keep everyone out.

We sometimes say in order to or in order not to:

We set off early in order to avoid the traffic.

They spoke quietly in order not to wake the children

• after certain verbs, particularly verbs of thinking and feeling:

choose, decide, expect, forget, hate, hope, intend, learn, like, love, mean, plan, prefer, remember, want,
would like, would love

… and verbs of saying: agree, promise, refuse

They decided to start a business together.

Remember to turn the lights out.

(Işıkları kapatmayı unutma.)

Some verbs are followed by a direct object and the infinitive

advise, ask, encourage, invite, order, persuade, remind, tell, warn,expect, intend, would prefer, want,
would like

She reminded me to turn the lights out.

He encouraged his friends to vote for him.

• Sometimes the to-infinitive gives a reason for the adjective: (SEBEP)

 disappointed • surprised

 glad • unhappy

 sad • proud

 happy • pleased

 anxious

We were happy to come to the end of our journey= We were happy because we had come to the end
of our journey (Yolculuğumuzun sonuna geldiğimiz için mutluyduk)
 John was surprised to see me = He was surprised because he saw me

Other adjectives with the to-infinitive are: (-MEYE, -MAYA)

 able • likely

 unlikely • due

 ready • eager

 prepared • keen

 unwilling

 willing

 unable

Unfortunately I was unable to work for over a week.

I was eager to get back to work as soon as possible.

I am really tired. I’m ready to go to bed.

(Yatmaya hazırım.)

We often use the to-infinitive with these adjectives after it to give opinions: (-MESİ,-MASI)

 difficult • silly

 foolish • clever

 easy

 possible

 impossible

 hard

 right

 wrong

 kind

 nice

It’s easy to play the piano, but it’s very difficult to play well.

(Piyano çalması kolay ama iyi çalması zordur.)

He spoke so quickly it was impossible to understand him.

 We use the preposition for to show who these adjectives refer to:

 difficult

 easy

 possible

 impossible

 hard

It was difficult for us to hear what she was saying.

It is easy for you to criticise other people.

We use the preposition of with other adjectives:

It’s kind of you to help.

It would be silly of him to spend all his money.

• As a postmodifier (see noun phrases) after abstract nouns like:

 ability

 desire

 need

 wish

 attempt

 failure

 opportunity

 chance

 intention

I have no desire to be rich.

(Zengin olma arzum yok.)

They gave him an opportunity to escape.

(Ona kaçması için fırsat verdiler.)

She was annoyed by her failure to answer the question correctly.

(Soruyu doğru cevaplamaması yüzünden sinirlendi.)

• We often use a to-infinitive as a postmodifier after an indefinite pronoun (See indefinite pronouns):

When I am travelling I always take something to read.

I was all alone. I had no one to talk to.

There is hardly anything to do in most of these small towns.

Examples

1. I went to the cash machine to take out some money.

2. We got there early in order to get a good seat.

3. I always put wine in the fridge so as to have a chilled bottle ready.

4.I don't think we should talk about it in order not to upset them.

5. She stood on his shoulders to get a better view.

6. He closed the door so as not to be disturbed.

7. I was disappointed to hear you hadn't passed.

8. They were glad to have made their acquaintance.

9. Were you surprised to see her again so soon?

10. I am not willing to work all these extra hours without pay.

11. She was unable to go to the wedding because of illness.

12. I am keen to hear all your latest news.

After certain verbs we use the -ing form, and after other verbs we use the infinitive. Sometimes we can use either
form and there is no change in meaning. Occasionally we can use either form and there is a change in meaning.

So what’s the rule for whether we use the -ing form or the infinitive?

Sorry, there isn’t a rule. You have to learn which verbs go with which pattern.

The verbs followed by -ing include enjoy, mind, stop and recommend.

I told him you really enjoy cooking.

Would you mind helping me?
It didn't stop raining all day yesterday.
Daisy recommends trying Alfie’s tiramisu.

The negative is verb + not + -ing.

Imagine not having pizza! I eat it all the time.

Verbs usually followed by -ing

stop finish imagine suggest recommend avoid mind miss risk enjoy

I thought you could say: 'I recommend that you see that film'?

Yes, you’re right, you can. But we’re not looking at the more complex patterns with that or an object today.

OK, what about the verbs followed by the infinitive?

These include decide, want, promise, plan and forget.

She decided to go with Elliot instead.

I wanted to visit Rome.
She promised to take me there.
I planned to go to some real Italian restaurants.
She didn’t forget to phone.

The negative is verb + not + infinitive.

They decided not to make pizza.

Here are more verbs that are usually followed by the infinitive:

hope offer fail agree forget manage learn afford arrange ask expect would
like decide plan promise want invite

What about the verbs that can be followed by either form?

These include start, begin, continue and bother.

It started raining. or It started to rain.

Don’t bother waiting for me. or Don’t bother to wait for me.

The verbs like, love and hate can be followed by -ing or the infinitive when talking about repeated actions.

I love reading long novels. (British English or American English)

I love to read long novels. (American English)
But when we are talking about situations, we use the -ing form.

Paulo loves living by the beach in Rio.

Do you like working as a waitress?

So, 'I love learning grammar rules' or 'I love to learn grammar rules' are both OK?

Exactly. But there are some more verbs which can be followed by -ing or the infinitive, but the two options
have different meanings, for example remember and stop.

I never remember to lock the door, and my mum gets really angry!
(remember + infinitive = remember something and then do it)
I never remember locking the door, but when I go back and check I always have.
(remember + -ing = remember something you did before)

She stopped smoking three years ago.

(stop + -ing = to not do something any more)
It was hot, so we stopped to have a drink. (we stopped walking)
(stop + infinitive = to not do something in order to do something else)

Examples 1

I'm really looking forward to seeing you at the weekend.

I promise not to tell anyone.

I must remember to call Dad on his birthday. (Not to forget do)

Do you remember coming here when you were two? (Memory)

The thing I most enjoy doing at the weekend is sleeping.

You can't pretend to be eighteen - you only look twelve!

What do you want to give Mum for her birthday?

I need to stop doing my homework late at night - I keep making terrible mistakes!

Examples 2

1. I love going to see my grandparents!

2. Please remember to give your keys to your brother.

3. We've decided to go to Turkey for our holidays.

4. I'd really love to see you again.

5. I'm not looking forward to going to the dentist.

6. Oh, I hate having to get up early on a Sunday!

7. What do you want to do later?

8. Would you mind closing the window?

 1 Some verbs are followed by the to-infinitive:

I decided to go home as soon as possible.

We all wanted to have more English classes.

Common verbs followed by the to-infinitive are:

Verbs of thinking and feeling:

 choose

 decide

 expect

 forget

 hate

 hope

 intend

 learn

 like

 love

 mean

 plan

 prefer

 remember

 would like

 would love

Verbs of saying:

 agree

 promise

 refuse
 Other common verbs are:

 arrange

 attempt

 fail

 help

 manage

 tend

 try

 want

2 Some verbs are followed by a noun and the to-infinitive:

She asked him to send her a text message.

He wanted all his friends to come to his party.

Common verbs with this pattern are:

Verbs of saying:

 advise

 ask

 encourage

 invite

 order

 persuade

 remind

 tell

 warn *

*Note: The verb warn is normally used with not

The police warned everyone not to drive too fast.
 Verbs of wanting or liking:

 expect prefer

 want intend

 would would like

Other verbs with this pattern are:

 allow get

 teach force

 enable

3. Passive infinitive

Many of these verbs are sometimes followed by a passive infinitive

(to be + past participle):

I expected to be met when I arrived at the station.

They wanted to be told if anything happened.
I don’t like driving myself. I prefer to be driven.
 We can use the -ing form of the verb:

• as a noun:

I love swimming.
Swimming is very good for your health.
You can get fit by swimming regularly.

-ing nouns are nearly always uncount nouns

 as an adjective:

The main problem today is rising prices.

That programme was really boring.
He saw a woman lying on the floor.

Because the -ing noun or adjective is formed from a verb it can have any of the patterns which follow a verb, for
example:

 ... an object:

I like playing tennis.

Can you imagine living on the moon?

 ... or an adverbial:

You can earn a lot of money by working hard.

There were several people waiting for the bus.

 ... or a clause:

I heard someone saying that.

The -ing noun can be used:

 as the subject of a verb:

Learning English is not easy.

 as the object of a verb:

We enjoy learning English.

Common verbs followed by an -ing object are:

admit like hate start avoid

suggest enjoy dislike begin finish

 as the object of a preposition

 Some people are not interested in learning English.

The -ing adjective can come:

 in front of a noun:

I read an interesting article in the newspaper today.

We saw a really exciting match on Sunday.

The commonest –ing adjectives used in front of the noun are

amusing interesting worrying shocking disappointing

boring surprising exciting terrifying frightening

tiring annoying

 after a noun:

Who is that man standing over there?

The boy talking to Angela is her younger brother.

 and especially after verbs like see, watch, hear, smell etc.

I heard someone playing the piano.

I can smell something burning.