Namet

For Zambian Pupils

ffi
f,'\
\ ,L-.A l
\zr-l--f
My Friends KaeushigeKOIWAI
(Japanese Overseas Cooperaticn Volunteers)
 ,: INTROqU$TION
Ttra p'rpose of this tsxtbook is to $rd€rsb;dhrysice tlrnt follons the Sci€ntco Hig! $chool
Syllabnrs

51240srqcd in 2000) in Zanrhia" "

r;'i" '
"""' . i: "' ' . '. i
.{ The wr$ of drc ruthor is to sprerd this book to wholc Zambia aod what nll pupils have thig.b-ook to,learn
Scicmcs Physice.
gct lO0olq of
{ This book includos atl topica above sylhbu* brs tho oont€flts of this book are not enough to
knowledgq in $cicncc PnYsics.
,{ Tp1shor,s elrytanation is nesdod to hun tbis book wem if all puliil* hrvs thig tsldbooh
-|, Tbis boot. is gold tlnough JO(S (Iapan Overseas CooDoration Voluntoer) teachsr'a comrnittee,
hrd;;;ft*r in zanbia-ff$o, Peaco Corpd also bB able to
ry1t*t""io
*ll ffi book if thev
-
{ ffi HiS;d as rhe towear price b only JoG"v toaehs'a
t^ritted
'

..t Ifother volnnteerg sell fJris bsol, the prufit can notbe regueeted, and. a selling price can not oxoeed
the Brie that JO6'V teacher'e Committee decideg.
.+ Onty JOCVqen edit thie book-
-'l Ths disital deta of this booL can be ued by orr$ JOG\|
.+ Tbe autbor authorizos tbe chairperson of JOCV toacher'a counittoe and tbe chief of JOCV teacher'e
committee lauBhlet to eeU this book.
ill i:
'e;, --.

ACKNOWLEDGHMENT
I would tik6 to say Oanls to all ofthe gcierti** arffrors ry4 publish€r$, u*qfqy to K" L' Poon'Physics
.KBy, poINT'and Gem MTyAZAKI (JOCV) 'PHYSICS TEXT BOOK From far Bast" for givilg mc msny
: r, uscfirl idoss.
1' ,'i/,
,\ ,' | T;;;;il Mr. Thkenr INAMURAand Mr. Ryo SAffi) fur glviug mo $'m€ advics and ideag.
th* Sey
.' I I hopsffi--ht. Uootii hefpff of all Zambian pupiln in their snxty of Scicnce Physis$. And I wish
:

t"O i.it*t*s in PhYsics'

,-i i.
,rl
,:i
,.I
.i.-l
,':.

i " lil Published: Mar. 2fi)6

. . KazusbigB KONYAI (15-3)
Japan Oversear Sooperation Volrrnteer
'.t;, .. Ctisalc Day Hig! Sctrool
t;,
./.t. r";

;i
'.,! '

' f Edition: Dsc.2006

; Taksru INAh4URA(17-I)
f i,!,'1l.i1i
- ilapanOverscasGooperationVolunteer
1,, Rame Day Hieh school
.i
''?
.i,

iI
I

ll

t t .,lai
ll
rdr
,t
 1. GENARAL PHYSICS
1.1. Qmntify rnd Unit
4lvrhrfonrhflfig
Ther flt
intotuotlpes EE bclowl
$pc ofqumtitior Brse qudry Dqivsd quotity
Spccd
tor{gg ?
\blug
&cuplo IImo Arot
Cunffii Forco
t1eqcrsure
&ryhnation Thryhavoonlyono Silllffi- ,lq gry bo cxprccscd UV conFm;;
suiabb bago qu.nt$€r.

SI unlt
'nlii'

tt
ffi#:H;"Xffiff;ffi"f,|ff r suihblo unit Tbe Inr.rndimsr s!,,ibm oruuir
m rdoptod

(Bafisally, unitr of quautitiec am shown sc sI

uni6 or daivod sI uaih in &is a*book.)

Frcthcr
somctiltr€ a physicel quarility is too big or too smatt
rrr*rr.a iE sI unit8. Thm sore lymuts ro,
to be oonveniently
astto pnofixos instead of zcms or naf phcm.
prrffxer
rrcfix;;CGii*,in*rr;iil m, ffihwing &bls shorvs s
x
l(
ftpf:res Synbol Exponent Meming Example
McF M tff -. tllf- t Jrln
1,000,000 -
kilo k 1tr 1,000
centi c l0*
5lrm - 5.000m ii
lltqo(=o.ol) Zclr*0.02m
Miili m 100 urut,lr{*o.o0l) 6qm=0.006n
Mlcro p Itr ll tnt llr(x, (=u.txlw0l) lpEr * 0.000fi)7m
.a

Scrlar$nd l/octpt

@larsrhr is a quantityhrving rnngnit'de only. 'I

'i
(o'& mass' l€trgtb anr4 volumg dasity, tims, i:
dktarc€, spod anorry, tcmpenat[c, cr&rsnt,
voltngp..J . ..',1
;:
@Efr e vesror is a qruntity lraving bottr magninr& and dircction ;r
ti

(ag. ucisbq displaccnncnq velocity, accctaratio4 *,.ti

forcq mom€ot..). , i;
j.
it'
i ..:t
'* i "i
: .'1
I

i .i

,t
''l I I
I

l&r :

(.r
it
r,r I
 1.2. Length nnd Tinne ll,
I.cnslh
ffirrodkn4b ir &fincd as th€ mecsurtment of somofiftrg ftom onc endtg the othen

$I unit is motro. The symbol of unit is m.

hslumcotg fqf ,m$$gluitrg lcngs
a
Insbrmcnt lcnglt
Uscg for Accura;y E ffirylc ofmersurpd objoctt
l,llasnrlnrj t&€ Longhngth lmm {4mgu glglsssroom, Hcirftt of bultd
Rulor
vcrdtcr crllDc'ns
Msdfum lcns{r lmn wothotpsnc,t*ffi*
Short lencth 0.lmrt Dianrcter of rren tntil"t,l;ffi
Micrffirstrr
gotgw Etuss Very shcrt lcng6 0.0lmm Diamctcr of hair, Thictness of raaor blade

Rqlsr rnd Mprqorlp*.Utnc (l,3cm)

IVrong (l.2cen)
Hpfv-h nso,tFa rglcr or trc$easuring tapo Wryrg (l.acm)
(t) Fut tho 0 rnad( on tlm end of thc objoct,
(2) Road 0ro narlc at ths odrcr cnd of ttrc objccf

Caulon to us€i
firo cye mu$ bo phced vertically above ths mark on ttle soale

Yt!.phrcetipaE krsido jan

nair of-vernicr oiltperr is shown as thc diagtam.
I jtrs are usrally used to lreasurc leigts
The outskle
of somothing srrch ac ex*rmt diunetcr. enO iniliOs
Jars art used b maosutr int€rnrl diarader of tube or
c-vlinder.

[Iow to use tb vemier.cglinqrs

(l) ht a meacured obJoct hetwoenjars.
(2) R€id tho rpain soflle bofore thc 0 mat of vernier
scale.
(3) took d thc vornier scals ud finrl a marlcfu on thc verniu scale that is in line with tho
main scale.
(Comrironly, the rcoding on tho vernis rcale
is for tho 2d placo of docinral in centimoter.)
(4) Add tho main scnlo rcading ard tho vsnim scalc reading.

lExamplsl

-" :' steP(t)

!' 1
iMcasurpdobjocr I
..-,,-..J
Mlcrcrclerlgr3lg-8lEi
A micrciriletff $crew gargp is shown a's ths
diagram,
r'I :slil*T
How to uro th' miqrouetor,rslsry-8&ugo
Mais scah
(l) Thirnblo b firnrd until
thc objcct -is Circul$ sosl6
'- gfippcd bctrreco thc anvil and tho
spirdlcwry SGnttY.
\frane
Q' R6d tho nufu *rtc on thc slscvo bofot" the edgo of thinblt ?'!

ftc horizontal of
(3) tffil. st the cirprrlr scrk m ths eifiblo, Find a nrrldng on tho cilctrhr so6tc thtt b in lin€ with
lino
gcals hdgth of 0.0lmm)
ttr"-*1" *.fr.iCo*o"ly, eacb divishtr of circulr rcprtsonb N

(4) Add Srs mrin selo rcading acd the circular scalcrcafbg"

lExanplol

Tlmc
$Irmit sccoild(Tb€gynboliss)
units: minrfe, bour, day, mon&,
Othor yearn ssntr$l
Conversiol ofthc uqit
lyer * 365days = 8760hours - 525600min$er -* 31536000s
I day = ,liH= l44Ominutes 86400i
=
60mintfies 36Ws
lminss= 60i
Instrument for npasurisgtbe ti$g -r Cloclc, wstclt stopuatct! Peadulum

Sluptp ocndg.lun
Tb diagnnbclow shows n simple perdulum with lcngft L

Tls htEtb I shurld be frosn thg coiling to tho centre of thc bob'
fi&-f-o fcriod (T) is dcfincd as th€ tins€ bken for ono comphte oscillation. A)
from A to c 6nd be€k aeain lo
f'-"-"' ._.(s1oj[t
iFormuld T=
tn !
* Period lsl
n: nunrbcr of oscillation
e tim ukau for n oscillntion [sl

ill : WhEt changos tho_poriod of penduhm?

OEtandrd

ffiA
@sbortcrarc

'-fa J(

Itr
., ll
! :3
'Ni
fi!
,;' /l ii
. /l I
 Conclusioc Pcriod of pondrfum dcpctrds on..
-
firc longth of tho pcndulum (l).
*. acccl€ratiotr drp to gnvity (g).
.
tExnrytol

t=3i u= f 1ru*quarteroocllldims) T- * *t*t=i-l *rx$ *S!

TEXERCISEI
(l) ve1{cr calp9ry e urcd to moasurt w@gfics (a) md (b) rs shown below. whaa ir ths wi& of rhc q$cc?

(2) Rsdthsmmsuremcats of mioumtersei€w gsry€ below.

(a) (b)

(3' rind th pcriod ofa pendulum if it oscillatss 15 tinee conrpraery ror ns

^w
scconds.
(4) Tho diogrm sowr a perndurrun oscilrating betrvcen pooitionr A to c"
("1 I akg3s ro go fiom A to C. Wbnr is iF pcriod?
O) How long doa it take for 12 timos compicte occiilrtionr?

13. Spegd, Velocity and Accelemtion

IltrbnccTnd plrrilrgmcrrt

@lnuencc is defincd as &a totar pxh rongtr akou bewcem rwo point$.
--r It is r scalar,
pbptaccment ir dcfinsd
,ffi--@l as the chrago of position of a poiat ia a particular isrcstion.
. *Itiravactor.
SI uniB of both dfutance md disptacement are mctno
[m].

[Exanplc lJ .t

Acar movos shtr to tlra East and 3hm to the Nordr

-,\
N lllhd *e aicanca and the dieplaoenront of tlro car?
l'*
arp

T=ffiH -* Distance oftbe car is

-+ Displscemcots
8ht (- 5lon+3hn).
of thc crars Sfit ga* cnd lkffiNorrh.
[Exanph 2l
firo circumftnenoo of rouudabout ir lOrn and tbs cartuu it one, ,

WhA rc ths distanso rnd thc displucomont of thc cf?

*r Dishncc ofttre car is t0m.
"+ Dirylacemont oftln cc is 0m becau$c it camc hack to sro starting poeition
.

[Exrmple 3l
You walk fontrd ts lSm and bar*ward to 5m.
Whst aF yondinract and pudirylacorncnfl
"-+ Yordisbue is 20m (* lfm + 5m).
--+ Yorn disptaccnrail is tOm 1* lSm - Sm) forrvard"

SpcFd

Fe?ffilspc€d is d€ffred as tbo rats of cbnnge of ffrc disffic€ tnaveled with tinrs. YstWgWe& finlsl
' -' Itis asoatu.
-mm's watking: t.J
Thc rmit of spocd is mctrs per securd tr/sl.
-lmmnmner:10
lF;ilute
I traveled
^sPe€a:mlm/sJ Distance i

!r e A
"*"r::,,_^*
Total distance traveled
AveraseSp@d=ffi
i

:
-Zoombus:30
.bascbdl throrn by aptrcho: 42

! .._..-,.4.'.i
tmlsl
,.-.._.._l
i
-sord ln air (20t):
-Lisbf 300000000
340

tExarnplel
A car tavels a dist8nso of 540km fiom hrsaka to trkteto in l0 hourr. Find tho f,ven|gs spo€d tn km/hr md m/s.
DATA Solution
foat Oishpetraveled =i40km &El$WSehi! -
Totrltiretaksn * l0[ft$
= 540,{l0(hn
Avcrago rpccd in km/hr = hltfutrhkm ffi *t4ttsth
5400m'm
* 360fr)s Averago spesd in m/s = mm- *tlntb

Velocitv

ffiTiq-.alvcto*lty is dcfincd as ratg of changc of fto displacement wirn tinq.

--r It is a ycctor. :

Thc unit of vclocity is rrcne pet secmd tndsf. (It is tbc sanc rmit as thc s@.)
tExamplcl
Whsr ur their spcds and their wtociriec?
t t ,-,
*lT l$J
+ -L""
ffi'Ee-
-' TbGy have ths senre speods of ttln/s brt ttry havo di0brent vclocitiss.

:# trH ;lffi fiH:ffi

rl
 Accchr#tql

ffiT:"il accshrr$on is de&rcd '{

as mh of chmge of.thr velocity with tims.
-"r It ls I rioctor.

tnvfl.

. E:Accelondhn tn/fi
v: lrul voloctryJrUsi
u initid vslocity trsil
-
:_._, ,, tdmcAkcatrl-
: _ r. +irrrr E{Ett
fll

tExarrylo tl
Acar strfing ffrorn rrst insrc|scs ib vcrociry
qgglty to r5m/s in 5* lrhat ir i6 accsrerrdon?
tt PAnr

ffi,,*3o--#
golutist
u=0m/s
*
v
t*5r
l5uy's
"*f*ry*3m1c
8=?
fhampls2I
Ifa cq srows down ftom ,2kmlr'aud it stops
k
ills, carcurss &o accereration

S#+--,ffi,
tl DAIA
$o,[rfiSl
u= 72lsil}r*2{hrlg
v- Om/s
t = l{ls r#=5#=-2rcd
ffi;:ffifffi*ffi ao?

''lq-#-€m-**'',
,ii
, ,.i
;'
'/ ffi*:rg:nm.g::1gg{E.Tg.ruorio'
:Formulal v=u+at --- - I ie conotant), thrce imporhnt
equarions arn givcn berow.
.t.

x*ut. hn
l: u2 + 2ax
a: Accoleration [m/s?l
*rr; final vctocity'[m/si
u: initial velocity
tuyst
t timatakcn [sJ
x OrArccoovercd 1n|

[Exampte tJ
A car hrvcring 8s to,m/s ncccleratss
n 2ny'sr
%w is its ffnar voroci$r?

} 3s
J-L
qq€r
ffi,
rerting
firom resr aoqurrcs a vorociry
fmmorcvcro of 72kmd' in 5s.
("1 tYhat is iu accclcrdion?
" (D) How &r door it travel during
this time?
.d

l{
$ [Hxomple 2]

(a),DArA
$plun'qr
u = 20nn/s t' = u2 +2ot
v = ()m/s 1
= t-ilt - loo
trrowins
i;il"-roor* uP
*= 4d, 2r -2x(-toi=?6-
x=?
(b) pafia
fulutlon
u* 2(hn/s
vEu*8t
v=0n/s 'r
v- {c} i=-fi"-16,ryrf '**fu
llP
i-glg*&.?q
-8-10
t=?
Total tims taken =? (di (c} DATA
Salutiqg
x*20m t' = u'+2ax
u:Om/s -l *& +2x tox2o
"=J5iorr f rree reu
*,400
vo? vszfu&
Totsltimctaten([=q A; (d) pAla
t1: timc tnlcen from *c growd to gotption
tha top
tr: time taken from the top to Sro grouud u=Om/s 1 y=U*ttr
a: g * jf- firee falt
v-u= 2(n
v * 20nlr
tgnrrb2
- -a-
rz*
T6- =2t
t*t'*tio2+?e
Suoo{ fvsloclfvl:- time
Errn[
speod (verocity) time gaphs
- telr storiee about the nov'mont of
an ob.fect
Tho gradimt of the spced
-tirnc graph is equar to tho accereration
of trc object
The arca uuder the speed
- tirne graph roprosenr thc disbnce havercd by trre oujmt
glzphs for dlffhrent kfuds ofrnotion"
(a) Constant spced (ro accelenaticn)
(b) Uniformaccelcration

Sharght linc sloping

upward to &o right

(d) Nolr-,unlfrym accslcraion (or decalerationl

Sbaight line sloping

downrvard to &s right

[ExamplcJ
A car moving ftom rest
velocity of Zfu/awith unibrm
TqyT-" accefematio.n
mil:*n** unifonnly to rous in ii
riL".rc r."Jr 4s. It movcs with this velocit!
u,liiJ'"t-r*v *a tnro.or*r-tolurt
-rn for 6s and
with uniforrt decereration

ft) h* tho toal

9l Calculatsr E*d
- time graph.
O#"u covered.
 lryful<*Hl+--+

lo 12
*timo gnph.

ArGr B - rpctanglo= lb = 6X20

AroE C = tnpszium - l**t*
* 120

= |ZO +30)X5 * 125

'dr$&
5 h-+.al+}
ArcoD e lw{rngls = Ib - 3 X 30 = 90

ArcaE-nianglc- ho= tx tzxro l8o

*
+ 90 + I E0 *
rotll dsmoo aoverod = Total d'gt = 40 + 120 "r' llt ltSm

$qlt$tPn
(c) DdT,{l
Total dstancc eorrered = 555m Average sPeed
. = --T.nul--
T@l : 30
Tbtal t'rmotaken - 30s

lp(ERcISEl
lho av€l8ge spoed in m/s
(1) Yotr walk ftom cbisEh to st Francic a distlffi of 6kn' in 50 minutes' Find
(2) A mm ddes on a bicyolo. He aor)Elstded from re$ to 8m/s in 5s' whst is bis accelorason?
(3) Anao drives e car at 54km/ln I{o brakcs atrd it stop$ in 3s' Calqrlat3 thc docelerEtion'
(a) cr starting from rsst apccloratog unitbrmly at 5il/s2 in
3r.
A
(n) Calctlate tho ffnalvolocitY'
iu) catsuao ths disEnco coversd"
this dmc'
(5) Acu apcolcratcd uifunly ftom l0m/s to Z}mls,It tawlod a di$mao of 50nrduring
(a) Whd istbe accelcratioa?
tU) go* lougdocs ittako to ravcl fris
distuce?
'lto air resistaoco is ignonotl
(6) A stono raleas€d from tho to,p of a building talos 33 to reach frc ground'
(a) What is thc finsl volocitY? :_

O) Ho* tdl is &e buildingf 6cn it

morc to 40m/s in 2s. ADd
(?) A cr su*ing from rwt apceleratcr ruriformly o 20n/s in 5s. And it rccel€r&s
dccolcrates rntil it stop & Iater.
(a) Ihawthc sP*tno gPPh'
iu) c"t*tato thc dscetcratim' I

iri camldt drcto&l distaffi€tra\/al€d' I

(4 Catcutafic6o avcrage ryccd" l

t
rTRY-I
Emtain &c rcrsm why a pieco of pqcr frlls morc ,*,r,,ry s sou!, attbugh bofr of &m orc oo thc Es6 mC
;ilffid to ;;td;ho,i*"rot*i.in l{lm /f'
n
 Boambolance
1,4. Mnss and Weight
Mru
objcctr
@-tiE urrl is dGfincd aa the quanttty of mansr in a'luilotanco.
** Ttr
mars of an obje* is th€ $6mo cverywharo.
Tbo ttttt ofrnarc h kilogne [kg].
Instrunqpt forJncls$ipr.tho ryusf, -."> B€sm belanco nsad ftc mrsg of known ffisr 6u;wt *tcn
tho bermisbalancd.

uhmr
FffiniGlpegnt b d€frncd u rr objeu duc ro gravity.
as the attracdve force cxertcd
(ep puiling forco by grrvrty,)
-+ Tlrs woigbt of au object variss fron place to placc,
(ag fromthe esr$ to$omoon)
The unit of weight is Ncn'ton [Nf.
Inatrgmont,fof measuring thgweishl * $pring balanco, Baftrcom soale

FElrtbwblo botweqlrrrc and wokht

Thc weight of m object is direstty proputional to its masu
iFqmutrl w: ms
r-t I

i
J

w: weight[Nl Roadtho atthc

! m: masr ftg!
t
-. -,. -.F:s.tsti:l. $*s.ery-Hgg.*., _
"
{ Cravity of the mo6n is only about l/6 firet of the earth.

s * l0x| dsz 1N t.6z nr/sl m lhc moon

-f No gnvity in outor spaco,
g = 0 m/s2 in the orter spacc
TbG followitlS table shows the chages to tlre mas.q and weigtrt of an astnonaut wtren hc travels from the earth
to &e moon
inaspace.craft
Earill Moou Outer space
fdasg 60ls fOkc 6okc
\I/eiqht 6mN l00N tlN

IExanrytc]
The mass of a man is ?Okg. What is hi* weight on thc egrih?

m*701r& g=lftm/s2, w*? lY*llrg=70X10*

Centrcof sLrvlty

FEffirl"ilrbecentcr of grrvlty of a body is doffnod as tho point tbrough which its wtroto wcigh
appears to act

Pen

t0
E@-cnlTb fildtho cent'c ofgnvig
ADparatus: Papcr, Pcn' $Eing

Proceduna:..,.
cenuo of gravrty' ( It must bc f1*")
(l) foldthc pupurtigffttv and makc thc shape wtrich you waut !o fmd tlo
(2) lvhke tlurco holss mff tho cdgs. Th€e holtr aro as &r arpoosibh' Short rfiing
(3) Ctf thc rring into two, thort on{scrn) and long oudlScn)'
IIolo
(4) ltlNht ec phrmb by thc long rting ad a pcn ;.

(5) Thwd abolc with the short oing'

(6) Hrnethoplumb ontho thortsting;
(D Draw tho lirc ofthe plurnb on tbo paper aftsr it is sterdy'
(The pryelr murt bG freG to movc at tbo harging poim) Longring
(S) Rpport (5) to (?) for otlrer bolss'
(9) Fidtho inssestim oftrco lines'

(10)Mal$ nnc if it ir balrnccd by prtting ttrs point on yorn fingcr'

of thc lin€s tbo intcrsection locatss thc cffic of
gravity'
cmplugion: $ince &c ccntre of gravity lips on caoh

se!!E&
as flre abiltty of an objcct to regain ie originat poeitiron afrer is hss b@n
fr*tu6n ThG drbiltty of an object is dcffned
displaced slightlY.
Tbpocitimofcentrcofgravityaffectsthostabilityofabody.

[Exarrple ll

,"EL
Which iamqc stabls?
+(r) Lowaf o!0lt!
pf grritY
lli$Er c€d!
o,f srsvitt

-.+ (1) is morc gbh than (2) becuss it has lows cenre of grrvity'

[Examplc2]

.) fl
Which ig more stgble?
(z)f-\ f\
?h:v?f V
(r)

7777777*
..+(2}icmorc*ablothwr{t}beoausoithaslergerbasearea

To increeic thre sbbilitY of n obiecf

the ccnac of gravity sbould be as low ar-possible'
tho boso area thould bo as largo as possiblo'
i
TEIERCtSEI
€ar6 and on thc menn? Thc grrvity on &e moou is 1/6 thrt oo
(l) Ths rnr,, of a sin is lz00p what is in woight on tho
'' thteare(g.*=tWs)
(2) The we-igbt of an object is 300N'

SW [ fr Hff"##L tb noon? rhc^graviry on 6o moou is u6 rbut on thc carth G.'t =lom/s2)'

iii nn"it lr woifint adnae* intlcurcrryonc? i 1

$RYl
WnV i* it rot advisabl€ to put hoavy luggrgp on
Se roof of a minibus?

ir"i,il i
1l
 1.5, Volum* and Ilenrtty
Volumc ' ), i e

ffil volunc ir dafitrsd rr $c rnnornt of spacc

*;tj* occupioo.
"Itc mit of voltsho is Cubb
mst,c [nrl.
l--j,r-":.'-. ..*..*",-.,; .._.._.._:
*===- rr^r___-_
iFomruld
Volume ofncuboid
r .- - .
= tX bX h llcigtt (h)
- 4 bn$t
b: brtadtt
hr trelsht
..;.,_.._.._ Brsdth O)
InsqUn€ut ff rncilrins a vol$qc qf li$f!d-r Mcanring cytindcr

(l) Fu'ur to nrcanrsd liquid into the umsuring cylinder.

(2) Read the roalo at tro flat surface of ltquid.
Caudonto uso;
Corrcst
.- Futtbcncanning oylindron ee horizontal
surfaco. nd
(Tho srftff ofliquid is ourvsd lt *
*oil, m Wroqg
eta$. Thb surfrd is caued tu ",t",
;;;r;;*"
Hsizontal surfast
Droltv
@ilocmlty is drffnd as itmass per'nft vohmc.

,H:Lgtq:.9:*n*::iy
lllr
ryrl. (Atso gram pcr cubic seutimers [9c rn,I is eequonrry uscd.)
;F.qntlE n = *
vi D:Densiryikgmt]orfg/cm3]
I

I S'1-stryrrst .
v: rohms i,"t 6ilf"*rl
i
i
!

fFxaurplo lf
O
is its donsiry?

[$xrnple 2J

wrsnurpondodh l00cm3ofn'etorbyapi,ecoofcoton.
ffi;ififfif Tterryanorreverrirresro t50cmr"
$ft*tutho

'*Hd*'H
rHGSCrsEl
3 50cmt'D *7
P:fr*gg=rodcd
(l) Anetd hsr amass of255g nnd a vorurnc
of3'cmr. what is ib dcnsity?

1l] A1t*
y sidc 2m long has n nass of Ekg.
what is is donsi,ty?
(3) contairi€"sffiirffi l60cm3 of li'quid. ThQ bht
' mass of tho conhiner ffd
fi"Tft tiquid is 520s

t2
 TISXI .4.

(l) ttow'nnyg/cmr icequdts tkg/#?_

h(nhurwrtcrmdCI
(2)T}ytofindo$ifanoggwiltsinkor$o,win(a)Errcrrrrtcrmdo)rdtrr,rlsf.$uggp{tbo.
ruqsonfilir.

,ri l

i r ltrOttg
"1,:,:,,tr,f,,
'. I

fiict ':1, i 'rt

.-r Pcts ir a Prlt c r Pu&' {- Abilty of ftrcs
-- Itlc rmitoifrrce irNowton [NJ' -- Fqmcoclrmgcth si?t ol sh4c oflbory'
--' It ir rv!c.iOr. -. fds cm ctmgP tc mtim of r boS'
"+wcir\ is
;ff*tffi*"*. tv
"
rp'frffi
npp,ulHqffPnr '
.--!_-r,G^,.r*Lar mrultrnt btto'
ttrcy can bo simpliffcd' lt b cdkd
a
If two fucc or morc s&{'ou an obieot,
'Riorulhnt fo'rco

#@tffi6)
lE(uPh U --gN---)
5N I-I

rExamprc2l -r, TTry Rssulffiforco

*'tH>rrwn-ff''
lrN

ffi rr"u tbe fcoct arc bqlanccd m a body'

if it is at rosl it will conthls to$ay at r€$
ifitirmovingitwillkcgpillounS*aconsantsp€cdinastraigbtlino.

ffi ilWffiSS ;ffi ffiT.f StH *'i*l to olrango or rmtio (s his

'"''s),
nn
{: *
hnlohig!lncltiL

tilnaupq
Wlriohit @sicrb llovq o wirc carorarrrck?
--+llhorvkr ce iioci€rm urovctnn frotttct
ti*oCm*m oarhg loru inPrdr'
Cmrrrnmsbishcrhsd&)

io SG dlt€stiotr of tlo frtcs'

6'd Untetm"cd fonc rtiqg on a bofi ffodltooi rpolcr*io.
13
 s=?

fExamplc ZI

fte snrooth fioor. rt sn'rs frorn

lry*H"jH,m;* rcsr and reaches r$nr/s
in 5s.

(a) 4ATA
Rost(u=66/s) Solution
v= lSm/s u=0n/& v* l5m/s
r* t
Yig - l5-g ,

--'*3m/4
m:*g_c&a=3u/n4 F*?
I=ma=tX3 =
F4cllou

m:ffff
ff :gTi.y.*.motionortwotouchingsurracos.
, lmg5*ff"ffimgi"'*-**'",ffiil,ffffin;
-+ rhe targe ftiction #il-ffi;';ruffi,ffiT

I;r'rfr* *JilLlH
pushing rorce and
t?,n'nH f,; ff;ffiiffinm,mx*
it'.liss ;"'ffi ii,'I;'ilffi
T:*ffiilffi ,'?ffi.#f *. p rirection is
tr: J?,*,$T
ff J:ffi op,poaite ro
f,,tr

-.Y::*q,EffiiEouffiEfi *
- XS:I" tc3)jT lrx1*r.thecE€P ontrsr
'rn"rni,toi.
-,Y:gg.oOoiclsor*th*frfi fry* efficioncy oTrnaprrinJ
!9.& p€n) in our hands.
- & causss rapid wearand
ear.

L*rY 6:. q:,i*

grgasc) arc adAeO in
tubricants (oit,
aicfrines.

fftffi*ffi%,Tffi ir rffif;H:,ff[,,t?"fJ**, rhe dircction orrhe ro,rce is *rways towar& thp cen&e
Orbitof
the moon ldoon
Cenbipehl forco

Pulling foni ofnrnvirv

Dirrgtim of motioo
-,,-JG (Cenrlpctsl forcl)
is in a ct?ular artit round tbe earth *T the eartrr puils ths moon
by &o &rco ofgravrty,
L"odnp4.Frtcuehl
aftd e:rfsnsions on a sprittp
FfiEfrffim tud ths rclatbnship botwccn lods
ApprrtufPing, loada

Proco&riH
(t) Hold ao ond of a oping (tbc obcr cnd murt bo ftlc) and macws tho lcngth of fro sping It b cdlcd &o sld[lt
lcngth.
(2) t{augaloadon6ofteoood. '
,,
(3) Moasu'o tfulenghofthc sPrfttg'

(4) cdcolatc thc €'fiosion by [Extonsion * lemgh of ryring-ortginal lcngs]

(5) Rrpd (2) to (4) tding loods.
Exeltsim
(6) Cstculatc -fu-
(?) plot a gfaph of Extonsion aglin* lo6d. (Usc a scale of 2cm to lN snd 2cn b 2cm.)
Rcsutt (Samphc of result! qll shorm in frc brackc6') Crraeh (Saryloc of rteulb ut plotod ssbotow.)
lrl
P-xtctrsio
Lood L€6gth of spring E$toasion lod Et2
ON (10.5cm) (0cm) (-) '9ro --' ... " i. - .. -.. -- i: -' ". -'
,-/fi
;fi .. "' " ""' -' i' -- " -' - "-

ipali
- - - -- .:: -
i
(2.0cn) (2.0)
IN (l2.5cm) E3
2N (l5.0on) (1.Scm) Q2S) €4 . ...^t: " 1. .
uJ2 .i...... "i".. .."...l....-"."
3N (.17.Som) (7.0cm) Q.33' ff
ct
0
(I9.5cm) (9.0cm) Q2s)
4N
(2l.5cm) (l1.scn) (2.30)
0r234 6
5I{
toad [Nl
Co,nctueiou ltc cr*cnsion of a tmdod spring is dircct proputional to tho load (fsce) applie{
It is oa[sdHoolc'c Inw.

iryffi-*:rr'-i
B,rt rpti"gr havo not bocn parmaaently stetcbd. Thcy havo the limitadons.
Thc liniution is call€d fhrtlc llult'

pxamplel

€g4
A load of4N sxten& osPingbY lOmm. [/hat lood world sxt€nd it by l5nm?
DATA Solugqn
Extension I * lOnm EfionsionJ Ext€nsion 2
Losd l=4N Lo6d I t topd? 't
Extensiut 2 = lSmm L.oad I XExtonsion2 4xl5
*T6- - 60
load?*'l t,c[',d,Z=ffi m
i

lExERcrsEl tI-
(l) An Skg obj€ct aocsl€ratcs aznlor. Whst b fto acdng forco on i3?

(2) Aforco of2ol$octl on I msss of 5kg; whd ittho sccelcration?

(3) If m object accclerAos at 6m/s2 by a fcce of 24N, what is thc rnass?
,
(+) .l pupff psh* a whcolbrrmw calryfog 30kg smd. lt rccclcrats from rcst to 2nls in fu disanso of lm.
(a) V/bat is tbo sccol€ration?
(b) Whatisttroactingforcoon&c whcslbororv? i \
(5) A lo6d of lN cxtcnda I ryring by 5mm. whd load tpuH erend it by lcm?
..r,t t.- lw r ?lIN lnnrl if l l3N load xtendc &a smine bV 3cm'
 1,7. Momsnt
Morort
Fffiffi llltucnt of r forto ahut 4 pivot is dcfid ri,froproou"t of the fsao d thc pcrpndiculardistrtrc€ of iu linc
ofartipn ftom pivot
--+ Monent ir a turning cfbct of a forco about c cfiai! Doitt
r--

iE-'rE M:Fd I

i-
!e
I* ruomont tt{nl I
F: Forco [N] |
I _.. _.. gwtsHgrsqs. gt_.._.. _i
-.
- { Pcrpcudiculr distance mu$ be a dirhncs ftom tbe pivot to &s forcs.
-i Porpeirdlculr dicta$c€ must be at right angle to thc foroo.

In thig crsr, drorc ir a moment bocause Forw is

pcrpcndicularm thcbry.
Ptrpendcular distancs Tho for€€ canpoduce dre urning effecf

In this caso, th€rc is no rmqe4l bccrusc Forcc ig in

tto sanc dircclion of dlstancc.
Tho forco doesn't prodruc tht hrning cffcst
'M*{
| :.r,
&".. tExamplel
Calcdate tro morncnt of ftp forso at tln pivot

DATA I solution
F*31.I, d=2m, M=? | U= fC =3xZ*
l+--3s---{
Prlnqlsb of nope4!
fq I W to bo in equilibrium (balanccd), thc srxr of clockwlae morrcn& abus any point is €qud
ffi anticloolcwiso to ths slrm of
mononk abouttso rame point

, I Iu ofterwords

lf a b{Hy is balanced, 0rcn

EF@;$.;*ryffi;;;;;- ---r-,
Apporatw: long mlg (3{hm on more), 3 sringq Lqa&
P.rucq$nq ,

(l) Hag a nrlerby a sring at tle c-n&r of rna$ and mrke it batancsd.
(2) tfung sono lords (o.g 2Ig at a oertrin point (c.g rOcm fon pivot).
(3) Find src porition where otha loads (o.g, 4N) are hung to
balarcc thc nrlcr and mcasmo ttrc langth from thc pivot
b drc potition
.,
(4) calculat. tbc clochvisq momont and the anticlockwi$ mom€nt
(5) R€pcnr (Z) to (4) wirh diffhrmt pairs of loods rod disbncryp ,,., t.,;."..#t
t6
 Rcsult {Surylcs of rpsultsarr shown h th! brtck€e.)
Anticlookwi!o Ctochwiso

F1 d1 M(*Frdr) F2 dr Md*Fr&'
(2N) (l0m) (0.2Nm) (4N) (5cut) (02l.Im)

Cmclusion: lf a body ig balanced, $Gn th€ tobl cloclnris$ moment is eryel to thc totrl sntisloclcwisc nron€t{.

[Exrrrylo ll
t
Calculd* tlrc forca F if it is balsnc€d.
ilu a sohcm
Anticlochrlso Clockrviso
F d M F d M
F 0.5m 0.5F l00N 0.4n 40Nm
Toal adiclockwiss moment * Total closlnrigo moment
0.5F *40
E=X0tr

[Bxamplc2f
CalculilB 6E distanoc d if it is hlancod"
*.\
Q*n& SplUtiqU

tuiticlockwise Cloclnrriso

F d M F d M
5N d 5d 3N lm 3Nm
TN 2rn 2l.Im
liotal anticlockwis€ morrent * To'tal cloclnris€ mom€d
5d=3 +2
klns
rExE&pr$El
{3) Fidfu momsnt and ie diroctioD.
fa) Pivc Io'5N {b) Pivot
c::::=
i<--2tr-+l
(4) Find &c forw F if it is in equillb'rium"
(a)

,'xL#; f 3N 2N 5H

(a) (o)

L#
i
I
(6) A me&r ruhr hangs by a suing irt tbc S0str mart md n mrgc of l40g [angr * the 9ftm mrrk Tb $Eight ofths nrler
i
aPFG$ on tbc csrbE of mass.
I
(e) f,/lrcre ir ths pivot?
O) Wbd is thc weigh of tho l40g nacs?
CdculabthcwoigbtofthcrulerV, i
l.h.
(c) I
rd) nrlm.
Calculafie thp mass ofthc
n
tr,., {
It6i i

t?
 l.E lVork
Work
'{ 1.

ffiffi work is dsfmcd as tho product of the forcs and tho distama moved h the dir€ctim of thc forcs,
ThG tmit of wo*is Joulo [,[.
!ffioufrl W=Fd :
I
a

!
!" Y._w.*J{!
F:Foteffi i
:

i 0, di$tucornsvedintlredirestionoftlrsfurcefmt
.l a
!
-",.
If r man prshss an obiEst on n floot, hs doff rhs nork m tb objwt beoausG rb g0sffiJi&lign
dfu&ncs is in of ths
for,cc.

Bul if a wornan carries a contain€r on her head, she does no wor* on the contaln€r bseause tlp digtanee
ofg&qrs. (in this case perpondicutab tbo forco)
ir in ths diffcrqt
4ircetion

W
[Bxample]

HH
A for,cs of 5N act on a 3kg brick, rnoving ttri*nglly
itt from regt. Sirrd tho work dono by rhe force.
DAIA I Ssluriog
T=:N I W=Fd=ixt*S
d=8m
W*?
TE)(F,RCISEI
(l) Aman pusheo tho big stone thraugh l0cn aud exerfs
ths fmee of ?ilrl. Find thc worrt done by the nren-
(2) A crane lifts e wcight of 200N rbrongh 50m. rind thc wor*
doue by the cranc.
(3) A crmc Hfls a car of mass s00kg drruugh jm. Fird ths * l0ds2)
wort done by the omnc. G
(4) A carof mass l000kg is accercrflt€d *,zmrf friln rcst
in 2&, Frnd
{a} r}rs forcc acting to ltre car.
(b) the dictuse tmvslled by tho cm in this poriod . .
' (c)' drc wor* donc by tlre cir in this perisd.'

I$
l.(fir,jrlll
1,9. $imPlc Maehim*
{
L
1

a force ar some
ar onc poiot can bc rscd to ovcasomc
,: *, of which a force apptied
ffiTl" *r.0": dcvice by mcaos
drcnPoint.

tosd
rorcs which m obioct purr c q{eo' am*hinp iscrll€{LmA)
: ffi ffiYffi:$#lf.'ffiTi, *arrJr'"ro (rho

(!) Irvcr
(ExrmPho)
*Bcshole
-Whcclbumw
-scissors -@Gr
-slasher *Hoo

UsqfrEil A4vsntlilG qE 'L)

tho ratio sf the toad to tbs offo'rt"
fu.-il dvantagc of a uachino is d€8rcd 8s
ttc necbaEhd "-"-"-r
ffi.-
!F-@
t- - -.
Fo"4
M.A.=m i
:
L,.
-,.*,.-.'
..Eff-o't"-"i
i

tb!

'4

Egeiss l-t--4-
done by fre mrcbins to tbs tdal wurt pr
&ffncd as ths rneio of &r'scful worl
ffiffia Ths cfftrchncy of
iuto &o machinc.
a naphino rs

Ut&!:qslr-dsrg- Wo* *ueiY-lod,

EfficiencY- iffiifu-*'our - W-domcboffort
ginca, -m-
W*F4 LoqlandEfrrt ro frrcw
* vR' x r00'
H;; r00 * 3g11&" r00 * m'-frx roo
* !rr"A"

(bfucic'rcY sl0of/o
:.|
19
. t;'li)
:t ".lj:'E'
 [Sxanplot]
Cdcsle fu mscbanical dvantryo of &e diagrans bolow.
(l) I"cven
Sohtim
L{.A.=m=#*g
(2) $ftrglo moying hrlloy

Plore

m
(3) tnclined ,a

[Examplc 2l
Calculate tre velrcify ratio ofthe diagpam$ below.

DATA
B.olutigu
dis&ce &ornplvot to effort
*lm v.n-= SOr
dishce frompivot to load disFnqgEmeivotmeffor
*50cm *O.im = {ustance Aom pivot to load
V,R =?
* I
*a
6:3

DATA $o&tiqU
Ileighx =4gt tene,tltofgtop€.
tfigthofslope l00m V.R* tdL -
height
V.R *?
{ *F-zu
100

[Examplc 3f
ThB disSrast below shows a pulley
rystsm. Au effon of ItroN is rcquirod to rraisc a load of 4500N.
9l lind th" mechsnieit rdvanrago,
Ot Find the velocity rmio.
(c) Find thc efficicncy.

(c) pAre
SotUlbn
Effort= 1000N
Load+,1500N.
M.A. "f
M.A.*ffi-ffffi*ss
(b) To find drc ietocffii6lil
plloy gCilutiog
the systern, ggpL&S
aunb-en.of linco r@tpd 6 tines connscted to rnoving pulleys.
.to-l[lwirrggr{leU
V.R *f
(c) I)Anl Solufiog
M.A. = 4.5, V.R- = 6
Efficiency*? Efficiency =
ffi*,oo* f* loo * lj%

2A
ilir
 tlro tho cfficioncv.t:* t**t below'

ffi* m@hpni€st adramta&o'

:"5ffin*
(b)

ISJN
novesat It&A.>V'n-

l.lO.Ensrg
E$lsu
to do work
F6iffiil nrcrgy ir deffued as che ability
fo-rmi-tof *"nglt is Joule $l'

P,stas$rlsg!$g potmtial gtsrgy ** * ftuigml

b,y tho posidon s strt€' BspcciallV' tlrc
m1"ry9'3i1g3"9,*g'o
lF"*PE = *sii-
-":
:Cqu***futE*ssd'ffi
i
Thie oblect hcs Ss abititY
m do wo* oft
i,: PE: Fmntiat eseY
Pomntial oMgY F]
trl : "f FXd*mgXh*mgh
i ;'i"ttlrgr &rc to gravity tn/f! ii I

i g, acceraanln :

i..-.^-..-[iFis!.[s]- "-"-,"'
t&rrunPtel
heigft d 5r.
A20kg objccr b raissd rc n
w
,oksq n-
I '!t'
t{inedq-egss
motion of an objoct'
ffi .res. :",:s. iq,Sg*ge's ssry
&re to tlre

@;:h"' KE: Kinstis encr$ tfl

i

o: uasc [ltg]
v: whcity ldsl
a'''n^r
texamptol
LE
is it! Linctic enirsrl
A 2kg *ni ir tbrown
wi& a wlocrty of 5T':'wb*
: :::--f--

@-t**
Kdit
2l
v
Con*cryntiq$f cn6mI

ffiEnGrry *an bc chruged *om onc form

to anothw, qut,,cnmJt Ue
ffefisd or destoyrrt
t8xanple ll
If a shna ftlb fuely fr,om certnin point, how
doec the energr chaoge? l
(r)
q ffia ual trcrcam+ ib por.ffi'r
strtrs/ ic r00o, and kincds
erssr ir
ffi 0J

"ffi roEI €norggr.I000J

lZl $t fu rtOpoh, of in jouracry,
ki*d;

(3) Wtcu
*ffit'* to i00r.

it rcaphr theground just

tho pot
** ;"#ffoffiffif*' to i00r hs e6

ffii#,ffiffiiffi3"l" " rtffi't

bof,ort hrfiing.fu€ffr;aq
tre poteatiot €mgrgy
m chngo6

lExmploAl
IIow does tho enerry chnngo
on the penduhu?

(t,
*;#HHrf lq is pufled to the position (r).
m'ti.ffi;"rrT*'$*fm*ff *-is?oolint
(2) *s the bob ****gp
entnts/ and sarns
(t) ro (2), it toses porentiat
.h$f En€qsr 16 zooi becarso of

(3)
#ffiY'*ffitr
rvloving;flpt,f
ffir- i;*i'v. r,-di

jlgy ao*nn, losing

,ffi"m^*l*1{fr-#dffi#l
"f,);1|,S.
fri{h"5;.,p*c,fi n'effifi
{ur6{r vr r'i[ rTH,
height of (g)-becarft r: t
Ftr
tr
fi lte
rg urc same as
se porcntial enqgics
the sern. must be
Conscrvarion o,fa*gr -r
;i'dfi; #ffiffi"'ffi
*" *H"ffi|.
Each ensrgy
ilff. H*:E constsnt
is cons&nr.

ffixW* Sornca ofenergr Tbansducsr

tJsoftl enoxgr

tCtennica[m Movsncnt

1'
EnYlronneE$*l eficqt sofis cs$ss of sfhctto
Hf:-tl3Y,#j" Ss snvlrotrmenl The fotlowingP show
If gourccs of esgy are usod in orr"
sttchkind ofbsd influpnco'
csvlilomcnt Ws must ptun*t
{\
a
lCasa U.Efrcetof
[Chemical sn€rgy]
[Ctemicel energ]
- Sound carncsih noico Pohnio'tt'
- Heat causor globrl warming'
- ft&auNtgnrcauree thc ryIg'hiliofll:

Eftdof abYdrotic Ptrot

lCasc 2]
fElcctricd enmgYl
fKinedc energyl
tPdnNilirlenerPl
tF dirn is
Hy&nnic P]mo T1^"]"*'
It do€sn't * it may cbanges nnnml ecosyltom"When
TlrS'1ffi"*T:lffim;":-anl
roos ua cw' rr rD r ww'.*B'tsY
'
areo Ins;;ilffi-oioet
(arrimnls and

i-,iilt-*"y'tt{g. space il Eo€dod" }dary

i*"-ittl tis€ fteir livingPlaces'
Estct (risk) of a$ atomic Plant
, [Case 3]

*!,!!iej--:-ryt 9Tr"l ltEhotrioalcncry!

energyl t-
fNuclear
rafts. n braker seus m geno of tivins things' As a res*lt' i't ry
Han *omis ***Tliiffffi**il**dion
sm discuos srrch caa0cr'
as

r &xsr, r* of **.**
ffilPower is dofin€d as the
ffift-i:ssysil}*.S:-"-,
''@-;rY;? I

lExanphl
Acfsnecmlift200kgtoahsightgfl00min20s.whatistbcrrsafulpoworoffucrens?
Ston (1) Find the Wcigbt
DifrA
st i, (2t Fiod thc work dono' (l)
Sftp (3) Find tb€ Power" o*2@E W=mg*200Y 19=2'0(XlN
g= l0m/s'
W =r?
gATA Solulbn
(2) F =Woigp= zomN $Iork = Fd * 2fi10X 1qg = 2$S,000J

d= 10(}ln
Wo*4
Setu$ss
D[T,T
(3)
tlortdonc - 200,000J *_ I&*dW- * ?gW-
ts=__
t*20s i r t 20
200k9 D stl
' 'i, *ls,W*to!Y-
x. i-
23
 IE}ERCISEI
(l) A lOkgroctc is on rhs hilt of 50m.
Wbsr b rbpotsnfiU rouq*A
(?) A book wfucb hre I metrf nf t rt ni-
-,- -- .r - -iJ--"t'
iq,,.*,;;ffi;m :ffi ::* *1fl;"ffi:
I'J At sh,ihiek
, (O, ic ,Gtftdcd fi,onn tbc '- ,: ;m
**$e ro, pss,tin, sr*rsy

orurlalns ;;;;;' mp
6" velocityifta
Irl &c one s€cond,
- O) kfuietic ercqgf aftcr onc
second.
ic orroppea tun
*ffi
a h."ignt of 200nu
:: ff-rtffi''otg
^ whrt id tro potcntlat 6oryy ioo rhc kincds on (s/
G

ffiJ*:--*"u,org0kgfi*,TXti,,**"'#ffi mff#."l*",
(u) Oo rnochmissl aavintals-
(c) thovetocityntio. -.--'
!Q rt" efficiaicy of fre hctincd ptauo.
iflsffi;'M#;
G) fu
(7) A6tlkg
po'vsr a*e*foua
ior*#r'*o
pueil nms for6@m
irtfr for 20g.
rrr*, utr,*uy'
*fonnly.
la) catcutaehis vclocity.-'ry*
"
O) Calcutsrc U, rOo"dL.rgr.
(o) Ifeatiug onc banaoE;*bfi; a p'pil to porfonu abou 3kJ of worrr, how nany
b{ilanu should he eof?

u
 l'i

2. TIIENMAL PHYSICS .

theora
''

2,1, Kipctic ,
:

Srtr ofurilir
I

difforpnco lctnrcso thc thrco ssts of mdtcr

ltsffir eilict in th rbF! silaffi of solid, tiquid md Gas. The plystcrl st*G. Thls dift,to'tso cu be o:plalned in
dcpcndc m frs *"rogrn*t *n U*no"i*ir of 0rs rnobcular in oi:n
paruortrg
trems of tbo Kiffi TboorY.

Iltodcl u/hichsliEs thlq

lvtscr nndl up of vwysnndl prticteo cdlcddotoculs'
ls
Tbcrc molocuh're not'rmonsy bttt ilt cfirtutty movingl
Tho dcgrco of movemGd ofths molsculcs dcpd m tbb tErycrrtno"

SolH
(t) frrycrtis$
(l) Molccrlar nodct (Soltd tnodoD
- FheddraPaadvohms "' ed rigid
Noqnally-htrd
Iffirbprcrsibto
Iargo forccnsedodto changa siuPo
gigh dGNitY
'(2) Arrangomam and movemsnt of particlos
ltsPsrtiolsc ue clos€ togsfhor"
moy art arangdin aregularPmern
Tbs aflmctivo fc'ces betwemthemare stron&
(Ths drrotivo forcs is called Cohesive fme')
'ibev vibrate to and ft'o at tho frxcd poeition' (They cauoot change Positions.)

Llonld
(1) nopcrttss
(2) Moleculsaodsl (tiquid modsl)
F'ked volumc hrt dme not bsvo a ffxed shepe
Not compassible
Higbdmsity
(2) rfmn$mffil and movement of Pamiclos
xdo,,o
t4i.. { n
Thef putictes are clo$o togotho hr they have wider
epooe ttm those b solid.
Tho afirrastivo forces betscsn theril 8I€ wealcen than
Sosc in solid.
They nove vigorouslY.
,cttd
They can movc fiom orelnritionto anothor.

Grr
(1) Propertles
No fixed straPo or volume
Comprcseiblo
tow densitY
(2) Anangement snd moverccnt of puticler
ThoPrticlcs arc vcry frr afaft.

Thcy movo rrodmly withahtgbrpeed'

Brownlur motioq
n n**tm motton providos an ovidsiico of thc continuou$ rrndom motion of tbe
moleculcs in &c tb.
'+ ir,
nxpcrmentat SetuP
A microrcope is us,ed to look into a srsoke cc[ fitstGoctains soms snoke particlec (as well as air moleorlcr) s! rhqlryn
bolow"
 lisht *
sourc6 converginp
*j!4r*-"-H - It/{_*_ - micoacope

--r\l-q
snokp ccll

-) Obsfi/afon gnoko

fi}ffi*ffiT,flilffiffi
rando;;"IillJJ'3i
Thcy move in a
zig'zag@ as ths
Tho pa& of
dftisme lato ciralfnc smotte prrticte
-) F,:rplaudon
snokoprdclc

ffirffi.ffitrTfr*,r,ffffHff",*
Sl gove .ui,r,"oc".rv li G-ffi Viewofnicromopo
This caflod Browaian;"td;
is
#ir.

Dlllurlol
ffii?d nmnr*on is'definod ru 6o procers
by which diftrcnt gubsf'trcss
moleeulcr" mix rs a rpsurt of rhe randum
Thc suilstaac€s move freclv fr,rm o nai^- niotious of their
- -rL!_r
-* Thc r*-"rcifrffitrffiY"TfiTff#fhigh co-ncontnetion toargio-n of row concenr
ffiffi*;a;a;;#ffi H$ffif t"ffi
ilk=iffi #m*::ffi ff;,*
tCaso ll DiffiNion of idr in wator
Thc corow of u/aier is
changed I thc dift*ion of in& patrcr*- (wirrrorr
mixing)

[Case 2l Diffiuior of rrorquito

coil

6
glllggc-pf rtNre
The nanes of changes
of staes ars indicated in
tho diagram berow.
solid *lchlng Evrpo.mtlon
.u,quid
.s'.!sru Boillng Gas

#fffi*H#*@ r**r.. A* the oncrxr supptied to

the subnr'rc€ is ussd
* ,::,Xr,:r . ".t
Thc boitinb poir is oe bmperarure
a fiquid boirs.
";;d
26

&,
<lleating eurve> Te,$P€rsfit"

BcilingPoint---r
(\

point--+

lmdmrml-qm*lar-
liqui{ " gnr'
l**
Svrmn$[[
ffiF$Fil uvrponuon is defrcd acgTlgofjl,:$:t,Hffi
ffi"ffirqiiiv=" rrsh*6n"r* bosursc hGd sivlr mr kinordc eneqsr to'&o
ffi$HHffitrffi
ud
moleculsr thsY tbs sur&cs fugGt
If tompcrsno incroascs'
moloculos mvo ftstcn
otd &oy havc largcr
Hnotic emr5r. Thsn
thsy orcryo ftom tho
Somc edcryo &m tho slrfuoftstcr.
srrfrcs of tiquid d mY tcmp€rduro'

Gas (air) molecules hove lfish€r spesd

-+ Incroas€d gas prcrsure ontba surfaco of tb liquid
becsrse of incrwsingof Pitssne.
rc&rcsr tne iate of evryoratim becauso mors C,
;Idi*t occur betrnreer tho evapornting liquid
Morc gas (ail) motncutes collids
;;i;*[t ad tho gas moleculeq and sms of &s
with liqutd$tculos-
tm .A-fi+riO ioleculcs bouncs bsck into tbo
srftco'
n+lia (See ths rigbt diagrar&) . . .. Liquid moteoulcs bomca on the
* fr" toi*ulcs Si hsvs-tb largectkincdc 3ry
or-or*hc in&e liquidis rcduso4 snd sl'othctanF€mnrc
H;il"ffirfiffi riffi,ifflffiilr@i*.ow
ibir ls t*lito tbc coothg olrect cf cv*porrtlor'
;fffifi;d1,g;.
trho {i&srss ed
Dtaporrtlor npltns'
Ocsrm d th€ boilingpoint
*-
occtrrs d aily t€mperatsrt

0scurs m iho $rfrco ofli$dd Occurs wiein[qnid

Noh$blcs Bubblcs appear

fTRY|
-How
do you fcel wh€n apirits ue applied on your hand? lVhy?

2.2. Thermll Pruperti€tl

Therm*eroe4rflo$
wbsu a body df gomsthing
-r whm mohoule$
*pace botrveau thcm-
is h€ctp4 thc body beco** gr.'br in sizc. It is cdred rhcrnrr crynnrron.
s. vibrarc morp' Then trey ne{ largpr
gBt h€8t enofFr, thcy havo morc kinotic eDsrgy. Tbey movo

Aoollcltlors of thcrqNt oroFntlo$

-: Tharmeler
4Ssiaftprnprcscction i r,

i'
- Binotaltic striP ;-
This it a c@sound bu msds from two '*:-;:"
metals -
wnici rivetsd tsgsthpf. q/bsn it is heat€4 it bends beoanse dheh rnr"-rc
;fr;;iriffiivj-;'-- 4

'ri:'.
2? ']'

"M,
 fBirnetallic stip of copper md ironl
Copper

Lry/ Copper. apaods

morc therr irod
rhry art h€Edcd. L
:hT *,;;
the bcnr ofbimea[ic *d: -.*
ffiffi*ffi*whi'chisa
I Et€ctrtc preseing ironJ
switql to kecp t, t rpo.til in otcctricat circuitr
o.g. a fu,cssing inq

* Rivct
ffi$ffi}}Hffi
Rivetg ara I form of nnit used fo hnl.r r.,^ _
cooling. rn"* #pi#Im," hold two mcrl phccs tightly bgether. If hot ri'Gr is uso4 ths rivet coa&acrc aflsr

metalPlst€s'
* wheotfining ; .ryvu q|.ll.lJl..

lqffi,ff*H,#ffi"JfffiIffi ir ffi #fiff lffig"*;g* i, r **.*ea.

T-
bad in
:ffi l:"ffi;-"';i#d;T'-H'Hff T**l?tffi 'I;Hff #Hg*Htrffit*Hffi
Tte rails of railwevtines - qr ir,: --=- u

nib u6m ?-.oaood;whon the t€mp€rntur' rises. The

b"d;' exnancin.
iliff *';" r; *],iii" #'J;ffifil?nT#gg
ffiffii iig:
raffi ard b sF.
ore way ro
join tog€,ft€r by

Rdt

I,nqgc
Bridgc L_* '-----%*h-*--
-
ffiffiffi:#ff"3*"':,ffiffi'ffi '* " ilffi nxed whire thc otfter
end

Ro!lers

r&rugEgt , . ,'
.
fi*lfH'*
Thotrermodet€risz

s - ry&u rcIEP€lElUllB
#ffiHhx,r.Hffi##ffi*tr
wrvw IIIOV

2t
 Lhql&,tn.lhrr thcrmor*r
Mcrcruy (Alcobo$ lht€ad Boro (vaeuum spasc) -s chanbs
Sflfetv

(AlsohoU CqilltrytubG
Tbs thinnonstcr which utilis€a the rurpmriol of a liquid o moruurs tempffiur€ is cdlod Liquid'ih-glas$
fi; Uq,1dfir**ty usad in it-ale rrercury ad alcohot. Tho tcmpcrdurt isrcad at tho top of thc merrury &rcd. The
most wtdcly uscd temb€rctre sssls ig fto Cet$itli scalo fC).

Boscrlhr of Mercrrv rn0Atcohol

Memry Alcohol
AE;m freazins, point (-3fc). It hn.q t low fusdns oobt GllZK
ffisEmFffiapoiffi(35?"c) It has"alow boiliag pobt (7$rc
@'ta[owligbtthrorgh. It is mlourless but is made visrbrG bV addlng coloum&
flt is easv to sao.)
T@unifornty. But is expursior ir nc vory laqgp. lt dom't enrpand unifotEly. Howcvci, lt elqasd$ tbCIut
sixtimcs uo,rc thffi mcrsuly. -: -
It-ilooe not w* glass. (It docsn't stick !o gkss.) ItEffito fto walt of thc@illaryhrbe ---:-is
whm tho tbread
fellinn.
Tdoesn'a_ttirorfuo at ro$n tempsrstur€ onlo frs rryp€r It crsily vrporise.
oris oftbc h$€.
EE-a goffi con&rctor of heat and thcreforc rosponds to If ii not a good condrstot of heat
j"
cbanse intemosranrt
lt is ooisoltots. It is cnfc.
It is ermcnsivc. It is chce,

Sieelrl$rsss*&r
This tbernomstoor is used to mpa5uro tho trnperatrre of thc hman body. Tho fea0res of the clinicnl thsroomct€r are
shorvnbclow;

Very sansitivs (Hteh c€nsitivity)

- -+ Becuuo it has a lege bulb . Cmguicdou
-+ Because ithrsanffiowbort ' Thinwall
. Nanorvborp
Larga bulb
$bofiraago
- -+ The range i* ftom 35 "C to 42'C'
-* It gives great€r sccurscy. 42t
Cornsnictim
- -+ Tb consfiistion is a sbarp bend in the borc at ths bottom cf tbc scala i

*r lto conrtiction prevcntn 60 coqtasting mercury from ftowing back Ltto ths bulb. It can record fte mrxintm
t€Ep€iltdtur€.

* Quickraoponsiveness
-+ Bccansc ithas athin glass wall ofthebub.

lqqFnsrrlurc {eltg
un* *mercgry-in4fue tb€rmsmstor is pro&rced, the tempgaqrc scule ml$be narked on 6p stcm. Thc& two knowa
tsme6ndurgs ar; m€d€d fornrking thr scaf. fbmnmperatireA are called fttcd pointu. i

n"
* The lowerfixedpoirn
point.
This is te tempirafure of pure unelting icc" It is 0 "C. tco and waEr are prereut togother at tbo lowor fixed
+,,:,., 29
 - Stupporfixedpoint
ThiS is the terupenat're of stten
arc pres{rnt togAfr* u tha uppcr
ftom watm rrcilino
hiling rrl,dcr
uudor or*.ro-r *r^----u
sgnderd ilornosphcric prqsfiftr; It is
t*"e poiol 10sc. wat$r aod rt€am
'r
ffifrff FH#ffi."0oc
1,

ir hcrtcdsrowry, ths smse ctrangoe as berow;

(l) PhFoths bulb in moldog ico,
(2) fucdpot
ffi:#H$ffirfrrud. r**'
(3) lfi) cqud dtvi
(4)
Lowrfixedpoi
(5) Dividc_thc intsrlnnl bArvocn
two fixed
poinb into IO0 oquel par*.
boilitrg $,lltor

Thtrpqtounh
A thcrmocorple is msdc from wircs
of nro aiftl u-.F coger and iron. Thoir
ffi,I#tH #tr rft.Hlffi#H"ffi
rcmp'''rurq e'q. meryns i'{drd;
knorrya ffi*ffi
Satori?b, norfuod ofjust hvisted
obctric .'*ffi-a; amund
rn;;'[*i'iiiiii'"iiiil;m ;;;*;ffiiitrfr:
il{ffiffiffi
wirps_ 8r€

ffitrrti[Trffirfirffi.tfr' ';*ilffi;;till, "* sensirivo *dT; msasure hish tu,nire,,hr!

melting

I
2.3" Gns lawg 'm?

Gec nrcrsutE

@n-"run
fi *il.ir-rilil
is defined as the force p
i, r.,"',,"; p#;; ;i,f,#ilffii:d$:ffiffi ;iffi r N,rn )
*
ff .iiiln*To?ffi ilffi"ft,ffiHffiT.ffi',1 a ro'cc on rhe wau or containor

-r Thc prcsnre
rffi:tnt when rhcy corndo

ofa grs of constaut volume inmesses

therc arp mors moleoules in whc[
flrc sas-
tho molecules move fastcr
ths moleaulcs havo s gn
atormsllo.

Bovlo'r hlt

,ffi rum*og*g*'B**t*' tho product of itc vorume aqy' pres*re

is consraut.

i * Itessrrc tN/mrl i

,,* ;*;*Hjffitl'k;;,ili n,, J,,a thc nnar on*, ar€ p2 snd

v2,
PrVr = PrVe
tExanplcl

lff;cfm.3;IT^{zriar 25oc
rc&red to iooNlmtc Gil;ff;#;; and prwsuro
prrcsouro or?ooN/m'.
of t00N/rn1 what would be thc
votunrc of thc gor if rhe prrssurc
ir
DATA
Pr * 2001{/m2
Sqlutipn . ).

P1V1 = p2V2
Vr=2mt
Pr= l00N/ml vr*T-ffi=g,d
M
SI ulit ofternpordure ir Kclvin [Kl.
-t
,

Tlrc sirc ofthc dcgroo b Kslvin ls thc samo Colsiu

as in
-f Acooqfling to thc calculationr (Charlo'r law), a gw would contraot se it coolr until st -273uC, T.he& 6c EFslrNs n^
volumo *,.273oC. i,
{ -27toC-i0 calbd absolutczno (0K).
-r 273 nurt bo ddsd to conrlert Cclsirs into Kolvin.

lffi-r;;fi+tit'-----I
i [K]
Ts: TerrpGrsrc in lftlvitr scatc
L,._.._.._.ro rqeqanrio.Lc.f}.tg.*Jpl.. ji l
Fxsnelcl
OqC ad (bll0OoC iilo tC
Cmvcrt (a)
(a) Tx=$oC +?!1;3=27315 -
G) f*=100"C +TR=3?3K

Chrrhtr hw
pr€ssure is directly poportional to its Kotvin t€np€runre"

lraam v
ffil!$-".q$F,ggl",sl*g.r.gqp31l*:g.Tgmt
i
!: T=constant i
V:Volumc [ul
L..-.. -.. -..aFspglss*gq-..-..-..-.. -.i
If tbs initial volume and t€mpcrafwe urc Vl urd T1, and tbs final oncs aro Vz and T2,
Ih*v"
Tr-T2
[BxaurplcJ
Thc srn heds l5m3 of dry ah at 2?"C rmtil its voluma inoreasos to 16 m3 nndor thc ntnospheric pressriio. Catcutato thg
t!'[p€[*rre of the air.
pAr4 $olutim
Vt= lSmt lL=lh
Tr = 27oQ = 300K (=27 +273) r lr
Vz = l6m'
Tz *? r,* \il ts{#
= *.laoK
oTr_Tlt * 320 *273 *

Co$blnrtlon of Flogc'r aFil $Frrlc'c hws

lF"#;ra- iilL _ $$ 1
i__ _5_:ff _i
Thil equation is cdled tho gcnerd gnc oqufltion

tExanplel
lSnrsofgasisdapressuruof?0N/#andatenpsrsture of27of.,Findiavotrmcwt€nilisatatcmperohroof l27pC,and
35Nrb'.
a prcEcurt of

DSTA Solution
Pr = 7ONAnl Pdi &l&
Vr- lSml Tr = T2
T1*27oC * 300K (*27 +271)
Pr* 35N/mr
Vr*?
v,*H#-gffi=rd

3t
 rE)ffiR.CrSEl i

{1} 1'5 mr of gna is collectd at s

P,,ossuro of E0N/ *i; Ya" $oora bo ib prwsno if it expmda to r.4
tcrnperstu€? m! at tb sa'o
{2) Couvcrt tlrc Sllowing tcmporaturua:

,9",,;3f
(3) 4ml of a cqain
- pr$s8ul!,
gj;;'t*
gae is rt i## lffitrtrf*iffii
2/c' calculato its volrme when thp lcrtrpcraturs
is rai$cd to lz?nc
.
atmosphaic
(4) Jnl of g's d.2f.cir mdor e pescrrc of l20kN/d. whg 'rder
wourd bo ib vol'mc c 0t and prurs'rc of grkN/m,.

2.d. Tbrnsfer of thermd energr

Ilctt tnm?G[
fffiH-lfiffi"m"i]*ilrffiffiffi ff #frffiffi,:"on
Coduction
rmrn thc rernperarneg a,o

Cmvsction
nadiation

Conducggg

mon;u*ffi1;*ffifrffi bv which heat is raosmited thoush a mediun

{ f,Em its hottapart to its

ffiYffiffiffiHtl*hffi."v Thev collide with neighbors. rhen,

tho,vibrarion is

Conriucr{vttU
Thmual conductivity d€p€nds
on the matorials, Fm cxrurple;
'* Air, wool cofioft, wood, wafcr" glast
aod plastic arc bad c<rnductors.
'+ Ivlstrrlg (o.g. rteo[ hon, coppor, silver) aru genernlly
good cmerctors.
Tho reLtiveordst are as frilowr;
(highsrconducrivrry)
M"d
florvcr cmductivity)
ffiF@ fro show that wster is o bad
conducror of hcar.
Experimontal set up:

boilingw*er

Etugen burner ry*al mer! to kcep iae doua

Cautilnr for the setringt

{ll !r bhck mft be d rhe
bottom oftlrr
rzi ru"ri"ilo il, rd.ril;;;;; q:*ffir;j;H tr ffi##::ffi ff"ff ff *ffitl"
ffifftrtrfi ffinffi.bboilns,cerockaroeilromdocsndmertimmediarorv..
of wiiter
i )

32
 of mstal|'
ffiffito oompars tho therrnal condustivitics

Expcrtmcntal sit tlpt

Boiltrywsfir
. $l!d rourco)

Cnrfi@l forthc setting: (lEngth anO eiss€ffir).

.) Thcsc U"n nko. frc sasrc $iz.dmg'
tiiruy utPto bmt ctb samc
the |an arc in thc bllouring ordcr'
nrrult Mching rpcodr of ths wutes on $t*l
C!P!c'* Ahminiuo "+
of ths lhrco'
Csrchuion Tho coppcr is the bost confucrtor

Cqlvccdot
as &o trPoos: by which brt
is aa
Convcstion is d€finsd -eI* of a
to-""tt* by tte movomeril
banffiit$d from ono
ft UA p.ttioler of a Els"y,ttquid" ta )
5Trffili:"ffi "fiititffi;' r rquid), ft oxponds T1.::
;Tfr&-tt;:rtt i'ilt'tv'l Qry.tu*. *{ q4
"{YS:.,H:H
dmritv)
H'iffiHfiffi'fift*h"id*iu(nieh*
lffid'itffi;-nuic move
cnorgl with it'
qpwards' And tt
oarriof, hoat
-r #;;;;m oTnoia ig called convestion cuncnt'
't i:*noti* ontY mcur inafluid' from tho $ouwo of he* wheno the fluid is hoffiest"
-, convsction "**oiii#;#;ii
omveotion mmont in wa[€r'
@|roobaenvo
Elperimcntel s€tuP:
Potasshrn nmgruato
(It colons wat€r PtrrPle,
when it is dissohed.)

**
Crutions fortho scffiinP manganato'
il;ttttbu nu*.dlt ttu bofiom oftho potareidm
'
Rprulf Th colm chnngee along arrrwl '
ths convostion srrrent in watcr'
Cmolusion: Tho colourod pofr showr

F,xiffifr ro observs convoction cunent in air'

Smoldaringthhg
Experimentol setuP:
Glss$

Glass tube

Hoc sornte
-
Ca,niong for tbo scfing: r -L-r,^ rL- *raaa tub€'
"*ili-i;oHoi;t,fl** mustbG placcd justabove thc slass
rrilra

(2) Thr hCIar *|l#fi;.;;;ffi rnier anotber glasc tuba'

ftows throug! ths top of tbo box
and-
thingp goac dovm th,rougb ths tubo,
rw'..r't;;*ttt'
Resurr Ttc snokc prod*ced by thc smordcring
@t'd'
ths aonvoctiq currcrfic in air'
Conclusion: ttro rmokg;howg
i!

33
 R4flstton

ry io,il.**or#W
-l Tl"t^ -r-

r-'{ ffi',ffiffiffiilffihd
Anobjoctwhichn
hfra-rcdrnv.

a"
"bj,q,;
*ffiil ;.ffiffiH##trSffi
E@To show whichsufqas
abEoftg rnm beftlr(breck
Expsrfuxcntd set up: nnd urhite).

Hoat source (Brursen

Tlrmrnometer hmow)
* Itmrronrcten
tskck tin
Whibrin

A"9g greF serdngr Water

Wfftur
8l S:y:*1,ii,$- &o somo silcs.
gl Hg:y;ilil*T,ffi;,ffi;.
f,;Ttnd;iilffiilffffift**.
yH:ffi, mnmlj*ffi*&"
rho bhck ,"1p€'ah'6
***, il;il ;ffi"ffi:
(d.r,k) roadtus than tho wh,tc
tiu.

*cb su'&c€ emir hpd betn,

mlj::
Expsrimontst
$st up:
@rack mtr rvrite).

rhornromet€r /
thsrnonnster
Itrlishsd wall ....- Mshl block
Black Wall
tu*y${rosotting: Heat sourco (gunsen
hrnpr)
_,
ff;g"mffii: ; ifr
(Itprwcnts'[[;;,,ft Y"ffi, tffin*:
ffi# ffi $CIlt ths heat sourc€. - --'"- waus
s{t ns'
ry
each
"wr* (don,t
\utri torch tho waus).
-'-r ' r'rf,,'neErll itrom heating
l*ul* Thc o*oor.tolrr,,ffff
r,. trerrnornctr
T:,Sine 1r*-uo* iLt sourfco
ru hcat
by fto sou'co dirwtly.)
diregrry.)
t*"t*'* iltiilffifrl, t*#r*
conct'cion: rr,, urr.r, [1,;,
lffii:::X
rtrJJffi:H#$ff] rnading thsn &o orfr€r"

emits;a d
ff"m*tour absocb!' d,u hcat
well, otherwise trne
bright sbiny corour can
pmv$nt ths hcet
, *om xocing by

*Immqlfrmsnass
'Ti;yt*ffiffi#ff l
I Iffi
'+ mJH#ftrg
-p*"n,r;'rffi:,ffi1
$I[*ffi*i,-ffi3;i
o,ction
andaonyecrism.
$itrrcring
*.lr ;,# ;ffiff trJ#tr'
tr$ dom, t,occ'r;

ffrir".*-,*-**
Vacuurn spar o

34
 watet flows from the tank to t'hs '
.* !{otwats'qY$gm tu &e hot wat$ $nh while cotrdef
, watcf i$ hcdsd in tba toitef,
*rr.,tt
{
*tr*ttoup*,h*
rkas by convoctCIn
Jffil"fr;dhd" *ftffiffi
ntop,uotwtet flows o*t'
,-*
boirenTbp

rrrtensio,nptno
Try

Rrecnsoir tnnk $trago tank

; Boiler

ilpe* ffi* :s*rffi#kffi

,sry
than the sea The watxc
ar n ,tl:S#UHl# "tffi'mffi,i'3ffi
Ttis is called Laud breEzc'
$ea brPgzc. rL^ rmrr r {6um fusffi thtn tho sea'
the rovsl's8 occttrtl' bcoarse the lmd cools
At nighb
EAd
thrf ..F+ *Tr
not"it'i*g" 1fs-orot p
mftGlanG \

- Radisisr
Car engines are coided bV
conyectln ffisnt in tha
-1
water -*>
gives up Hot watcr
ptp€. Thc radialor il;dit
*th*e* whera wator
---*
fudm"ttutbeair' fifltfitn
=Ah

- Creenlrcuse
is a building made of glnsses tr
Orpenhouse

ffir**gmgm,ryru-ry
cm't
nlanfis get
i"*p*oug"u inside warm'

Cold watsr
** SolarPanels b"
h sunny c{xrmtnc$' "'*3 y"t"r-:T. :
nrodrrccd u"iog *oi;
p;k'h one typo ot
"*ilil*";f muu ii weldsd P gt
*tttl Ntetal hrbe Dult black Plato
ffi;'*#; **''i" P"ilua dull black" .fto nta*e
&i$
il;# til *ulumon' asd shdrce Cold wator
;*d h tho water bY conductios
"i

ITRYJ
tbs sofion whe'n ws toucb thet!il:
Why tfrc nnits arE felt soldor 1

35
i'
i

3" FA,OPERTIAff or wdvus

3"L, General wave Lr
Wrya
Wrvc ir defncd as &c form rher some typer
-t
-' rrac*e ;*dffiiffi';'1ffiffi#;t"#:.
__
or3lergr
of
e"s! ;:I;3f:
uhtr uavc. ftcy
so,rJ ulcc as movo.

Transvcrto wayg
Lo,ngitrdinal urave

*@lntm, as a wave
#ffitred in which drc vibrations
of tho particr 6 te d Tight mgte totl,re dircction
+
Pircction of J
vibrstion Diroction of tavel of
tI wave

Exaqflee oftuisverw
wavc ffe o*, oK ropo, {ght r*ro ,ffiuoc wew.".

defin€d Bs a s{.v€ in which

PnH*fHff:ij rho vibratiors offteparricres
awpara*term dro dirp*isn
of
Direqdoq of travoi of
ivave

Exanpt* of loagiminal t'u rro-J; ;";: Ip:IJ:ffiHy.Yl

Vlbve ternr
Amplitude

is the maximum disptacement

of a particre from its resting
ffiggnmxx position.
Wavetength

is the minim'm disrance at wrrich

:'+ HS-:lY*6gn
ffifff**1'rTll;rg i"*'r"
synbol tit .bd"i: r*i
The iE
thc wave repeab itsorf.

_.Crest
Amplitude
{
Cres* Top ofa wave
Truugh: Bottom ofa Distance
wave

Pqriod ,Troueh

@irloilretu,*" wave-'-*,r-i"ilrlo*
is the timc
I f#Y#p'glsf.:'ad s€cofid [sJ.
i, **
T?.15:i::"rpteto
---- tar"iu
vibnation ofa particto.
urrrwavc.
'-'rqs one
{ Tho s}mbol r
Fncguoncy

E@r".qucncy ofa wave is the

-t In othor uprrd,
numb€rofcomprcb rmves,produccd
frqr*t;dil;r*"y per scc@.
wavcs flrB nsd€ in ono second
36
 -| Unit of period is Hert? tHcl. $*&T +Sb-
-+ Tho symbol i* f.
-i) n*lotigp*ip.SgeggHqg"J*S.w$.H.._

*:r.!T-
r;T!
Jf""*n '- i
i
! e FrequcncY [ttzJ i
i tPcrioati i
:
m-;,;-;.;,J;;;.:
:tTfrffi mffi oispocd is por cpcdd ttn/sl'
.-"e in .nc gcc.'d

't The svmbol is v.

!6;;ma v: fl, i ffiofonewrvchngth
in one poriod (T). Thsntho wavc rpecd (v) b
!- v:spgd of
ryy1tdd i
rt rie+rencytuzl- i
I
i --lvqig*sl-lrr----!
[F,mmplo l]
trf 100 waves an P,roduced in 5 wh* isth
Sohsiqn
DdfrA
Numberof wavcs * 1{X) From Qucsti$: lfrlwavq;r
J
5r
Timc taken * 5s From dcfinitbn: x wav€s - 1r
5x=lfr)
x= *I_
100

[Exarylc2l
Awawsourt€offiequencylo00HzelBiBwavwofwavelength0.t0m.
(a) Wbc is the Poriod of wavo?
Ol Wn* ia the sPeod of wave?
(a)
p.AtA $el!$i€
f- 1000I{z f*+
r-+*#*o,00ls
o) pSrA Soh{tion
l-0.1m v=fl,* 1000x0.1=l{XXn&
f= l000Hz

fB)(ERCISEI
(l) waves are pro&rccd by a vibrator ota fircqtrency l0Hz snd the wavelength is 0'2m'
(a) q/hst is thc Period of *'ave?
(Ul Wtrat is thc qPeed of rvavc?
(2) Waves eavel at 3&n/s through e c€rtnin mediun. lf l0waves pass a cartain poiut per secon4 ffnd

(a) thc tuqtlency

(b) tho wavelengtbh
(3) Ifl20wsv€sarepro&$edpcrnninrrr,fmd(a)the&equeucyando)eepefiod
(4) Thc diarram below shows fansl'erse waves'
-l Distame [m]
s '5 Uifunsc lnl
-)
(a) Findthsuumberofwaves. i !
(b) Findthcarylinrdcofwrves' t'A
(c) ffudtho wavotcng$.
(d) fird the spoed of tfr wavo if thc number of Wavee in the diagram is p1oduced in 2 seconds"

37
 I

3.2, $ound
ProqCirda pf rou+d

-t Molcc'roc j.* vibrsro

mmfrm*tm*mmf'*'*
t roc'tr. na"r*ir* o-""t dilli.lil*m
ornir cu pushoc and smc

ei,r*uJ"omprucaion. tffiElGcnltr.
mcdirun. *
:- f::*phighct,prcreu'tpt
ra slrgru{y b$€f_prcssurc placc ir callcd rrrofirctiorr
;t*;;r;il thc directtun of motocurs
: ffilP
'+- so'od wavor nocd
vibrcim md fto dturction of aavoring round
any modirm (soffd', riquid ..s gas)
-t sourd caond tnavel d;i;'
-'a..r and .'e/ wheu
wu.'.. ttcy
urnl rre mansmitted.
-t *t#ffir: d.ugn
* " navols frster in liquidr tlron in
trt f.*Ht eas€s, ad thc faste$ h solids.)
woor(zseC) lj0omls
Imn'.'*.".--..-"...-...,3gi0rn/s

Srocd of ropE|l
Ia fu aia sound fri8vels at a qped ofabout
340m/s (l S,C).

ffilm dotelndrr tho speed of sound in air.

Dbcct mcthod

digtancs'sn
Proccdure:
(l)
ffin*gffrff *rY#ftrffilYf8d
a, 30c**:Ap_*t-q
ObgcrrysrA
g. * ry*ipre" i00s, ?m*
0@n)
thc starUng'pisbf.
s.s. I
open field. Record the disrance
'$, with the meas*rirrg

;H:_l,y;}r g*j{*c yrr,r,s

(3)
(4) ffi
ffi ;td;ifi
F'tqe'.
(s) The spocd of sound v canbc,"t
elsql, s&rb
;#*#;kH iTffi*.
he the sfopwatclr"

*=i s "fG-Li
Echo method

Largpand flar wefl

Prccedrrre:

i$ffi
fi i obccrver g
(3)
I ffiffi # ffi, ;-trHffil$?*ffiffi
shfus the stopnerch and counring ri.r* ;;1.
recor4.s, wirh the nees'ing tapc.

(4) nm timc interval t *t"i*,"t,1"p, z.ro t,h" sd,chp" Thc tinrc taken
i"^b; ""
ileut;; l;,* t1 ir recordod_

,:
"50lL

38
 (5) The*poedofsormdvcanbccatcutatcdby;
2s
.-A-,r\Go ud Come)
v* (Totnt distnnco covsrod by lhc scho is 2s'
T

ffiofroud,r,o*.howhtg!orlowths0undis.Forcxamplo,girl,rvolcotshighpttchwhitoboy,gvgicois

I ontbpryl?l,11ffiffi'A*r?yhffi31ffiT
-.1 Hlffi"sounddcpcndr
ffisHilffi':ffi ffi'ffsffiiffi *:*- t'\

ffiif**gr::*#-T-*,w*iJ[*
Loudncgolround

., *itrrignt iipil"ar ioffi'rgy ooot

i'

and thsrcsF lou'hr'

: m.
ffiw\nvro'o'rso"''
sc*'nd
A sound wrvs
,A.- , mt'o ,A./-
f"*"*Yt* smsll€rsound
sourd
IB)(ERQISSI -,- -4rr4^'
(1)FindftospcodofasomdinftcairqitF'afteqrreucySfrrJotlzmdawavolenghof30cm"
i,ttfJ,ffi ;'*;*tfr:*:';#1ffi r#'mn"mfut'tu'm*"msu:
allcl4sir 20s;Find&c sPdof sorul-
rs 340n/g. whrt ifthptcmrperst*€becomoshigbe'r?
ffi***r*r** of rSoc,thc spood ofths sormd

i'$r .+it"'

33. Light I

Promrtv,gf litth!
obicct tavels iu straiglrt line'
-.+ Th" ligbt from ,n*!,rio
Thers arc tno clrango thc directiur of light.
RPflection
Refraction
.
..,-_ .r
, .,.r _,.

RclFcdm of nsht
porishod surfaos euch as a
SrhcalailforsyfumatightEo{ryry*loothssurhcoofanobjoct'therayborurcmoffonit'Tttcnficmyc'ntsrForn
ouiort E n, ,ov uo*o.*'ofirt" *g,tt r way on 6c
opc. Trrb is why *u *Io'ilu - e";i;[v,
mirror.
iti's;omciilg phenornmon of rieht p t"lltl Tlqf:"i$[;
T- ffi#'d;ffi*" -h"'"ffittoe'unft":I-1,x1*S"gg3t
\ *Y'
tfr;-th.;ry9"ung1'rracc is gltgs-:ffin1,
it ;S tfi ffi il#;ililil*;r*gsg::ll*i.*,*f,i1y;
'{
:+- :: iil:tr'"ffi
ffi ffiffieaffi#r,ffi;h;ffiffiffi-;*
ffiffffi;'ffifr@"t.* *,q'fg1,t:-*l rg-g;i1'*nir
;q;.t$":*;ffi;
ca[od tho normrr'

: iffi
hl engloof rcllcctbr'
if,:ilfftffi il;il*a"ilv *ao. normnl caucdtlre
Normal
is
Reftocted raY
Inpident
Asgle
Angb of

Rsflecting rrrfrcs (s.g ninor)

s| s"ot""Tb;;";t
fliiltontt of Rcflection
of im.idcncc is €qurl to tro anglc ofrofloctim.
, l*'
2,Tlreincidentray,&oroflostodrsya'rdthoffimelaltlisinthosamoplam'
rl

39
 FfrffisE ro vwis &o raw ofreflecrion, j * r.
Apparatus: Light so**e (Tiorctr
$un), Frah papvr, flar nirror,
Expcrimeruel sct up: .'l\ cdk (noteboohs)

Cardr wih a nanrow sllt

Mrrc: mrru
(l) Arnngo tb opparattu m tlc diegran
8, t{f,*ths porition of tho mitmr *irn
* *rign, mo.
(3) Turn on tb brch (Tbc tight
ny como truough tbg ctft ro thp mirrsr.)
*' F$s of the lisbt bcfon and aftcr refhstion
mff ;;*, a pcmcir &r at two praccs erch as fr ryart ac
(5) Joln each pcir of dotr with a
suright linc and oxt'nd thc
(6) hrwenornnalonmcetingpointufftoruyr, rins to 0rc mirtr positim.

(7} Measr'uc and compars ttre angte ;

of incidence sad thc augle of
conclugion: The aglo of innideircs reflection
*o to ange of reflcction are the samc.

V'Lrturl lnrgc da,thc

&lilre utnerl
#ff;x*: ffieT*u$sfiiffi ;::'j*,,ffi Lffi . *o' can scc vour virtuar irnnsa
in a mirmr.
vifter im?e L *-ir*ii ;;ffi#
Thc u sire as ftc obieci.
The virtual lo"tit*iil"r#il';.;;rilil!'Lnud
it"i"
rhe virtuar imaie in
";i*;; iliriilrfr, *'*"* crffi;tril.ft aro opposite.)
tbe mirroras fte objec i,
in frotrr.

Planc mirror
Objecr
Virtual imago
Sams sizo (hcighg

(** thc imaga which appeffi

on a s€rc€n i,
GIdilJr
."tl"d;ffiffii* r* hore carnera, movie)
' (l) Stand a minor on a plain ppcr.
(2' Draw a podtian oftho
miror wifr a sraight line.
(3) stan<l tho
obje$ (such as pin) o in ftront
of ths mirror md locale the image
(4) Vicw the imagc t chind thc mirror.
in tho mirror frcm some convarid
(5) Draw tle sbnight posltion l.
linc in front of mforor ftom eye
(6) b inqgs.
te nmcess (4) and (5) from amthcr position
fWeat 2.
(7) Rcmove 6c Eirr€rind
srM
thosc lincs tina ru. t mirror wit& the.dotted rine.
(8) Tho intersecdon
of thcsa tinos, I, ir t"po.iu* tho iqago you observed
(e) Joia o trd I 3f fronr each poaition.
shaight rins m€*sure or*ir*",
rh''"ith
ftom mirrorto o and to I.
'+ distsnco
',d
from thc minor to o fu equat to fu disen'c
-r Thc li,ne Ot is a a right segJc
ftom tho minor to r.
fo ths li,ne of ninor.
Position 2
nsgglbegluglt
B$aslbeslEslt . r .L- ^*- a-. .rlda*^r *rerri* ie ce*ad rcfrrct
refrrcdon of llght.
rhe bending of light as it crossss t- TTd"v-TY::,.Y?"**STffiJ:"tT"T.
caned tho incntwt rrv'
T' ffi
;lH:tr;Hffiffil'il1ffi'.#ffid#.ffi1y:3ff
iil ;i ffi Jfr- u'*u'"Y I' llil'-d-Y,:{ffi*t
;' I 1

'+ rhc *'

H--H'ffi.ltHlffi
rrtr€ srawn ilt?rystxm*lsr:x;?ffl$*normrr'
.+ Tlrc urglobctwcan ffiffiii;;ff ii;',ne **rr iiiscarlg,U$p rnglo of lncldeucc"
: H: ffi: ffiffi ffi ffiffi;fird[;.;;*"
cailcd the rnsh of ro(nctron.

hoidgm

Medium 1
BoundarY

RefactcdraY
r€tastion I \
ittavcls from onc rneditrmto aadtcf'
-t Rpsaction is dr|lro &p dtffarcnt rpr.aTifigf,i&
ta) itttl*trt n"*
bs dsnss.to
;*1 fi1st n""tto towards tt: **P* d'os€ modi'm'
: tl?l$f;Tff.'#;';A; is stow.rthanthnt inthe less

donec msdiunil(o.g dr)

Denscr modirrm (c.g wate$

medi"um'
(b) Lislil tavelc form donrer to less denso
i'"iifrt i" *frtt"o o*aY from t,l11*-*- ftan that in thc dens€r medium"
Nonnal

Denser modium (e.g, water)

Gss'A€'tls€ mcdium (e.g. eir)

away &ou normal

(c) Liebt mtcrs anotbsr mcdium ot rigbt nngle

o the boundnry'
"t Lirht is notbent.
; ;tril;;k" tt*g*' It dspsnd$ on ncdia'

-water: 1.33
-glass: 1.52
dimoud:2"a2

ffi um of Refrtction
i:ffi ofse sin€ of thc mgto of incide,cce
to tbe sitrc of sc anglc of rsfractior is constdlt'
| '- ----'- "-"-"-"'*"-l

i Sin
_,.-,.-..-DllI
r
t-
-.._..-..-,.-,.1 i \,
rcftrctivs lndcr'
U'J oonstant vlh* 'n' is cal* thCI
:.
-;! Whno ftr ray *;f ry.1A* t*yo*'
'+ ttir lawis callodsnsll'shw plano'
and ths normrl aru in ths ramo
Thc incidsntray, tho rcfractod rry
4l
 ffiffiilrovcrifrthc law ofre&a*ion ($neu,s lnw).

fffi;a
pins (pene), reetensutrar
etass bto€k, il fE* ir

ht e rWbgutir gtaso btock on tho ptain prycr.

fll Drawfto
(2) or*tino ofthc block
(3) ftrt Z plal on cno sidc of&c
btock. (pr ntd p2)
. (a) Conncct Pr and P? wi& n strdgftr
lins, and cxtcnd it b ftc surhce
of the block.
J? y** ttrohptoe ttuougb tbc bto* &om rhe oppostrc ridc.
(q h$ othc prnc rn lino wi& pr and F2 *g
-
(4 Connea pr od pa wirh a s[aigfu rfo,', u nu.t * thc opoeiro sid!, (Fr ed p.)
and cxtcnd
it to .h0 ,rrra"o of thc brock
** rho sftfght lho bcfs/E;trro
9l DrawftonormtlatN. borndqia N and M.
(9)
(10)Mcaeur€ thc anglc
of incidmco, ,, ffid tho aqglo ofre&action,
(l l)Calculate sino i, sinc r and rhc r.
reftactivc indcx.
(lz)Fcpeat (3) ro (l l) with
differcnt positione.
Exporimcntrl sct rry:

f Glanrblock

Result: sa[lples o] ghntl6 ir rh^ L--r-

Pa
I I sin i 3mr Sin t
(305- r
-rm fl70)
/1otr
(335
@.6293
(0.E387
t.4691
4.s4d}6
Sirr
{1.34)
{l.i4r
fi24 to,2w u.2w9)
Conclwion: 0.41)
The rs&aotive
pf2
M"Itr oftwo fixed matericrs
Lino are p[el to o" iiorJ]l**"' 'rc
armo$ constant varuoi.

[Bxanpte tJ

A rey of liglt bavelg fiom air into waer

waterb I.33. at an an$o of incidorrcs o.
60 Fitrd the angre or*rmi* if tnc jtactivs iudcr of
DATA
f= 600
r*?
n= t.33
sinr=tq!rl,
.n
- stn60" _ Q,s?
tJj_*;f*0.65
r = rin t(0.6s) *4f

42
 -watcn 4f
-glns*:42o
Crlt&st$s3ls
wa*d$eattngteis*reparticularangleofincidencoofaray This reftcctibn
bcing rcsortcd at 90* tothenorm*l.
nto** tryt dcn*e m€dium which rtsultr in it
"
Normal NoPmal

Less denso
Dcruo mcdium

f < Critloal anglo i - Critisd atgle

rulere

Thh ggnJttdne bnr (curvex) lenr'

at thc edges is caned a converging
A lers tbat is thickcr at the cesfie than

(C)'
-) ThE ccntrc of lens is called tha opttcal !:u1rc called tbo priuclpel nxiu'
-l The line passing *o i.tn*61ryry it iite plago of thc lens.is
thnrulfr? thc principal focus (F)'
Tho point whereov, pililIi't"ilJprt*r4 *ir dr"rer it t{t:d
-l
-t rhodisanco toqtrths ffi;;,* (d;d;;;ip-i6oot trl is ca[€dthe focql longtb (D'

tbrough F'
(1) Rays parallel to priocipal ads are reftapted
to &o principal a:ds'
(2) nays pe*ring ttuoug! F ars refracted prallel
I straight" ,
*rr#
' v --
|
C continuo in
(3) Rays pasoing \*gh /r\

How to loclEsre image throqSb a lgUS

(fuiy two of tbo rulee are enougb fm lo'cating Se image.)
'il---*--"
f
tf Utt any ttt'o of the rules.
(2)Findthsintlersectionofthercfiactedrays.Itgivesthepositionoftheimage.
at any pon|L the image is virtuar'
$thc refracted rays extend b€hind d;;joc utol
frc extended linss intcr$ect
-l poi$t, thc image is infttity.
-, ffthe rEfract;;i; do not htorssct at any
Various imrFeg folpgd by cplvex le-ne
Ctl OUiect is bctrileon F and C'

'+The image is between F and 2F

'+Thc image is virtual'
qThc imngc is upright
'+Ths imigc is magnilicd"

(2) Obi€cl is arF.

'+The imagc is it infinitY.

43
 (3) Obj€ct is bctrvesn 2F and F.

'+Thc image ic boyond 2F.

-+Tho ftnagp is
rcal.
'+Tte imegc ir invcrted.
+Thc ftbagc ir nagnifiad.

(4I CIbj€st b ar2tr

+tte imags iE at 2F.

+Tho imagc is real.
-rThc imago ii invcntod
+Tho imagc is tho sarne
siac as th6 objcct
(5) Objsct is beyond 2F.

-+Thc imagc isbefireenF

and 2F.
-rThe irnage is roal,
-rTbs image is inrrened.
"+Thc imago is diminish€d.

$) Objectisatinfuiry,

'rIlte imagp i;s at F.

-rThe irnage is r€al.
'*The imegt is inverted.
'rThe image is rliminished

El€ctmiluqnetic spectrum
visible lig[u consi*ts o,f c-gloos,@
e light .somg
q5,r: yell.oy,-ry br*e, indigo and viorer. when you see
ffir.::ffi*"" band' rhis i"re ;i cor*irca riifi i*'riuui a,;tr"i*;"^tu'roro*" tte rainbow, y,ou
cs in mder of thsir
And visible lieht is elec&ornagneti*,-y.11*- Electrmragnotic

ru*ffi,ffe** ;;;' ffi;il;* ilffiTffiffifi,ffiffie

"lt 9IyLvr tle of er€ nam€d in ordcr
** crd: iT;i,-*of
the ranging

&ppftler of elcetromretrctic welE

Elecfumrgnetic waves ta- rome properties shown below.
enerey fi."",*.;l;lo
*:l arc
ry*.y
,r_ney afi transv€rse waves.
"o-nnon fiono.

Thcycan all *avel drrough,

"oor*. n/s) in a yacuum.
Tlrcy all mvel st 3 x tO:yr (J00,000,000
Th. equarion (v=fl) applirgto ali;iil;;.
_
Br[ ftoy havc differpnt wavctcngthq
frequcncies aod apprications.

{+ srmgs +} yotlow ++
Pd gr6GD <-+ bhre ++ indigo *, violet
 T-ray
They ara the mosl, eneryatic and thc most pcrrofiating rays. They are
dnmgeroun but atso u,eefirl for tln qcdical i ,

rcaftnqnt sueh as fte rfuier&eraPY.

*-raY,
X*vi -fu". Dw€trthroueh
a considff[blc penarafiing powcr througfi matter an
mattsr and they al*o affeot photolfaphic films, Thess wo
objects, e.g. x-ray photographr forbores amd metallic
ilffiil;.k"' o* ruituuro for uscln;i"tfitdgh
'
strus{ffc.
Ultraviolet rtYs
Thc *un cmie a lot of ufbaviolct rayr. ttowcv€r, much of thcm
ir rbrorted by r lryer of ozono in the uppcr
afi'o'phG or*ro eara. irmuch of thcmr"uct os otn bodioc, it.""-;&rtlo
e.i"gt* t*tt ." n uw sttt'hft, eyc dafrrago
and sllin €{rc€'r. t'
.

ptrotograph (which is used as Nigbt

ilffi#f;4 cn€rs/ bgt it ia invisible. It cm bc dstlctod by thc infrs-red
Phuograpbf) and thc 6ermoPile"
-- Misrowsv€g
lvtfurowaves are ld[ds of radio wave$. They ars uscd in rrdr eystems, micmwavc ovon ad &e commuicaion with
satellites.
Radio waves
programmos and cellphonor.
Radb wave! aro used for the broadcasting of radio or Tv

IEXEBEISEI

tF*
(U rind tho angle of rotloction in the dagram

{ '"\d'i
below'

fy' 1or\$/:,'")
AJ A pupil gtalrds in ?m ftont of mirror. Find
tb6 dtstffsc€ from fio pupil to 6e image'

your cy€s at tvto positions'

(3) Ibs diagram belorp shows rcflected mys of an obje+ttory-a mirror to
G.ru tho image of an oljeot in &c mirror md label I on it
l"i it
tUl fi"o ttr" positicr of the objoct Tqkb"t o on

(4) Find the refractive indax in the diagrmn below

d an englo betrveon the boundary and thc incided ray 5f. The angle of
(s) A Eglt ray travels fum Nir into watsr
rcftactiof, is 2f.
-itl
C.t-"t"r" the refractivaindox, -L- L^.
(b) calcrilsfip the anetc of rcfractior if tb anglo bctwccn 0re bourdary and tso incideirt ray changes into 701

ITKYI 5

Explain why lightning osmo$ fastcr thas thrnder'

.';,' ,, 45
l{ :

$etic electricity
i::
4, ETECTRTC'NV
_{,1. 'rr
SilsshfryC
f *ty g,n

:Tffiiy"$
ryr! ehctrb ctergeE that cannot flnw Tt --^ ^.
'srH?ffi#*ffitrhc**
wnon two difrrrcm
subushces sg rubbe4 thsyarocltngea
Y*T
+ Theafious tty rrt .gra bynrbbincr
"fd
nunbfficofn
;b_a;:'.on irt ofnrn*^-o ^,-^,.

c.&",
Polythene

Posftive
cha,Eo-
*'-r >+'--*ffif* ***"ffi
-e- clrarge cho*o

*ffn-ffi"*ffi;Hrt#ffiffi --:+*ros[lve
s/hy docr rubbed nen
'+ *]-_**:**
'" Ifrr. ^r.:--.ifattstctpieresoftissuc?
"n "".
bv a risnuo *ro* *,lso ft is cha,ged. * ...y
en'ifsomesmallpiecosof

fig:,,Htrffi*:,f##rum,3.1,,rrr
lpositive or uegafi
rro
ieilil-i-H:-T-1 "9*: is caled *r*" "Iil]. jffgy^".t Tpd
IJ .

ff:trfiffiefl*mm:.wH#
li'ffi f,:#Ba;;dffi J.,,#:,lHf,*HIfJ,.;;;;ffiH::ffi,J

(2) Attnaction

(3) Atfactian by
-€6<=
ioducoO cbargo

-'-Tffi@
eto"rrio;-*-**a

I"ishtnhs

ffiffi #ffi*ffiffilllfr #H'gg!*v#nffi #ffi*,**ffi ?**,'"

rE:TERCIEEJ ilptsbln.
(l) Tiro batls, A rnd B, aro

(2) A snd B ilo t$ry bnlb whlcfr

c* t*t ffiStffiffiffi mt;;;i*tu* of &c tucc on A a'* B?
'"' *u*ilu t h' dffi* ortn' rc'e o A md B?
m ilffiou
H l[ I Nl*n:S:,:Wiffi#;

4J. Electrical cirtuit

trat tlrC OlCCtfOnf flOw in
9Urre4 - . . , ---^^4n^.o ir +L- rtrrrrit I
il'bstlwouscglcc,lrioslapptirnocr,gloctriccunentflowintheclrorilFlowingelnentnc6u
U"cirtutt.
ig deffne'd ar fte rds of chargo
flowinp
F66illa currrcEt
itr *it of ot**t is amPere [A]'
'ffi *it of chrgo it ry!:ry!!9]:

t
l= t (or Q: It)
{i
I: Current [Al
Q: ChargP [Cl

in ssfios'
+ iLb smmster **'U conneqtcd to a coEFonncnt
&i*i*tta th€ Positi'€ torniml'
.r he pmitivo r*#tiffiilililUf*tCg['ffi; laqarv no

t"tfliO **i be connwtod to du *gsti"u Uattcr'

termin4'
-) Tho negdivs terniu*i,,,uatty

t$ffiryla U
A urotor usos a cur€nt of 20A
fur 10s' How much

Elcstromotifs forcs esf,'h coulomb of chrrge

a cell (or bmcry) is defrned as &e erorgy suprptied to
Sletromotlvc forcc (am'f') of
within it
Tb unit of e.m.f" is vott [Vl' (lV = lJlC)-
E
e.m.f. = 0

Potcntiel dtffcttrcg
#Hhffiffiillffi*
ffirg,ff:r#i*l[-ffi
il."gy. Thb *nsnrmcO €o€rgy is callcdthc pot

(p.d.) is dofmed ar &e @rgy conved+d pcr rnit chrrgo

p8oftrg thfntg! a coryonart
f,nniuo-ilpotgnfl.l dtfrerenc,
47
 -+ VolEt€tsr
-,
-t
-+ r*::tivor"?#h?ffi
i:"$ffi
ff
rhe nega Hg, tG;irvfiffi j"Tffi
J-frffii'ffililHffi
tu*io'r t**iiy'b#i ffijJdfi,ff
gH :r1T::m
trffi S fffiffiffi
[Examplo tt
60 C ofchargo flow through
r bulb which hangfers lg0J of

fExarupru e1
When n cunsnt of2.5t
(")*11f;;ffi ;ffi|,ffi ',fr l;H:Hfr*b240Iorenerss,arcconsumcd.
(b) \ryhet is ne potfrtirioiffi#;,ff#fi
(a) rrlqlA
$olutioq
Q*? t*Eg Q=h=2.5x8=eQe
(b) p.{f4
Q=20C V* ? v=$*#*uo
exanple mey
herp rhs understaodtng of
H*::y*
lBxamplsJ
e.m.fl, p.d" and curenr.

(r) Ira tfl#.Hi:""ffiffiJfli.li::gy

zA orcwcnt

:
-r 1u.',*.i'ii-?a"
rhe p.d.
***- --r+{lliffi&:;xr,r'#ix'i*tth
****i.sl"f*_6i_"irri_Lg
ofths butb is t.iv. *,,,
nom in the cirsuia

by ono coutomb-

No engrgl
Elesfica!
:ffi
2C pass in le

o'{""f"J"T*1?.Tiffi
cell i:ii$}::r"j:IHg,-r*o"ffiiltbecircuit
Thc e.m.f. of tre ff v oulo' and 34 of currsnt flowr
: n".u'r*t tr I Jy.'J;:"'J in tbe circuir
i tln. *.
rn'p.c'"lu,ii'ffi - .- -. .-* ::jjt_:{g"to is supptied to;;il;;]
?:rt#3g.9."::i_*:secondarcerrsinpoint
;:ot, :fffi ::::e
lgj orm,fr is* onnurilJ i{;;;
;,
ilrffi
#,ff * *o
# ;## # ffi H#hr.
No engrgv liG-.IlLLgl"n",*
%_r*V,Al

3C pats in ls
 Beishsss
ue opposftions to frs flow of euncnt
F*rniT:oilrnc rccbtlncG in a circuit
Thc unit ofrcsi*mcc is Ohilt [OI'
-t Sonet cqrtponemts in a"'ictiit ""tr as bulb or hmter hrve ryi*-tutcc'
,+ I thde *r*ch pffiotslfrc t"titutco T q9:il$I-.tttt-d
fts rhoostrt'
tnslstor'

:- ;."Eiti$t" gtistt gtl Jqtx {stgmg'i+sell$

'@ n= I Y (orv,=rR)
I
i
Fu Rosistrncc [Of
V: Potcntisl ditrrEnce IVI
! I Cuncnt[A]- ..-..-.]
;
'-..d..-..-
-This;btionship ir calH ohn's lrw'

[Exaryle l]
a coudttstor' Ttt'oJg[Srylglts-t]tq
A crrrent of 2.4 flows through

fiE:rarnplo 2l
' Find thCI p.d. ac*oss a l'5o rosistot whcn a curylgf {lllbgg

[Bxample 3]
a 5fi rcsistor ttrd has 20V qqroggll
Findthe cunent flowingthrCIugh

Svrnbol of e{Pctrlcal co$oorstr!

8rt used are stro\ryE
Wbeei

I
-t_ -f-
Wfua.r crrrssing Srvitch
Crmneetincwirt Wircr jrmction

{F* Itl rlF -{ r#

&
+
Ithssstit

o +
/nr ralla\ Rssistor
Ccll
-@
Vcltmotsr Galvanometer
Lidtbutb Atnxt€tcr

pxarnPle 1l
$pbol
Elccaical eircuit

.q@i
I n,rm
L@-J
I
tt) r#
49
 [fix*rryle Al Elechiesl circuit
Symbol

lj Lr

$crbr clrcu[

'*Tho sunent is tho samG af all point in thc sffies ckcuit.

I=I,=1,
**:.il? of thc p.d. ;, d rrirto* (rhe rotat nesistancc, V) is the samc as rh'
e.m.f= Vr * Vz = V
'+The btal rcsistanco, R, of thccorupon€nb
thcsurn oftho mpararo resishnli.
cormocted
- '
in series chcnrit is equar to

R=Rr +&
[Example]
Sind (a) the totrl rcsistance"
tuitnr.,r*J-Jfrugnthece, @
(c)thep.dofl0 resisror. I t, I
(d)tlrep.d-of3o regisror. l+
(A)
-Tfl DATA Solution
&=1O R=? R=Rr 4Rz= I +3=gg

(b) DATA Solutio,U

V = Vr+Vr = e.m.f,, =lZV
R=4O ,v = t2
,* H ? =ga
(o) DirA Splution
(a)dsotbs.nshoC
R1*lfl Vr=? V; = I1R1= I X3
c,ur.f. = Vr+Vz
=I=3A =lV
V2*e.m.f.-V1
=12-3 (d) D/$A Solutio.g
Rz=3O Vl=? V2* I2R2-3X3 *gy

frr"rltcl circ$il
.l
+Ths *
",'rent yr circuit is rho sum of ths curneng in thc separate brEnche$.
Tr:[1*12
-tEach compon€nt (rcsis1ll
in a parauer anang€mcff has
tb vuv p.d"
'dv same it
V ; Vr * Vz (= e.m.i.;
P-u agross

-T#gffi:|ff;3f resistance is eqrur fothe $um

ofthc.rociprpr.al of
tll
F=&*R,
50
 lnxantplsl
Find (a) the total rtsistflnce.
(b) ttrc P'd- of 1 O resistor,
(c) So P.d" of 3 O resislsr'
(d) tre ctmotrt tnmugh"l O rssistor'
(o) 6c cttrfftthrough 3 O resi$or'
(0 thP cunent througb tho cell" $oltttion
(n) DATA
Rr=lO
R1='3O
*-*.#i.i=*
4R* 3
R*?
R= 1*o'?5o

o) c.m.f, -l2V
DA:[A &luEss
Vr =e.m.f. *tey

gdt$sn
(e) P,{TA
e.ur.f. *l2V Vz=€.nuf.=l3g

(d) DAIA Sobdsa

$)Asses-Edst
Vr:
R'*lO
l2V It*?
f *ur
r,* Xl=
DATA I Sotsiqn o-- Vr- l2VpArAlz=? $o!ution
r,* Xl f -**
,
*#r=16A
t:ffi* I t-X
R"*3O
(0 DATA
I=? Ir: l2A I-? I=lr*lt*12+4=I€A
L:44
--EoF*ls! f!
TEXERQISEI
(l) Aresistor usos I currcnt of 25A for 6s. Find the charge thc flows tbe resishtlc'o'
{2)Inacircuilachargaofl6Cpassesthrougbepointiu4s.FiudthesizeofthecurTent'
*'
{3)AcurrstofsAflowsthroughaccllwhichzuppliosl20IofenerStinl6s.
muc,b chrge fl*wstbro-ug! the coll?
l;t How
qrh*
iUt ig the s-il.[ of tlrc cell?
(4) Find the p.d" of a rcsistor rvhich consume 690J
of cucrgr whgo a cunottt of 3A flows in 10s'

t5) How mucb curremt rr,ould flow throug! a rssisbr

of 6{t o
if its p.d. is l50V?

(6) Alightbuhhas4oroslstancc.wlren3.SAofcurentpassosthmug!it,$rhettsthep'd"ofthebulb?
wbat is tho resiststrce?
(?) If l.8Aof flnrent flow tl[ough rresistor which has the p'd' of 3'6V,
*,
fff#ffil#"r,H:'ffiffitffiTi
(b) drep.d.throrglthe l2O resistor'
@l L ----J
t +-0'2A
iti ,tt* p.A. ,nt tSn rho E O resistot' I
(O ttt? s-nr.f of csll
(9) The diflgrasrc ehowt the series circuit' Find
(a) &e tcblresishnce.
(U) Ou cuntnrtthrongb &e 3 fi rcsistor'
(c) tho currcnt thnough thu 6q- rpsistor'
iO) to surcntttrougb&o cell
(t0)Thc disgratno showg tfe gcries circuit Find
'- "'(")- tn*i*itt"*e of tho prellol combinatiolt'
{D to e.nf. ofthcsoll
(o) et cunentthrougbftG l8O rwistnr'
($ rhe curraottbroughths 9O rosilbr'
frRYl i 1

Bloctricity athomo is oonncctod lnpm$gl'$rggwt thsihasoo'

5l
 ORIGINALCOPV

4.3. Practical electrical

Elperlsat-wrwgr
ffiirioilrbc*tcrt
cirruit ffi -hoaoer: 300S
-iron: 200

:*l*Lffi 'ffi
n
ii'"Tffl,f
thera&orusirigJhctricareners,. -TV: tZ0

.ffi *--i-k dffirysg*,*, **,ffi -bulh:60 and I00

! :# ffi"rsqs p: Elcctrical E'

i: _;mruff:"i: j P=

r*f
t SinceQ=11*6A=

rr -#
$
[Et'arnptc lf P- VI
A l2V battory is giving
offa curront of 2Ataa resistonfind
&e

[Exampto2J
A p.d. of l2V is applied across the 4 Oresistor.
Find fio
DATA
Sqlution
V= l2V
R=4O r: ff
I=?
= #:ro
P=? P*VI = t2x j:J{U

egtt of elq.+trical cnef&

.!!renyou use
the elect
r'owuft-r'oi,idiffff'y"ffffiffi?,fJ;3'J,TH:$:;jffr?y#,*f
t
fti#::T#:",??idrhe un*of

5 {noey consumed
p: power tktvhl
ol componen*
rkwJ
,r,
""*,[,"1: #lEitcar
".*.,ro*rli,*f;ff1#ilHir;1fi wrw is fi:H,
;?Hlrf
Fr-rrnrq
the tcal eost by
using l000kwh?
t*ffis
x =50X t000 = t(SeOOO
[Example l]
A tighr bulb of lOO\Vis
useg_ftoqs. U4!er is the

P- l00W=0.tkW
t = Zhrs
E-? E=pr=o.t-x. L.*la.j:F?ou
=oirffi"' I 0.7unif*
^
fExanple2] !,:_= 54x0,7 =
4-aecurig liehtgf
t20W is tunred on
for
eo$ lfit costs K60
DATA
P =-l20WX4= 4E0W
= 0.46kW
=
f {0dafs = 3}days.x 2l*" =' iZgt r
step fi)
E=2 E=Ft:A.4IXTZA &PQt
* 345-@kWh tunigK60
345.5unGx
u@ in our hauso, a plug of tho applianco ig ccmest€d
tp a sokcl zarnbic wnr thnce piu

putgr. (Jspan la€E two Piu Pluee') Livs

Baltt (broum)
(gccm orYcllow)

Ncutal Fuso
(blus)

lnrido of plug

Livowirclrtb,rottrnwiro.Itsrrpplioe-rhocbcrigatcocfsl-totbe.applirncaThclirctgsahigbvoltaga.
If vo' touch thic lb, it is dangeirour bocs'so
t[ *r"rotno*s triirsh vour bCIdy. Th3q yotl 68y dic of stopping
yornhean fuc to slectical shock
cloeo itr thc clcctrical rpplimco'
-+ Nautat wire is a blus who, It mskcS thc cilcuit tf live wirc
wiro is co'ncced to ** Farl casing of m olccrical ryliauce'
.t Effrb wirs is a graen or yo'ow wirc. Thk casinS If €afth
ir contas,tod to dre m*el casins &,u to my
;id*fi; """-gum m "rootrrouighoctr
*l*. p*t
ftom thc metal
th, ,#;;;;fi,fi tu .*u rt tho
"* 'ser
from ths cle'ctrical
wi,rc ie cootr€lt.d to tre moar casing,
shock

Tha cuncut
Ttc currmt is lo*ing.\
is lea&ing.\

Drnmrr of elcctrieitv - -
--, causm
is dengeroua and some accidsfits'
contactiagthe oloctricity (eepeclarry*rc Ero,wiro)
-f It carscs tho em#"ai fio* ti t'-"tt utiog 'A' gurTt can be faat (die)'
largp
-) Itmay ** gr* oi[ilr*-i" * riu*nirat alptiance, ths pt* and tlrs sokee
casos b€low'
Dangers of elccricity crn bs caused in thee

arc insuldsd. rf soss insulaiors-aro

rmoved bv tho dgtsrioratioq tho live wiro oan be
f;nf*%ffi;l(cabls$
contactod to *o*gtort * uni tt cause electric strock and fire.
c*
Tben it can melt insulation hsd surt firo'
ffi*Ts in rh€ wires or componantsn ir can caus ov€rhpding.
this accidont'
Ashort ebcuit or ovcrloading is easy to sauss

- ffitff flows thmugh rhe human body easily' BEca*se the My's
"
such l rrq ry'',qr^1.111o,
as
ie wef ordry'
ltsi*tii*dcponds on wMterthe skin

Srfc.grcPf glccdsltv h thc hottrc bolo*'

To usc the clecticity *f"llr, ftt* eome alectical componont They mc rhown
"t
Earth wirc
s* ri"'u,rPf*m* nbove'
Doublc insulation
tt oalres tha loakagp of cunpnt diffidulr
soaro gtrclrical appliancc arc doubls insutatsd

*ffi*ff tm * *
t

iffi '** of* switoh is o n'nr m or 9q

ti*itt
ry ebcrricar
Swi'lcilsno'ii * TPI|T::*
lottiiftf * 6t P^'.3"i^r*fff:
|i* wiro go 6at thc electricat rypliu.s iE
safsry devico
dlseorrnacted #"iir:irh,
do;6t *n*'ut switch is Ttcn"
FusE
cotnsonont' tho conrpmed can overhpat
m msks ffrg' Tho fuso pre""nt
If too mrrh cuncnt florrn tbroug! sn elcctical
53
 f

.,Pl*Hffitrffi *ffi *lffiH--ffiffi ffi nrseawiichtutusEmertsrndir

itr;
't r.
Furcnr{4r

pxaryfl
Arcfftnnbr ls rdcd NtZ,f{rV4S0W.
Whicb ffrls shodd
p4r4
$olutigg
V*240V
P*480W
P=W ,
.

I=? r*$=#t*ro
[$(ERcrsEI
(l) 5A of crmctr florrs in a t2V
bulb. Fiad tb por+u of tbo butb.
tt' md 6 o a,c smrccbd in s6ric& rn thc circuit ?.A
F ffiHffiffirofli*"
(b) catcutare **
of currcnt florryr.
i;**ii*6rmc
(3) A TV of l50ly i$ swibhed
(4) Abooor o&w *a t**t
* * cm,o* crtcurate ths sost asnuning it ewb K$0 p*,
rmit.
" "i,**L fu lfrro.rg. ,r" *i.o* K60, $it r
clestlcat oooksr of lkw uscs
an electrlcal srapty oreeov
rc thc @r pos#
ef uroirn * **o * ,rirn, 34 5A, r3A m 30A?
ffiffiffim**t in paratlel nd gcries. tn
whicb r)?c of circuir rrc rhey
ur,*tr*,r E ptain the rercoa in

54
lj :..;"
 5. MAGNETISM
5.1. Sisple'phcnomsn$n of mngnttism

'IndJrccdJqaqnctltn
ncs t(}
Indmcd nagnotlsm is the tenporry magrretination of n magnotic rtntsriel vihen it Plscod
is
ffitil
con@twitb amagna.
-t .
ffa miipalced iu condt with a pernaneot 6agns! ths nail is mngF€tissd'
eastg am&cr nail.
-t
And it atso
Tbo end of nril n€aner (conneeted) to the North polo of a peimanflrt magnot
b;d!e" tho iaduced sLuthpole, attrerrvise thc ortherendbecomc ths
tH
indrrcsdNorth Polo.

ildreggltc mtgutrb firon *Pd qpch

Iffi aFC S(mlllotr naffiiak Brs thery have diff@ as bclow.

Mduftd Iron $tccl

Mecnctisa Easv and stroltg tlard and woak
Demarmstis€ Easy Had
Arolicsirm. SlectroFegD* Pomanont mRqnst
Trmsformer, D.C, motor
E:rauple Et@trfo bsll C€n€figtor
Nsmsd softrnrunsdc rnatprial Hardmasetic matericl
If iron
al rvg and in contaot aperrranent nagrct tbry ara Then, ihery atfirct some $nall nails' lros
rnagaotn iron releusas thc nails soor bu
attracts morc uaib tban *trul.qoa thuna ii*ny a* tsd'""d tstn tne
permaoett
stgel still,atrrast! some nailg"
FGrmrTf*mngnct
Fi--^\ l:'-ry':"| \
sb€r v r)
I Raomvo

,.*I I'*LJ
IJ? [=lro*'
[J'O

Mef,ucdrc

SSokinSnseod
hd magrctic qd"t"t ir nsgDdi|d fid it is
If pcrmrent magn66r ghokc along a ha*l mrgretic Salarist, tbc
cbangcd ino pcrmanent,*tpuil
rl
rtrovei along tha linq

Elccficrl Eceod
Ifa hrrd na$€tic fidcrid is phood into a colcaoid
churgd im pcmunrt nagnit, cDtcctqmmt), a hmd magnctic nr!'risl is nigrqdsed ed it r,

Ilard rmgnetic
rnntcrirl

-t Thii iE rho b€st method to mrke powerfirl msgnct"

-t JE nmflecr uftic,h ir made wtth-solonoid i, dnuC elec*omasrer
'-
{ tr &o boxes, it shows bow to ffnd (dccidp) tho pohs. ----e---

IleqBfme*lsc

Headag
If r nagncilised nst€risl (unagnst) is heaFc to higber tempcrsrue, it
will losc ia magnctism veqy quickly.
Hamn€riag
r r nngffiis€d mnttial (magnet) is hamnered mmy timoq the rnagxatism
becomeE weaSer aud w.ukc,r.
Use altemating curr@t for &e solenoid
A magnct is placed inside a soicnoid wbich
q e.9. supply.And the magn*
solenoid- And theq this procss' is repe*a. H*ni;rh;;ff;ilaemagn€ri$ed. is witbawn frr away from the
!5

Wi&&aw fraway

Elcctnsnrmct
It ""r' '
of elcccomagnst because it is ceey to rmguetise
core
ffi#ffi)*
+ Ths s[egft of mrgrcttcm de,ponds on
urd atso dmapetiso. ( It is ersy

: m;ffir *hrns pcr unir tcngrh of ths gotcnoid

6e nraterial of,corp

qflFettc f,a&
ffi,ffiEnrqFctk ltcH is deffned as 0re region rounde niagna whoro magnetic efrcctcan
be d6ectcd.

(l) Plaoe a bar magnot on a pbre paper.

(2) Placc thc oompaos nm onc end of thc magnet .
(3) Plot tuo dots (l Erd 2) d ilrc ends oftbr medle.
(4) Movcthcoompacstotlnpositiowherottcp,rcviousdotziswittrauotherpole.
- (5) PIot ono dot (3) atfto otter cnd of rhc necdh.
(6) R'pcd (4) md (j) until thc coryasl reaches to the
othor pole of mgnot
(7) Cmnost dots fum ons end of megnet to rnother,

56
 Eil#RgISEI
(l) Draw firo Magnordc ffeld of s U'magnet arormd tbe poles'
thc No,rth polo of tho electomagnct below. Tbt morrye show thc dirwtion
of cunqrt
(2) fid

bo!I, which Eatsrinl is hcst for iq irm or steol, (Hvo tbc rc8son ofyou mswo'
{3) tf yotr rrnkc an slec{rical

5,2. Electromagnetic effcct

rkqhrfphft-h!$d rqF
If a crm€[lt flows in a wirg, in a rnagnetic field a forcc aob on ftc wire.
-.) Ibe direction of force can bs found by Fleming'r lefr hand rule.. <Fleming's left hsd rulc>

Wirt urovesupnnards Ttumb: Force

Fintfingem
-+ Magnetic fiold

Current in
Magnetio field
awire Secondffngen
Curcnt

Ehdrourmctic indlction
If any clecrical con&rc-tor (e.g copper wire) movo in tho mngnptic ffeld and cut &o magnotie fluq ac a'm.f
imrcsd h th coductor. This is catlsd Elcctronrgnetlc inductlon. ..
6 ru*rnein of&eindrcod e.m.f, isproportimalto the ratc ofchange oftho magnetic f,ux- I

li."ftis law is callod Fanaday,s law of eloctromagnotic ind*ction.

obscrvc rhe obctouragnstic indnction
@ro
Enperimental sct uP:
Opqpations:
-t
(l) Movetlto wiro up urd dormbctwe€n ends ofU'megna
f (2) WithdrawthswirufionlJ-magpet

U.migptt
 Result:
(t)ftepo
F) Tte pointer in 6d

concr'*o:mf-ffi*:fffhT**
#*,
ffiro obaanrc 6c eloctronnagnctic induction bydro
rolonoid
E:qcrimcrtlal sotup:

Opaarions:
Q
(2) I"re poh of gro magnct mov6 into ths
The magnc ir stationiry in in,
solsnoid"
*f*oH.
lll ytti p"tc
polc of
lro magrrctlno"u uov from fte sotenoid"
111 FB of trs mafru *o*u n roirr sotenoid.
(5) South poto of tho magnctruo"i
t,o. ths sohnoid.
"r.oy

(l)Norftt@ (2) rhc magnetE sffiifrfrflE'ffi

into ths solcnOld"
solctroid.
[3) Norrh poto ofetmagprt moveg
away fiom thc solenoid.

galvanometer
uvsu lrrr$i (Jr rc9 rnagnet moves
mto tb€ solenoid.
(s)souttr-po@ galvanometer

away from the solmoid-

gelvanometer
galvauornoter
concl,sioff If a magnet movct toward
*, qtdnding n, reper it.
"
[ffi
Thie law is crlled
H:ffitr #$X*mJf#ffios
h;
l*nz's
a maspetic s"ra6ai,,g ro atracr ir

To increase the e.m.f (inducod

trc magnet moves d a higher
current), .l

*piid
I strongcr magnet uses,
the number ofturns in tho
coit increases.

58
Stmsh:bie'ggggfll$t
Ehnshl"S*g9ssrllgr rtby eleclrornegsdic ine$tiotr"
-f A.C. Ssrrcorr
d*Try,ff-o*io
gcilstrtts p
rrn &cstifir soms tlsossPcrsecond'
.+ ftmt
Ailg;ratc curcmr rsrrt sr*rrrr
w"-'- -
of r *@lo 1,9. qtr*
dicgraB.
;-* 't'Es srusulle *.'il;n;n;;Im
Til'trtrA*
flinowntntho
rsr^.,,.
shownbslow.
{ ConPon:d,udthcsc ancoms uErttHE
iducdou'
Sn*o* electricity bry olmlomnagnaic
PcffinmcdnrgnGt
produrc $G Engn€flt fre1l.
..; SliP
Pcnmancnt EngDctr

ffiffiffiffmffif,ffffff-m*"o
Tben ooil is elest Slip ring

^t"*ffifr
slbrhg
iriirtrttgt se fi:rodto ry "iitj ,- -
-f If sltfi
lJ:*
-+ rsc FErrlrwu':
Ttc dbgrsmbelow showlt
g€n€r6tor'
Indrccd flffis

To incrcase the induced cnrren(e'm"f')'

the coil rctat€s fa$ter'
a stroilgcr 8Ag!6t us€s'
: i*tffii,* "iu*t inthc ooil hsraas€s'
'tt' *it
Tbo tuqucnsY of
"*ffifffiq"#4,gi*;ffitt*##'*;*ave
t$ i por socond rhb i$

+ Zambb us'Gc tlrc

also tho same m

lFansfofer
tu

ffiTffi ;;ffi
is a dovicc uscd to "*
f;liffi;;"rrorn* ""Y :.ffi:T'Ti
*ry:1rsiF*mmmx;u$'"?tffiJHH,Hffi,"ffi:
ffiiffiHtrt;;"rd; "r-"qitv tom thslr: to the
howag.
horxag.
:*t..yflg*Ylhi[:ffi
vortage qt.::.,*9Yfor
tho
T:llffiiilJf; ffi##JffiJ
''ffiln$"uj""rg,s[ry-6i*ggry$ffi$t-**petvdircct'itmnvbrcak
hourp' ;-
Fs exnrr{lwbffi;;iq
tratttt dtin ncsded to is
co'ntry har each voltage
ht* power supptv ii* ;i *"v-u'""t
u
Each country
thp a.s. *qt ;"rui;i*f,Tffi$H9.ffi
Eaph
ranan has ll
ffi n'|f'Tltr;."ftffi3i:'ffiril#il;il;'*.::**1*::
and c soft iron corc'
{ ffi#]*"-ff;;" J; pri"nry coif sccondarv coil irqt com a

Electrionl aPPliancB
(losd)

A.C. suPplY**'e'

$econdarf coil
 -)
[;t
.t
thsffition
I ,'..:
' ':,

(gl
m,*ffi;.*ffiffi:;ffiffiY
Atr bhrcod c.m-f- oftbc rro* t"*r*y
ic proercod h tb scconduy coil.
ltc volta8o of ccondary coil ir dccidod
by ttc ,ottacc ,t"n-r^,
iriffifr.;-.;:tr:::-.?J.=T.'_....':l:gT,gl.gg3|lq " ,,';*:'i- turru i', tuo ***
^r!-__
igff
r@r #ff.f;m
**ssd. g,. ssir.,fi E n'f;,*'
nimnbcr or
con aud

i -q=sIt,
i V.: rrbltrgc ofsecondarvcoil fVl
'
I ofprimary bU [Yt'
i
i _ _
lird;p"i1u'",
_V,' -volrago
d;d&con rrlsnal
No: Nry!1g{1r1nsi"pri*rw*ufii"*f'
ststrrfriiadffi;e' "-"-"*i'L
-.
Thc volsc in the scgonday coil (orryut
- The volago) ir higbr thm dro vortago
T fte prirrry coil (ftrp.t vortagc).
-Stepdournn'mbcr oft'rns in tho fu*oiw-Lillr *ut r ofi trre nunuer of trnnc in tbe primary co*.
transfonner

: ffi trffi 3t*:ffiffiH#ffi,TT:*y,.P:rHs

rho mrmbor or turns ";'ffi.ffilt
ffiff gp*
;iffi,ilffi ff T trc prrnarv coil (irprr vorrres).
:*ff*6i, Hi:

the efficicncy of 10ff/o (callod tF idcaltransr"**1,

Tlff***hrs
Pt* F,
.-.Y-rtr,:Y.nb
t; - L
iffifr l&*I' -'- -'-i
Ve r,
Y,, th" voltage of secondary coil [VJ
Yr:ltt" voltago ofprimary ioil gVl '
I,,Th" cunrent nthe secoioary ioir tal
i ..
- * .. *,
.. . _ . h. Thp. swq'.rtin.tlp $inerl,tell tAi
lExannpt6l

1t1trfrffi?ffIJffi'ffif,;ffi: zupptv &om rlov tozzov.rhe primary coir dicsipareo

tho powar or
8i lf#ffi ;,nm,ruf;n;,i* *, me in tbe socondaq4

(a) pArA
Solution
Vo: llOV
V.*220V It_IL
"vPN"
NP
Nt =?
=400 V" )'rn

(b)
I,- fur= ffi**oo*sffiEqs
DATA Solutiqn
v,=120v Pe=Vlo
Vo* llOV
po l.lklV
= (i)rp:*=#=*
= lt00W
I, *? (i)
L =? (i0
(ii)il=f
t= *
*Ie ffi*ro=IA ,

60
 tE,(ERCTSH

(2) Dnrr &o dircctio of rn induccd currcil in crch sihurion'

(b)
ta)
ffi{--

(3) A trmsfom€r luo a primary coil of &{00 trrn* md a socondary

coil of 3500 hr6. Find t}!€ orrp* voltagc if 240v il
-'
suppliedtothc PrinrarYcoil.
(4) A powor plant snppticc e_sw of a.c. supply, F. *lt"s. inprcas6 to 230kv thougb a stcpry trusfuma---
(a) tf ligfi' t go!;il it l" tho Oo ntrmbar of tms in Ss mondrry'
-vortaqo

rglh"atciltiti
tbt*rghi" ro.'peo*o traBrforn€r. Ths tnns rqtio of thc pirnry coil tr
o) 230kv of voltoga is trrssformcd"[mry, tho *condry ooil
smontuy *U [i56 tor*furmer ig t ts to o.-calcrnric tro voltagc of
flows tbrous it. Find tho curreEt flowingthrNgh t}t'
(r) 240v of voltagc is supplied torho prhary coil and s!{cunent
'-' .";duryooiiUtuiotprs voltagi ic 120V ardtro efficigmcy is r00p/6'
Tho rmsfctrer i* cmnected to so polwr
(6) A rcfi,igtrsiof fiat is rstcd at l20v 4E0w is connccfd to lhc tranrfmmcr.
'-' *uppri-ori+ov. ns*roriostrstlhG efficierrcy i$ 100?i. cnlculaft;
di ;'h" current Sroug! ila refrigerator'
from ths pow€r supp!'-
Ol tts current
i;i If fh" h*r i" th" ptii""ry tro SSOO, how many tur:6 arc in the soconduy?

1,

I
I

it

6l
 6" [NTRO$ucTORSntscTnoNICS
6.1. B;gch.o, ir
-*

-l'
{ ffi
ffiiqffi!ffiH',#ffiiffi*H;
mm:roffiffi
ffiffil.Wffiy*l:m*,y,TJ*?J-glryJvcraunprv,chdmnrornit
*e*iiHffiff
rhc nosiag
ffix,ffi ffp,*m;.:l;-*;"
ffis#,ffirmjfr

Cetrcdo

*+1q wcuut, pump

5"f*55x x xx.GG,
xxxxxl
-+
*t
#r

6.2. c,Ro,
+ ?hodiagr*uurffi*.o.
Filaruent cathodo Stl
. Arodc. y_ptcer
{*tar"o

EIecUon gun
Doflectfon system
--+
.{ fr'*?#ffi :rrffi,ffi
An elscbon*"o' ilirffi ffiri,lflH
ffi,ffi elecbo'srrq
deflecti'Tl:Tg*g u,hd*
e,,"
;iffi.ffi:::#:x*.*,|fo
ffi ruum fo a flrmescenrs"r.in 1",$cncfr
*i riubilfffi*ars $cncfr.
on rhsscrecn.
62

\
 has each frmctiot1lq !E!og$btq"

thsunionie

b€arpw or doq4
ffte bcam lcftc

Moruurlnr{dltlgf;
-+ Ths C.RO. calr bs uscd as a vcltuetcr'
'+ ir.- t*.t * both A'C' md D'C' volages'
'*
-.t
ii;A'*t *- ffi:tffi:l*:#H;ffi"ro.dertrccr
ind
rhe boacr by tcm o:r the.scrcsn in the
vertical direction"
Y-gain s€ffiing
If y-qnin or*ng iu-ffi.nl ii *rfir ffi i";;f G f",s, * tfrs screen shoruc 5V of input eignrt'

[ExrmPlo l]
tfrT#il'rt o*, the screen of c'f'or.!ry1;1!31is rv/cm'
oftheC.R.O.?
Whd is th
'SPjution
y-pin 3v/cru:
5€"*
Peak voltagc: xV'*3cn
x-3x3 =

the horizotral trace is daflectod rpwards

by 5cq what is the unkown
ffiH"&ol of I c.B-o. is ser ar Zv/cm. lf
;il6;ptU* P tt *qP*
c'n'g'?
" "rq'
solu&igq
rry----'-*--X 2V*
Y-sain2V/cm: lgm

Unkovm volagei 3 \f '-* Scm

x=ZXj *
.o

Mee$.u 4ng.qhort tine.iF$rval

-' C,KO. can be used b measuro short tim€
interval'
-*Timsbasoscttingindicatcs&9$meneededforthetightspottosweePthrorrg!lcnonthcgcrcenirthehorizontal
direction.
IfthotimebasosotringisSms/cm,itmeansthatlcmoftbehorizonallenglhonthsscfgEnshowesns(niili$ec,0nd),

Bxanrplel
Tlre diagram shows ths scresn of C'RO'pt.l*" base is sot to Sm$/cm'

$) leat! ofthe
(a) Solution
Time bnse Smdcm sgalcm
Period: xtrts-4sm
x=5X4*
{b) ,, DAIA $otution
T=20ms*0.020s r*+=#ild =Sottz

IEXERCISH !_ r-d-^.-r.._.-r
nprvardr bv 4cH' what is tbs lr'krnm
(I ) Tho gsin control of r c.Ro. is st at 0.2v/on If thc horicnubl trace is doftectsd
''' ;;kfr;rypH€dtotheY-inputofthe-c'R"o'? t .*hnrrrm $,hrrnrerheoeriod(a)and
what are ttrc period (a) and
(2) Thc rime bsse i, J;"ili* it, c,no.lrme rvavc havc a lenglh of Scnq
'' freqnencY(b)? " ;
' - ' \"!r'F
63
I

l 7. ATOMIC PHYSICS
7,1. Nucleus | 1'

Connorlflqp,of,,lton
Beryllirun atoe(Bc)
I Atom cmcictr of proto4 neutron and ehctrun.
: IIoh ispocitivcrycturgod.
i
4 F_lcctuisnagsiv€lyctrarg*.
Ncuhotri8mubll.
-t $rnteture of atom b showtr in 6c rigbtdif,gram.
-| hotonr dnm.anr trr bound tofurrft"._ nuchn
-f protw andnailnmr i! crlbd thl
-f
iocbom.
El€'troni mow roud the nuclcru i" eiiffiit o*it,
-* - calsd shsfls.
Elcc{rorc ard profmr crry cquat in m Aom- @ : Proton
-) Ifdom is ncural tro n'rrlor'or"rooot ir nu ,.o'o
aE the nrmrber ofpr6m.
O;Neuuon
: Elscbon
Atpnl.c q,umbcrrn{ Mrg n:rmEl
{ The n.rnbcr of nrotons in aa a,om ic called
.t Tb total numbir of nuch*t ililf,L
tho etonrc number m p,?totr nuubcr (z).
+ is caltd ths ilrrn"t
or nuctcoo nurircr ($.
iffi -d:ziFl-;E=5''-":-
If. rhe nruuber ofryutru.nr.ig
ltq orrclcus is N, ","*
"-"-"-'!
I A:Mrssnumbor
i Z: Atomic nmber.

itiifrii no*u", z is oxpressd

[Examplc]
k
Eryrcss the following olemcnts by ths syrnhf
off{
G)Hydrogon arom GD &) Hotium arom (He)

Atouric nurrben I
I\,foss numbcr:
I
I
Atonic number: 2
Mass numb€n
4
4
C@
H
,Ht Atornicnumber: 4
Miassrusb€'n 9
9

NudHe rgd Isotopos

'+ Each difrercnt form of nubleus ig ccll€d
a Nuclidc"
'* havs the sarno *"tit but diffsr€nt mass numbcrs $rc callod
",*ba rrotopr of an elemcnt.
"t*mn

Atornic numbcn 6 Atomic number 6

Mass nun&€n 13 l,Iase nurnba: 14
tt
.' . Carfu is an clcment
tlc tlc tt
-+ i, u nuclidg i, nuctide and
u " ,C ir a nuclidc.
*
64
 -t ']c, 'ic ana'ic aru isotope of carton.
,i

IEXERCISEI
(t ) Find tho nuniber of (ilproton, (iihcutron and (iiile loctron if it is noutrsl.
r4 3t--^ r zlo 23t
(a) ;c G) ,rS (c)
rH (d) ,,Po (o) eru
.A
(2) Exprw &o following elemcnts by ftc syurbol of
"X.

7.2. Rrdioactivity
Rrdkncttvltv
-t $omp elemcnB which radiatc €n€rrgr of itself wi8rout any oxcitatim fronn fte oueide is callcd rrdlqctivc chmnt4
': b;9, Uraniun, Rf,dfrnu, Tboriuur and Polonium
-* Tlih pbcnomeoon of mdter radiating ewlgy of irealf is callod the nrturrl rtdtorctivlty,
,+ Expcrimenrt ghows tb
rsdioa€dve alemenB emit threG types of radidrn.
Alpha (c) particle
B6te (p) porticlo
* Gammt(y)ray

Chrr$terlgtlcs pf tLltbrcq tvqqilpf r.tdirfigu

el-gticle p.perticle y-ray
2pnotons+2neutrons Elesbon Elecfomagnetic wavo
' Helium nuclcus
o
NdurcadChrgc
ffi
Positivs +2 Nesativs -l , TatsNeutral)
Approximcc mass 4 proon rnasse$ lll800 proton nass Ze{g

lonizhgeffect strong weak vory weak

Rrng; inafo Vcry sbrt short long

Pnenatilgpowor Very veak Weak $trong
Abso$cdI a *cet of paper Smm of alumfuiium 5bn of lead
Srugll Iargo Undefreclod
t
Deflection in
. electric ficld T

Smsll Larce Undcftccted

Dsflestion itr
XXXXXXX 9< X MagEdicfieHig
pcrpcudiculr md
ilag[ctic ffctd Y points into fropapcr
XXXX XXXXXX
Rrdhrctlvcdccrv
ir
A nuclcus, which hss too mruy or too fury rcutoro or gninr E:rha cn€r5[ bccomos un*rbb, It tcm& to €mit radiation such
ae c-pn*lclm, pputiclco and y-rap until a #blc alom fi rcashd 'fhh e,rds$ion ofa'prrticles or p-particle is caild
Rrdlorctbc dec*y.
i:
65 K5000.
 \-
-l
in
-lid o$lpha) dccsy
i

tr
'+ Ths radioactiyitivc docay emishg o"particlo &om thc pulau i* caltod c(alpha) dnary.
e'g)If oRoemitsma$hparticlc(zFrctfiWf'llrlzneuaffis)fromtbnuleus,ftsmacrnurEbffchmgec
from 226 InwZZZrnd frc ahmic numbsr changor ftom tl into t6. Thcreforo, Rrdium ehangar into Radon (Rn)

ffi@ffiff
th* hw tnp mrsc n$mbcr of t6 frorn tro pariodic hblo.

l3t nrutronr l3t rerfronr e iadrons

cpartiolc

Fpotr) dccay
'+ l}c
'',t radioactivitivc decay emining p4article from the nuleus ts ealled p(bcta) dccay.
c.g. ) If
*Rt emib nn bcta partictc ( I clectron) fum dlp uuleug, thc mass numba doqn't r.lungc brs thc
atomic numtrer change fram 94 into 95 bcanrso I ngwron changes into a proton. Thoeforg Plutcnium changer
intCI Am (Americium) ftfft has the pass numbor of 95 from ttro periodic tabls.

o
94 protons 95 p'rotons I elechon
147 neutrons 146 neuhons
ul 0
e
-l
ppa*icle

{Gammr) rrdiatbn
'+ When somc nucleru euitE an c or p particle, &ey leavc drc nucleur in rn*able enerry condition. Thereforeu tho
nucleus €fiiits ao e:ctra oncrgy byf-ray.
'+ The eomic number and tho mass nrmber do not ohange, {r€ daug[tsr nuelidc is ths sasre epment
as the parent
nusli&.
tffi-r equlEloq A i :
:iLtqqclq
| { * rX
+ T-ray.
4-,._",_.,-.._.,_,.J I

Aitty,l,tv rnq. H4f-tifc

ru&ftl3 of a samplo of radioartive element is dsfined as tho timc bken for half of *re unstablc nuclci to dccay.
Egtrrffiil
@t nrlf-lifc ofa ssmple of radioactivs ehmetr is doftcd as the time aken fq half of the unstable nuclci ro decay.
'+ For oxmplo, thc half'life of radium ic l600year* If thcrre nre,l{tq of radium initiallX half of radiqm(26g} ir decayed
XjTtg lfg.rytt" Next 1600 ycars, halrofiog raditm (l0g) is iecayed. Aft* nexii;oofirq iilF"i?oilJirii
Time 0veus latar 1600 vcsrs lster 3200 vacrs lltsr 4800 vears later
Undecaved rnase ofns 40s 20s l0c 5q

ffik*-"ffin-,u-
66
- Undecayctl (Ratc ofUndccayed nuclei nurnber)
aos (l)

20g(0,5)
----l---
l8t$liill ---"i----i>
lfcarl
't
[nxnmplal]
@." tkg of Shmtium (Sr) thrthas tfu bnlf-tifc of 30ycars.
9l
(b) llolp*t
granu of $ltrmtilrn ano renneinsC atfur 60yocs?
tf l25g of strontium is paincd" how long door it talcof

l25g of shontium arc rrmalncd 60years latei:

Answ€'r &)
9Oyears latcr,
IExamplo2J
'Thc of
di.gram s!9ws tho deaay suve cf Uranium (t\I). Rato auclcis numbor
Whst is the half-lifc?
Answcr
Rate of undecayed nucleis number become half
in 24 minutes. The half-life is 24minitcs,

Danser ofn{ladoE! 2'4 4S

naaltim (caaqi{e, Fparticls, y-ray) can eaure the following to hunran being
Danrgeo living cclls
Cenctic cUangosinI s'uF
living uvrt-'
cclls.
cancgr
$afctv orecaufuns ''
Avoid "nnec*ssary exposurc,
Avoid direct contact with the source. :

!.levo point tho $outoe to any peoplo.

Radioactiw rou?es
ryd.F storeo in praces out of,reach of the publie
$o,rco must bs $tor€d insido lead box'agaiust tcakage
Thick lcad chislds $hould be instdled. "irudiuti&.
Radietion symbol must be displayed at all place where rldioasitive
sourw ars used.
Rsdiatiod rvortcrs havc to wear special protective cbeing *Jgtooo.
-of
uso frln badges to nrffisure the amoum radiation ttc riiiatioiworken receive during a certain period.

TFI(ERCTSEI

(l) Thscis 500g of cobeh40_fco) &at bas the balf-rife of Syears.

,!
I
I laf $ow many grurs of Cobalt arc remained after t Syearif
I
i' {b) tf l25g of cobalt is rernained, how long docs it E[o?
:i (2) Iho diagram b€loy sho-ws th9 decay crwe afpbosphonrs
:, {3h).
l'l Thcryisa00g ofPhosphonu initiclly, t n*e oiun6
t.
{a}Whdbthphalf-life? --l nucleis number
(b) Hgw many gracnr of phosphonrs are therp
30 da$ ldtr?
(cl lf2Sgoffho*phonx is rcmaios4 how long 0.5
does ittakc? .02s
rTRYI s.!25
t5 30 45 I&rvl
Find ee colmnon propcrty of radioactivo substano€s such f,s urnnium,
Radiuq Thorigm and poloniun.

ti:'a
 q

ti
tr Answers of*xencise I
I ,r.
1 (040ffi0l (s)2000q
I. GEIiMNALTEYSTCS (D tr) l0urls(b)3000I(cl lbannnr

l.l. QuantitY rnd Untt

1.6. Forcr ffi 9/

(l) r6t{_ 2. TIMruUALPHYSICS

(2) 4n/s'
rS. ,l*lslbrndTlnr m 2"1. Klnctk theory
(l) (r) 10.16(s (b)t.5lsm 8l ifr*o {b)6oN RYI W
(5) 2N ws nO cool bccrns *Pirir can
if' t*15.33nm (b) l3.0ftnst
(c) tl.76mn (6) Ac'n c$ily evaporato 8!d whon molceuler
t.
L;--
(3) 3r which have rbo ttgcst KE' alt
(4) (c)5s (b)72s l.?. Dlonont mONm escapd, ttmY gct h€d ftom our hand'
(l) (c) lNm qloclrwisc O) (becsut€ of cooling efrct)

f3. SPGGdT VclocitY an'd ,- (c) 9Nm anticlockrrirc

2.2. Ttcrmrl PrcPlrtlcr
Accehrrtion Pg (2) (a)gl.f O)3N (c)lN
(l) 2mis - (3) (e)2n (b) 1"5m (c) 2F .-. 23, Gu lew* m
(2) 1.6trry t+t triAtfrc Sftnmark O) 1.4N (l) 50N/m2
(c) 0.7N (d)709
(3) -sm/t' (2) (a)32oK O)305K (c)260K
(4) (a) lSnls (b) 72.5a (o sqc G\?Tc (0-lr
(5) 3rn/s'O) 3.33s
(O (a)30dsO)45m
l.& Worf m (3) 53F
(4) 5m'
(l) 250J
(4 (a) (2) r000u(l0kI)
(3) 25000J (25kJ) thsrmrl.ffi
(4) (a)2000N (zks$ &)q00's
(c) s00000J(8mkr) mrr**rof
Sinco tho nails ars befter c@dtston
thm cottonn WY Sot mora beat frot$
1.9. $lmPle nectlnr m our ffngorn es wo touch.
(l) (a)M"A.=3,V.R=4, '
EfficicnsflS% 3. PROPERIIES OFWATES
ib}Sds2 (c) 2?0m (d)lEur,ts {b) M.A.=4.4, V.K=4,
Effioieney*60?6
rT.RXI
Bstflitt€ a Pisce of PaPor receives (a) Itd.A.*l?', V&'20' 3.1. Gcncrel'rrvo FIt
morr air resistenc6 than a ston€. l0 EffHoiencXrS50;6
(l) (a)0.1r (b)zds
rn/s2 is thc ascelerdion qft€il afo
(2) (a)l0IIz (b)3m
(2) (a)20 (b)80e6 (3) ZHzO.Ss
tesis,tance ig ignord.
t+i (a) 5 wavte (b) 5m (c) i.2m
rryt (d) 3m/s
1"4. Mrm and Wcigbt m $incc effOscy 5l009rr
l
(1) lzN on Se Farfr and 2N oa fro
I
Moon ff/r:urw-ffix100s100 3.t- Souad
I

(2) (a) 30kg @) 50N,30 kg M.A. <t (l) 336r/s

(c)0N,30kg y.n--' (?) 3aOrds
:. Mr4,{Y&- 'Wh;
ITRYI 'hi€b'
fTBXI
ft nca"y luggpgo is put o'n the root' temp€rahue is
tbo cdtro
-of -gavrtY
movas high" milccutcs can bc activo and ttsY
Ttig malcts a minibue unstabla.
1.10. EncqY rnd Powsr m transmlt tho sound waves &ster.
(l) 5000I (5lrI)
(2) e6J
f,5, Volumc rnd llsnrltY EE (3) 100{xl0J (t00kJ) 33, LEbt
(l) (a)40o (b)60: (c) lf
ffi
(l) E.5gctn3 (4) (a) l0m/s {b) l50J
(d)5d (s)5o
(2) lk$m: (5) (a) RE.=4ffi000J (4o0kr)
(3) 2{cnl' K.E.'{J Q' 4m

irgs-
(l) F (b) P.E.=360000I (360kJ)
*.9.*{tl000J (40kJ)
(3) Mirror

-
lkg/mr=1ffi09/1000000cm'
4.00idcmt (c) P.E.*2a0000J (24fid)
(3) (a) sink ft) flow K,E.*t6{Xt0$ (l60kJ}
ilo"us" thc dengitY of an egg is (OP.E.={J
1* higber thst $f,t of pre lYatcr but lGtt K.E.=400000J (400kD
(6) (a) 300N (b) 0.3 (c) 8 (4)
ttrm thil of sah wat€r.
(d)3'757o (e) 1500J (5)
ulf
 ITRYI l
powor for sash bulb is VI*0.SX
Because light fcvels much frstsr thltlr
0.5*0.2S[WJ, As ccrfipalsd et$b
(z) tallr"iol'ln
:orlnd -th€n_lighilning rrachos to you pow€r,, thc bulbs g€t hors p$w€r
faster than ihunder.
'.' in prallel alrd becorne Urigitter,
7,1.
' . .Rrdtorcttviry m
(l) (a)62.sgtb)
4, Atac"rRlff"rY 5. MAGNETISM t0:/ffis
15 drys (b) l00e(c)60days
A-(:)
TIBYI
dt. SrtlccleHclty 5.t. Slnph pbeaoucnon of All of tbem hnvc big atostric (p:otonl
(l) 9) nepet O)Arrcr
(d) + crnchargc
G) -
(e) Attract
(rl
nrgncthm
m numbcr. In orhs wtrds, rlt of t*i
havc a tot of pmotons itr thcirfiJf;
(DAttrtrt whicb e*es thcm .unstablt. d.i
(2) (alA activo fuwftsian ofra.iiadorr;
,.
is rorrard b g and ;
B istourrdtoA.
(blA b rourud ro B btrt
' , B hp.noforce"
f
4J,.
(l)
Electrh cirsult
l50c m
(2' 4A
(3) {*}Eoc (b)l.jv
@|,nv
(5) 2.5A
,
{6) l4v f-{r-r
rrtffifiXlltlN r-t1*r
'1$j'J
(7) 20 Nr4friltr!ffi5
(3) Irom, heauss tho irou ir aasr. to
magnctiec and dmryEodac, ard
thonagnoiizdion io#onn : ---

5.a Ebcrru'rgnetfo cftbct ffiil

(l) (aldoWnward:
o)unnnfr
(c) doumward
(b)

T" of &e psftl

orscotncsti,m of whole circuit
cfllgsc
)

43, Prectieal electrlc clrcu il (3) l00v l

,i,rq"
{l) OOW
Eg (4) (a) l3Sml0nrrns (b). lzkv
(5) l0A
, f' A)
(3)
(a) sV
K45
t2v O) i6W;24w (6) (a) aA 0) ZA (c),iesO
turns
:,t' g) KnW
(5) 5A 6, In troductory electmnics
Fnxl 6.r. Eleetlon
(t)
llo $hrrro briglscr in pareilel
trEn ia series. l
6.2, c.n"o, t
Suppoac two bulbs havc the
same (l) 8V
rssishnoe of I O
and e.nf. is (2t (a) t0ms(b) t00l{z
lV..In prallel circuit, ,h;;*h
yill hare volage; iV
Qlgpanc 7, ATOnuc PIIY$cs
ne powcr ofthch bNdb is VI=l X
l-lF[, On rtc orbcr hand, in .. .:
,#l
ri' !
r.,ci?{ffi.F:i
series citcuit, the volhgc urrorr* l.l. Nwhrlstom ; 1;.f:.'..fl':,$ir:; I
I
csch butb is 0.5V bd"*, til (l) (a) (i) 6(ii) I (iii) 6 \
1um of fro two votogsr chould 17(D ts(iii) 17 i
.l
bo lV. Ae a rcsult 6e .qlq)
(c)(01(ii)3 i:
(ilDl
l5sing &rugh two brulbr is "d;; (d) (i) r4{iD I 16 (iii) s4 t'
,!l
V1R<!.j/t{J. Thc,refore, th; (ar(iln(ii) 146iirig?

',t) .

- ia!\:::, .l
 #ntGitl&L '
720Om
36O0s
DATA lalutisr
-1
cfT 'L , (re _:l v:?}krnlhr :20mJs v-u 2A -0 :+ffit{
a: -f
u= 0m./s '= ?
t=Ss a:?
(b) pATA Solurtion

l. "=t"' --tl u = 0m/s

t=5s
a= 4mt*
x -ur
:5!m
. br :oxs$xrxs'
Y=7

Don't uee the formula: D=SXT.

Because therc is an acccleration.
[Examplc 3l
The velocity of an object is unifonnly reduced fiom 50rr/s to 30rn/s. If the decelcration is 4rnd, over what distsnce is the
body decelerating?
DATA Solutioq

-;:A^tT+,Ar- u:50m/s I -^rf +zax

,9, v:30m/s ,f -t - st
302 -1600

!* .:t
a= 4rn1s2 zL 2x(4) -8
x=2
tl
Acceleration due to gravltt
Allobjects accelerate unifonnly downward on the ea*h if air resistance is ig'nored. It is called the accelqation due to
gravity.It is represented by the symbol 'g'-
g=9-lrr,lsz = l}mlsz
If a stone is dropped frorn the top of a tall building, it accelerates uniformly downward.
If you releasc a ston€ ryithout applying force, it starts from rest, lt is called frec fall.
-- Free fall Stop mopqp-,arily
u= OnVs
t= g: lftn/s2
If you through up a stone, the stone decelerates !o thc tlp.
ii
Throwingi I n.u fall
Then it stops moment*rily on the top- And then it starts ftee fall. up ii
--r Throwing up
v:0m/s
a: -E: -l$fi/*
o-i 6
[Exanplc l]
A body frlls feety ftom rest. Air resistance is ignored. G = t0m/s2j
(a) \[&at is its velocitY after ls?
(b) How far does it reach in ls?
(a\ DATA Sglution
rest(u=orn/s) u = Om./s I v =u+at
O i:L'=irr' zf Free fall =0+IOXl
t= ls =l0m/r
ls tonvs'?
v:?
i
Y
o) pArA Solutioq
u:Omls lfreefaU
^ x = ut +
l. I
0xl5x lox ^
v =?(a) A= E= lQm/s. J 7r = lz
L/ t:
x:?
lg :TE

Tryto solve forx usingthe fomula: -'

rt i=u7 +zax

ir
/;. I