PamAsØ Ckveman Hcp eLp-]c- n-Nbw
A_q-Ab
Pam-AsØ Ckveman AXns‚ t]cv
kqNn-∏n-°p∂ t]mse Hcn-kvem-anI
BZ¿i-{]-ÿm-\a- m-Wv. AXn-\m¬ {]hm-
N-I∑- m-cpsS ]mX ]n¥p-Sc- m≥ {]Xn-⁄m-
_-≤-am-W-Xv. Ncn-{X-Øns‚ Ccp-f-S™
\mgn-I-I-fn¬ Znhy-sh-fn-]m-Sp-I-fpsS {]`
{]k-cn-∏n® {]hm-N-I-∑m-scm-s°bpw
{]t_m-[\w sNbvX auen-Im-Z¿iw H∂p-
X-s∂-bm-W.v "emC-eml C√-√mlp' F∂
hnip≤ hmIyw. Hmtcm ssZh-Zq-X\pw
Xs‚ ImesØ Xn∑ \njv I m- k \w
sNbvXv \∑ ÿm]n-°m-\mWv \nc-¥cw
{ian®p- s Im- ≠ n- c p- ∂ - X v . D]- c yp‡
BZ¿iØns‚ XmXzn-Itam {]mtbm-Kn-
Itam Bb \ncm-k-amWv Ckvem-ans‚
`mj-bn¬ apJy Xn∑. AY-hm, kØ-
bnepw KpW-ß-fnepw A[n-Im-cm-h-Im-i-
ß-fn-ep-ap≈ A√m-lp-hns‚ GI-Xz-
sØbpw, AXns‚ BZ¿i-]-chpw I¿a-
]-c-hp-amb Xm¬]-cy-ß-sfbpw \ncm-I-cn-
°p∂ XXz-ßfpw kn≤m-¥ß - fpw hnizm-
k-ßfpw \S-]-Sn-{I-a-ß-fp-am-W-Xv. AXn-
\m¬ Bcm-[-\, BNm-cw, sshb-‡nI
Imcy- ß ƒ, IpSpw_ {]iv \ - ß ƒ,
kmaqly CS-]m-Sp-Iƒ, kmº-ØnI Imcy-
߃, kmwkvIm-cnI acym-ZI - ƒ, cmjv{Sob
taJ-eI - ƒ XpSßn am\h Pohn-XØ - ns‚
apgp-h≥ afi-eß - f - nepw \nb-a- \n¿amW-
Øns‚ ]c-am-[n-Imcw A√m-lp-hn\v am{X-
am-sW∂v Du∂n∏d-bp-Ibpw ]Tn-∏n-°p-
Ibpw sNbv X v {]hm- N - I - ∑ m- s c√mw
AXns‚ Xm¬]-cy-Øn\v hncp-≤-amb
hnizm- k - ß fpw {]h¿Ø- \ - ß fpw
\ne\n∂n-cp∂ cwK-ßf - n-emWv Xß-fpsS
{]t_m-[-\-{]-h¿Ø-\-߃°v Du∂¬
\¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. as‰mcp `mj-bn¬,
kaql ico-c-Øns‚ tcmK-_m-[n-X-amb
hi-ßsfbmW-h¿ NnIn-’n-®ncp∂-Xv.
tcmKw Xulo-Zn¬\n-∂p≈ hyXn-bm-\-a-
s{X.
"em Ceml C√-√mlp' F∂ hnip-
≤- h m- I ysØ Jp¿- B ≥ D]- a n- ® Xv
HcpØa hr£-tØm-Sm-Wv. GsXmcp
hnØn¬ \n∂mtWm hr£-ap-≠m-bXv A-
Xns‚ {]tXy-I-X-Iƒ thcnepw XSn-a-c-
Ønepw inJ- c - ß - f nepw Ce- b nepw
]qhnepw Imbn-ep-sa√mw {]I-S-am-bn-cn-
°pw. A{]-Im-cw-Xs∂ Ckvem-an-Im-Z¿i-
Øn¬\n∂v cq]- s ∏´ Pohn- X - Ø ns‚
F√m hi-ß-fnepw AXns‚ apgp-h≥
P.C. AºXmw hm¿jnI ]Xn∏v
- va≥
khn-ti-jX - I
- fpw \ne-\n¬t°-≠X - p-≠v.
AXn-\p-th-≠n-bp≈ {]t_m-[\ - {- ]-h¿Ø-
\-ßf - mWv F√m {]hm-NI - ∑
- mcpw \S-Øn-
s°m-≠n-cp-∂X - v.
Cu {]hm- N - I - a m- X rI ]n≥]‰n
kaql Pohn-X-Øn¬ {]I-Samb apJy
Xn∑-Iƒ \njvIm-k\w sNbvXv Ckvem-
anI hnizm-khpw hyhÿbpw ÿm]n-
°m≥ {]h¿Øn- ° - e m- W - t √m-
]cnjvI¿Øm-°fp-sSbpw {]ÿm-\ß - f
- p-
sSbpw _m[y- X . AXn\m¬ F√m
ImeØpw {]tZ-i-Øp-ap≈ \thm-∞m\
{ia-ß-fpsS Du∂¬ Htc taJ-e-bn-em-
bn-cp-∂n-√. BIm-h-Xp-a-√. tcmK-{K-kvX-
amb hi- s Ø- b m- s Wt√m NnIn-
’nt°≠Xv.
B[p- \ nI ]›m- Ø ew
Ccp-]Xmw \q‰m-≠ns‚ BZy Zi-I-
ß-fn¬ Ckvem-anI temIw AXns‚ Ncn-
{X-Ønse G‰hpw {]bm-k-I-c-amb ]cn-
X-ÿn-Xn-I-sfbpw {]Xn-k-‘n-I-sfbpw
A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-®p. ]Xnaq-∂c \q‰m-≠p-
Imew \ma-am-{X-am-sb-¶nepw \ne-\n-∂p-
t]m∂ Ckvem-anI Jnem-^Øv hyhÿ
XI¿∂p. apkvX^m Iam¬]mj Dkvam-
\nbm Jnem-^Øv Ah-km-\n-∏n-°p-Ibpw
Jeo- ^ sb ÿm\- { `- j v S - \ m- ° p- I bpw
sNøp∂-Xmbn temIsØ Adn-bn-®p.
AXy-[nIw Zmcp-W-amb B kw`hw
A[n--I-am-scbpw Akz-ÿtcm Bi-¶m-
Ip-etcm B°n-bn-√. {]hm-NI Imew-
sXm´v AhnsS \ne-\n-∂p-t]m∂ Hcp `c-
W-hy-hÿ \njvIm-k\w sNø-s∏-´n´pw
AXv apkvenw temIØv ]d-b-Ø°
BLmX {]Xym-Lm-Xß - s- fm∂pap≠m-°n-
bn-√. Imc-Ww, Bk-∂-a-c-W-\mb Hcp
tcmKn-bpsS Nc-a-{]-Jym-]-\w- t]mse
{]Xo-£n-X-am-bn-cp∂p AXv. Hcp Xp≈n
c‡w t]mepw Hgp-°msX Hcp {]Jym-]-
\-Øn-eqsS ]pdw-X-≈m≥ am{Xw ]qX-en-
®Xpw Zp¿_-e-hp-am-bn-°-gn-™n-cp∂p
Dkvam-\nbm Jnem-^-Øv. AXn-\m-emWv
Ckvem-anI Jnem-^-Øns‚ at\m-hn-Im-
c-߃ sI´p-]n-W™p InS-°p∂ Jnem-
^Øv hyh- ÿ sb Iam¬]m- j °v
\njv{]-bmkw \njvIm-k\w sNøm≥
km[n-®-Xv.
Jnem-^-Øns‚ A¥yw kw`-hn-°p-
∂-Xn\p \nc-h[n ZiI߃°p apºp-
Xs∂ apkvenw-tem-IsØ Iq´n-bn-W-
°p∂ IÆnsb∂ ÿm\w AXn\p
\jvS-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p. apkvenw `q{]-tZ-i-
߃ On∂-`n-∂-am-hp-Ibpw Ah-bn¬
]eXpw ]m›m-Xy-cpsS ]nSn-bn-ea- c- p-Ibpw
sNbvXn-cp-∂p. Jnem-^-Øns‚ ]X-\-
tØmsS Cu {]Irb ]q¿aWambn.
Aßs\ ssk{]-kv, kpUm≥, CuPn-
]vXv, DKm-≠, JØ¿, Ham≥, Ipssh-Øv,
Kmºn-b, ss\Po-cn-b, ba≥, _lvssd≥,
AƒPo-cn-b, sFh-dn-tIm-Ãv, Kn\n, Pn_q-
´n, SpWo-jy, ss\P¿, amen, samtdm-t°m,
audn-Øm-\n-b, e_-\m≥, en_n-b, kndn-
b, ^e-kvXo≥, A¬t_-\n-b, Ct¥m-
t\-jy, tkmam-enb t]mep≈ \mSp-Iƒ
{_n´≥, {^≥kv, C‰-en, P¿-Ω-\n, U®v
F∂o km{amPy i‡n-I-fp-sS, tImf-\n-
Itfm kwc-£nX {]tZ-i-ßtfm Bbn-
Øo¿∂p. ]m°n-ÿm\pw _w•m-tZ-ip-
apƒs]-Sp∂ C¥ym D]-`q-J-fi-Øns‚
Ah-ÿbpw `n∂-am-bn-cp∂n-√.
apkvenw \mSp-I-fn¬ Cc-®p-I-bdn
B[n-]-Xy-ap-d-∏n® ]m›mXy km{am-Py-
i-‡n-Iƒ Ncn-{X-]-chpw a‰p-amb Imc-
W-ß-fm¬ aXhncp-≤tam aXapIvtam
Bbn-cp-∂p. \s∂-®p-cp-ßn-bXv kmaq-ln-
I, kmº-Øn-I, cmjv-{Sob, `c-W-cw-K-ß-
fn¬ aXm-[n-]Xyw ]pe-cp-∂Xv Ah¿°v
ANn-¥y-am-bn-cp-∂p. "kok¿°p-≈Xv
kok¿°v , ssZh- Ø n- \ p- ≈ Xv ssZh-
Øn\v ' F∂ atX- X c ho£Ww
Ah¿°n-Sb - n¬ k¿∆mw-Ko-Imcw t\Sn-bn-
cp-∂p. Ah¿ Xo¿Øpw apkvenw hncp-≤-
cp-am-bn-cp-∂p. Xß-fpsS BZ¿ihpw
hnizm-khpw Nn¥bpw kwkvIm-chpw
kz`m-hhpw Ncybpw apkvenw \mSp-If - n¬
hym]-I-ambn {]N-cn-∏n-°p-hm≥ XpS-ßn.
\gvkdn kIq-fp-IƒsXm´v Iem-im-em-Iƒ
hsc-bp≈ hnZymÿm]\-ßfpw ]{X-am-
kn-II - ƒ, ]pkvXI - ß
- ƒ, Iem-km-ln-Xy-
߃ t]mep≈ A\u-]-Nm-cnI hnZym-
`ymk thZn-Ifpw Ah¿ AXn-\m-bp-]t- bm-
K-s∏-Sp-Øn. aXhpw cmjv{Shpw XΩn¬
_‘-an-s√∂pw aXw cmjv{SobØnen-Ss- ]-
S-cp-sX-∂p-ap≈ {]Nm-c-W-߃°v Xß-
fpsS A[n-Imcw imiz-Xo-Ic- n-°p-Is- b∂
cmjv{Sob e£yw IqSn-bp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.
AXn-\m-e-h¿ Cu cwKØv apkvenw-Isf
Ckvem-an¬ \n∂-I-‰m≥ Xo{h-{iaw \S-
Øn. AXn-e-h¿ Hcp ]cn-[n-hsc hnP-
bn°p- I bpw sNbv X p. X¬^- e - a mbn
kmaq-ln-I, kmº-Øn-I, kmwkvIm-cn-I, h¿t]mepw Pohn-X-Øns‚ an° taJ-e-
cmjv{Sob taJ-eI - f
- n-se√mw \nb-a\ - n¿am- I-fnepw A-√m-lp-hns‚ k∑m¿K \n¿tZ-
W-Øns‚ ]c-am-[n-Imcw ssZh-Øn-\√; i-߃ kzoI-cn-°m≥ k∂-≤-c-√. ]c-am-
P\-߃°m-sW∂ ]m›m-Xy≥ k¶¬]- [n-Imcw P\-߃°m-sW∂ {]N-fia- mb
Øn\v apkvenw-Iƒ°n-S-bnepw hym]-I- {]Nm- c - W hpw AXn- e - [ n- j v T n- X - a mb
amb {]Nm-chpw kzm[o-\hpw e`n-®p. `uXnI {]tXy-b-im-kv{X-ßfpw {]ÿm-
apkvenw ]fin-X-∑mcpw t\Xm-°fpw \-ßfpw Cu \q‰m-≠n¬ Xulo-Zn-s\-
AXns‚ h‡m-°-fmbpw cwK-Øp-h-∂p. Xnsc Db¿Ønb AXn-i-‡-amb sh√p-
]uckvXy \mSp-I-fn¬\n∂v ]m›m- hn-fn-sb-s{X. apsºm∂pw C∆n[samcp
Xy≥ hnS-]-d™ tijhpw Cu hn`mKw sh√p-hnfn C{X i‡ambn D≠m-bn-´n-√.
Xß-fpsS hnI-e-hm-Z-߃ XpS-cp-Ibpw AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ \ΩpsS \q‰m-≠nse
aX-Øns‚ AwK-`wKw h∂v hnIr-Xa- m-°- Ckvem-anI {]ÿm-\-߃ A-√m-lp-
s∏´ Ah-ÿ-bn¬ ]q¿W kwXr]vXn hns‚ ]c-am-[n-Im-chpw Ckvem-ans‚
AS-bp-Ibpw sNbvXp. km{am-Py-i-‡n-I- kºq¿W-Xbpw Du∂n-∏d- ™ - p-sIm≠mWv
fpsS Xntcm-[m-\t- ijw Ah-cpsS e£yw cwK-Øp-h∂ - X - v.
Xß-fpsS ]pXnb bP-am-\-∑-cpsS {]oXn {]hm- N I Imew- s Xm´v XpS¿∂p-
t\S-em-bn-cp∂p. ]uckvXy {]tZi-ß- t]m∂ Ckvem-ans‚ kwL-S\m hyhÿ
fn¬ cq]wsIm≠ ]m›m-Xy≥ kn≤m-¥- Xmcp-am-dmb B[p-\nI Ime-L-´-Øn¬
߃ apdp-sI-∏n-Sn-°p∂ atX-Xc `uXnI AXns‚ ]p\-ÿm-]\w apkvenw-I-fpsS
`c-W-Iq-S-ß-fm-bn-cp∂p Ah. k¿h- { ]- [ m- \ - a mb _m[y- X - b m- b n-
km{am-Py[n-\n-th-ihpw AXns‚ Øo¿∂p. apºp ImeØv kap-Zm-bØ - ns‚
ss[jWnI {]Xym-Lm-Xß - fpw apkvenw DØ-ch - m-ZnØw kmaq-ly-LS- \ - bpw hyh-
temIsØ ]nSn-®p-e°p∂Xp-hsc Pohn- ÿbpwsIm≠p \S- Ø - e m- b n- c p- ∂ p.
X-Øns‚ \nJne taJ-e-I-fnepw \nb-a- F∂m¬ "A¬P-am-AØpw' GI-t\-Xr-
\n¿am-W-Øns‚ ]c-am-[n-Imcw {]]-©- Xzhpw C√m-Xm-bt- XmsS kwL-S\m hyh-
\m-Y-\m-sW∂ ]c-a-kXyw apkvenw-I- ÿ-bpsS {]mtbmKnI ]p\xÿm]\w
sf√mw XXz-Øn¬ AwKo-I-cn-®n-cp-∂p. apJy-Np-a-X-e-bm-bn-Øo¿∂p.
{]mtbm-KnI Pohn-X-Øn¬ ]men-°m-Ø- apgp-h≥ {]hm-N-I-∑mcpw \n¿h-ln-
h¿t]mepw, Ckvem-anI \nb-a-hyh--ÿ ®Xpw apkvenw-Iƒ \n¿h-ln-°m≥ _m[y-
(i-co-A-Øv) `c-W-cw-KØv \S-∏m-°m-Xn- ÿ-am-bX - pamb Zo\ns‚ kwÿm-]\w (C-
cp∂ apkvenw N{I-h¿Øn-am¿ IqSn cmPy- Jm-a-Xp-±o≥) hy‡n-Iƒ°v H‰°v \n¿h-
Øns‚ \nb-a-\n¿am-WØns‚ ]c-am-[n- ln-°pI km[y-a-√. CJm-a-Øp-±o-\n\v
Imcw (lm-In-a-ø-Øv) A√mlphn-\m- kwL- S n- X - i ‡n A\n- h m- c y- a m-
sW∂pw \nb-a-\n¿am-W-Øns‚ auenI sW∂dnbmØ Bcp-ap-≠m-hn-√. Pam-
t{kmX v Jp¿B\pw kp∂- Ø p- a m- AsØ Ckveman Dƒs]-sS-bp≈ B[p-
sW∂pw kΩ-Xn-°p-∂h - c- m-bn-cp-∂p. ssZ- \nI Ckvem-anI {]ÿm-\-߃ Cu
hn-I]- c- a- m-[n-Im-csØ \ma-am{X apkvenw _m[yXm-\n¿h-l-W-Øn-\mbn cq]o-I-cn-
`c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-Iƒ t]mepw XmXzn-Ia- mbn °-s∏-´h - b- s- {X.
\ntj[n-®n-cp-∂ns√∂¿Yw. Pam-AØns‚ cq]o-I-cWw
F∂m¬ ]pXnb ]›mØeØn¬ 1941 BKkvXv 26˛\v emtlm-dnse
apkvenw \mSp-I-fnepw a‰p ]uckvXy Ckvem-anbm ]m¿°n¬ auem\m k^¿
{]tZ-iß - f - nepw Db¿∂ph∂ atX-Xc `c- CJv_m¬ kmln-_ns‚ hk-Xn-°-SpØ
W-Iq-Sß - f - p-sSbpw cmjv{Sob t\Xm-°f - p- sI´n-SØ - n¬ cmPy-Øns‚ hnhn-[`- m-Kß - -
sSbpw kao-]-\-Øn¬ am‰w kw`-hn®p. fn¬ \n∂p≈ 75 {]K¬` hy‡n-Xz-߃
\nb-a\ - n¿am-Wm-[n-Imcw P\-߃°m-IW - - HØp-tN¿∂p. Ah¿ C¥y-bnse kmaq-
sa∂v Ah¿ i‡-ambn hmZn-°m≥ XpS- ln-Ihpw cmjv{So-bh - p-amb ÿnXn-KX - n-I-
ßn. BZy-sams° CXns‚ apºn¬ ]I- sf- k w- _ - ‘ n®pw apkv e nw kap- Z m- b -
®p-\n∂ aX]fin-X-∑m¿ {ItaW Ah- Øns‚ Ah-ÿs- b°p-dn®pw hni-Za- mbn
cpsS {]Nm- c - W - ß ƒ G‰p- ] - d - b m\pw N¿® sNbv X p. Xß- f n- e ¿∏n- X - a mb
Ah¿°p-th≠n ^XvhI-fn-d° - m\pw XpS- Ckvem-anI _m[y-X-Isf-∏-‰nbpw AXp
ßn. \n¿h- l n°m≥ A\n- h m- c y- a mbpw
Cu ]cn-X-ÿn-Xn-I-fn-emWv Pam- sNtø≠ Imcy-ß-sf-°p-dn®pw Kuc-h-
AsØ Ckveman Dƒs]-sS-bp≈ Ccp- ]q¿hw Btem-Nn-®p. Aßs\ ]fin-
]Xmw \q‰m-≠nse Ckvem-anI {]ÿm- tXm-Nn-X-amb N¿®°pw ]cym-tem-N-\-
\- ß ƒ cq]w- s Im- ≠ - X v . B[p- \ nI Iƒ°pw tij-amWv A∂-hn-sS-sh®v
PohnXsØ hni- I - e \w sNøp∂ kønZv A_p¬ AAvem auZq-Zn-bpsS
Gh¿°pw t_m[y- a m- I pw: Ime- L - ´ - t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ Pam-AsØ Ckveman
Øns‚ G‰hw henb im]w `mKn-Itam cq]o-Ir-Xa- m-bX - v.
]q¿Wtam Bb ssZh \ntj-[-am-sW- {_n´ojv km{am-Py-Xz-Øn-s\-Xnsc
∂v . hnizm- k n- I - s f- ∂ - h - I m- i - s ∏- S p- ∂ - kzmX{¥y kacw cmPy-saßpw sImSp-
P.C. AºXmw hm¿jnI ]Xn∏v
ºn-cn-s°m-≠n-cp∂ Ime-am-bn-cp∂p AXv.
]m°n-ÿm≥ hmZhpw A{X i‡n-bm-bn-
Øs∂ cmPysØ Cf°n-a-dn-®p-sIm≠n-
cp- ∂ p. Hcp hiØv \mj- W ¬
tIm¨{K v C¥y≥ tZio-b-X-bn-eq∂n
\n∂p-sIm≠v kzmX-{¥y-k-ac cwK-Øp-
d®p\n∂p. apkvenw eoKv kz¥hpw kzX-
{¥-hp-amb Hcp cmjv{S-Øn-\p-th-≠n-bp≈
hmZ-hp-ambn cwKØv hcn-Ibpw sNbvXp.
F-∂m¬ Hcp hn`m-Khpw X߃°v e`y-
amhp∂ cmPyØv F¥v hyh-ÿ-bmWv
\S-∏m-°p-Is- b∂v hy‡-am-°n-bn-cp-∂n-√.
AtX kabw cmjv{Sob t\Xm-°-∑m-cp-
sSbpw ]fin-X-∑m-cp-sSbpw _p≤n-Po-hn-
I-fp-sSbpw Nn¥m-afi - e - sØ Bg-Øn¬
kzm[o-\n-®n-cp-∂Xv ]m›mXy `uXnI
kn≤m-¥-ß-fm-bn-cp-∂p. c≠p \q‰m-≠p-
Imew \o≠p-\o∂ {_n´o-jv`-c-Whpw
Ah-cpsS Hu]-Nm-cn-Ihpw A\u-]-Nm-cn-
I-hp-amb hnZym-`ymk ]cn-]m-Sn-Ifpw Cu
akvXnjvI {]t£m-f\ - Ø- n¬ \n¿Wm-bI
]¶p-h-ln-®p. AXn-\m¬ ]nd-∂p-ho-gm-\n-
cn-°p∂ ]c-am-[n-Imc cmjv{S-Øns‚
kz`m-hsØ kw_-‘n® hy‡-amb
Nn{Xw ka¿∏n-°-s∏-´n-cp-∂n-s√-¶nepw
P\m-[n-]-Xyhpw atX-X-c-Xzhpw tkmjy-
en-khpw Iayq-Wn-k-hp-sams°bmbn-
cp∂p A¥-co-£-Øn¬ Db¿∂p-tI-´n-cp-
∂-Xv. adp-`m-KØv ]m°n-ÿm\v th≠n
cwKØv h∂-h-cpsS apºnepw X߃
ÿm]n°m≥ t]mIp∂ cmjv{S-Øns‚ `c-
W-hy-h-ÿsb kw_-‘n® Ahy-‡-
amb [mc-Wt- ]m-ep-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. Ah-
km\ hni-I-e-\-Øn¬ Ahcpw ]m›m-
Xy≥ `uXnI kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ h‡m-
°-fm-bncp∂p. AXns‚ kzm[o-\-Øn\v
ASn-apSn ASn-s∏-´-h-cpw.
Cu ]›m- Ø - e Øn¬ a¿lqw
auem\m auZq-Zn-bpsS t\Xr-XzØn¬ Pam-
AsØ Ckvem-an, ]m›m-Xy≥ `uXn-I-
hy- h - ÿ - I - f psS s]m≈- Ø cw
Xpd∂pImWn®p. sk°p- e - d n- k - Ø n-
s‚bpw ]Sn-™m-d≥ P\m-[n-]-Xy-Øn-
s‚bpw tkmjy-en-k-Øn-s‚bpw Zu¿_-
ey-ßfpw Zqjy-ß-fpw hni-Z-ambn hnh-cn-
®p. a\pjycpsS sFln- I - t £- a - Ø n-
s‚bpw ac-Wm-\¥ - c- P- o-hn-XØ
- nse c£-
bp-sSbpw GI hyh-ÿ-sb∂ \ne-bn¬
Ckvemans\ C¥y≥ P\-X°v ]cn-N-b-
s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw sNbvXp. A∂sØ cmPy-
\n- h m- k n- I ƒ [cn- ® p- s h- ® - t ]m- s e,
Ckvemw apkvenw-Is- f-∂d- n-bs- ∏-Sp∂ P\-
hn-`m-K-Øns‚ kzImcy kzØ-s√∂pw
apgp- h ≥ a\p- j y¿°p- a mbn ssZhw
\¬Inb PohnX hyhÿ-bm-sW∂pw
Dds° {]Jym-]n-®p. AtXm-sSm∏w AXv
GXm\pw ]qPm-]m-´p-I-fpsSbpw Bcm-[-
\m-Nm-c-ß-fp-sSbpw kap-®-b-am-sW∂
[mcW Xncp-Øm≥ Xo{h-{iaw \S-Øn.
temIw I≠ as‰√m kmaq- l y,
kmºØn-I, cmjv{So-b, `c-Wh - y-hÿ- I - -
sfbpw anI-®p-\n¬°p∂ \nXy-\q-X\ - hpw
Imem-Xo-Xhpw tZim-Xo-Xhpw {]mtbm-Kn-
I-hp-amb {]tXy-bi - vkv{X-sa∂ \ne-bn¬
Ckvem-ans\ kbp‡nIw C¥y≥ P\-
X°p apºn¬ ka¿∏n-®p.
A-tXm-sSm∏w A⁄-Xb - nepw A‘-
hn-izm-k-Øn-epw Be-ky-Ønepam≠pw,
A\y-Nn-¥m-{]-ÿm-\-߃°-Sn-s∏´pw
t_m[-iq-\y-cmbn Ign-™p-Iq-Sn-bn-cp∂
apkvenw-Isf Hcm-Z¿i-k-aq-l-sa∂ \ne-
bn-ep≈ XßpsS DØ-c-hm-Zn-Ø-ßsf
kw-l-‘n®v \nc-¥cw DW¿Øp-Ibpw
D¬t_m- [ n- ∏ n- ° p- I bpw sNbv X p.
Ckv e mans‚ kwÿm- ] - \ - Ø n- \ mbn
k¿∆kzw ka¿∏n®v kwL-Sn-t°-≠-
Xns‚ Bh-iy-IX Du∂n∏d-™p.
kzX- t {¥- ¥ y- b n¬
Pam-AsØ Ckveman hn`-P\ - Ø- n\v
Xo¿Øpw FXn-cm-bn-cp-∂p. Ad-_n-t∏-
cp≈ Bƒ°q-´sØ kwL-Sn-∏n®v Hcp
cmPyw ÿm]n-®X - p-sIm≠v Ckvem-ant∂m
apkv e nw- I ƒt°m {]tXy- I n- s ®m∂pw
t\Sm-\nsöv auem\m auZq-Znbpw Pam-
AØpw i‡n-bmbn hmZn-®p. AtXm-
sSm∏w hn`-P\w cq£-amb h¿§ob Iem-
]-߃°v hgn-ac- p-∂n-Sp-sa∂pw AXv C¥y-
bn¬ Ah-ti-jn-°p∂ apkvenw-Iƒ°pw
]m°n-ÿm-\n-eI - s- ∏-Sp∂ lnµp-°ƒ°pw
hnh-cm-Wm-Xo-Xa- mb IjvS\ - j- vSß- ƒ°n-
S- h - c p- Ø p- s a∂pw Xm°oXv \¬In.
F∂m¬ \m´n-s‚bpw \m´p-Im-cp-sSbpw
CkvemanI am‰-Øn-\p-th≠n bXv\n-°-
emWv apkvenw-I-fpsS Npa-X-e-sb∂pw
cmPy-Øns‚ Hcp `mKw apdn-®p-sIm-≠p-
t]m-he - s- √-∂p-ap-≈- PamAØns‚ hnth-
I-]q¿Whpw kpNn-¥n-X-hp-amb A`n-
{]mbw apkvenw tZio-bh - m-Zn-Iƒ°v H´pw
kzoIm-cy-ambn-√. AY-hm, lnµp tZiob,
h¿§ob hmZn-I-fpsS kao-]\w AXn-\-
hsc A\p-h-Zn-®n-√. HSp-hn¬ Zu¿`m-Ky-
I-c-amb hn`-P\w Hcp bmYm¿Yy-am-bn.
hy]-I-amb h¿Kob Iem-]-߃ At\-
Im- b n- c - ß - f psS Poh≥ A]- l - c n- ® p.
AXn∂pw Ahn-cmaw XpS-cp-∂p. A∂m-
cw-`n® A`-bm¿Yn {]iv\w cq]-t`-Z-ß-
tfmsS C∂pw XpS-cp-∂p.
hn`- P - \ - t ØmsS Pam- A sØ
Ckvemanbpw c≠m-bn. 1948 G{]n-en¬
auem\m A_p-ss√kv Ckvem-ln-bpsS
t\Xr- X z- Ø n¬ C¥y≥ PamsØ
Ckveman cq]o-Ir-Xa- m-bn. Xo¿Øpw {]Xn-
Iq-e-amb ]cn-ÿn-Xn-bmWv A∂v \m´n-
seßpw \ne-\n∂ncp∂-Xv. a‰p apkvenw
kwL- S - \ - I - s fm∂pw cwK- Ø p- h - c m≥
ss[cyw ImWn-®-cp-∂n-√. hnti-jn®pw
DØ-tc-¥y-bn¬. Pam-AsØ Ckveman
]pXnb ]cn-X-ÿn-Xn-bn¬ kµ¿t`m-Pn-X-
amb \b-]c- n-]m-Sn-It- fmsS {]h¿Ø-\a- m-
cw-`n-®p.
P.C. AºXmw hm¿jnI ]Xn∏v
Ckvem-anI {]t_m-[\w
Pam-AsØ Ckveman ]c-º-cm-KX
ssien-bn-ep≈ Hcp aX kwL-\-b-√.
A[n- I mcw e£y- a m- ° nb cmjv { Sob
]m¿´n-bp-a√ - . [m¿anI aqey-ßf- psS {]Nm-
c- W - Ø n- \ p- a m{Xw \ne- s Im- ≈ p∂
kmwkvIm-cnI kwL-S-\-bp-a-√. adn®v
\m\m-PmXn aX-ÿsc ssZhnI k∑m¿K-
Øn¬ AWn-\n-c-Øn, hy‡n kwkvI-c-
W-Øn-eqsS, [m¿an-Im-Sn-Ød- b -- n¬ kaq-l-
Øns‚ ]p\x- k w- h n- [ m- \ hpw cmjv { S-
Øns‚ \n¿am- W hpw e£yw- s h®p
{]h¿Øn-°p∂ Hcm-Z¿i hnπ-h-{]-ÿm-
\-am-Wv.
C¥y-bnse \nhm-kn-I-fn¬ F¨]-
Xp-i-X-am-\hpw Aap-kvenw-I-fm-Wv. Ah-
scm-s°bpw Ckvemans\ kw_-‘n®v
Xo¿Øpw A⁄-cm-W.v Ncn-{X-]c- hpw a‰p-
amb Imc-W-ß-fm¬ Kpcp-X-c-amb sX‰n-
≤m- c - W - s h- ® p ]pe¿Øp∂- h ¿.
AXn\m¬ Pam-AsØ Ckveman Ah-
cn¬ \ne-\n¬°p∂ A_≤ [mc-WI - ƒ
Xncp-Øm\pw Ah¿°v ssZhnI Zo\ns\
]cn- N - b s∏SpØm\pw hyh- ÿ m- ] n- X -
ambpw Bkq-{Xn-X-ambpw \nc-¥cw {ian-
®p- s Im- ≠ n- c n°p- ∂ p. Ckv e manI
{]t_m[\w e£yw-sh®v {]tXyIw
]pkvX-I-߃ {]kn-≤o-I-cn-°p-Ibpw
{]t_m-[I kwL-ßsf hm¿sØ-Sp-°p-
Ibpw sNøp-∂p.
\-ΩpsS \m´nse hnhn[ kap-Zm-b-
°m-cn¬ KWy-amb hn`mKw aX-ap-‡-cm-
Wv; ssZh-\n-tj-[n-Itfm ktµ-l-hm-Zn-
Itfm BWv. \s∂-®p-cp-ßn-bXv aX-
Ønepw ssZh-Øn-ep-sam∂pw Xm¬]-cy-
an-√m-Ø-h¿. bp‡n-hm-Zw, Iayq-Wnkw,
sk°p- e - d nkw XpS- ß nb `uXnI
{]ÿm-\-ß-fpsS {]N-c-Whpw {]h¿Ø-
\-ßfpw aX-\n-cm-k-Øn\v B°w Iq´p-
Ibpw sNøp-∂p. CØcw {]h-WX - I- f- psS
sIm®p sIm®p {]I- S - \ - ß ƒ {]hm-
NI∑mcpsS Ime- Ø p- a p- ≠ m- b n- c p∂p.
F¶nepw C∂-sØ-t∏mse \mkvXnI
\n¿aX {]ÿm-\-߃ kwL-Sn-X-ambpw
Bkq-{Xn-Xa- mbpw As∂m∂pw {]h¿Øn-
- ® n- c p- ∂ n- √ . AXn- \ m¬ Pam- A sØ
Ckveman, kpi-‡hpw kpkwL-Sn-X-
hpamb \nco-izc, \n¿aX Nn¥m-KX - n-Isf
^e-{]-Z-ambpw {]mtbm-Kn-I-ambpw {]Xn-
tcm-[n-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂p. `uXnI kn≤m-
¥-߃s°-Xn-cmb Pam-A-Øns‚ Bi-
b-ka- c- hpw Bkq{XnX{i-aß - fpw hºn®
kZv ^ - e - ß ƒ kΩm- \ n- ® n- ´ p- s ≠- ∂ Xv
A\ntj-[y-am-Wv.
\m´¬ \ne- \ n¬°p∂ apgp- h ≥
Xn∑-I-fp-sSbpw ASn-ÿm\w ssZh-\n-
tj-[w, _lp-ssZ-h-Xzw, aX-\n-cm-kw
t]mep-≈-h-bm-sW∂v Pam-AØv Dd®p
hniz- k n- ° p- ∂ p. AXn- \ m- e - h sb
Bhpwhn[w {]Xn- t cm- [ n- ° p- I bpw
FXn¿°p- I bpw sNøp- ∂ p. Aßs\
cmPy-\n-hm-kn-If - I
- s- ∏´ A]-IS- I- c- a- mb
Ah-ÿI - f
- psS \nan-Øß - ƒ hni-Ie - \w
\S-Øp-Ibpw Ah-cw-Ko-I-cn® Bi-bm-
Z¿i-ß-fpsS A_-≤-ßfpw A\n-hmcy
Zqjy-ßfpw Ahsc t_m[y-s∏-Sp-Øp-
Ibpw sNøp-∂p. ]I-c-ambn a\p-jys‚
sFln-I-t£-a-Øn-s‚bpw ac-Wm-\-¥-c-
tam-£-Øn-s‚bpw \nZm-\-amb GI-ssZ-
h-Xzw, ]c-tem-I-t_m-[w, {]hm-N-IXz
hnizm- k w, Ahbn- e - [ n- j v T n- X - a mb
ssZhnI PohnX hyhÿ F∂n-hsb
Ah¿°v ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw sNøp-
∂p. Cßs\ Pohn-X-Øns‚ apgp-h≥
taJ-e-I-fn-ep-ap≈ ssZh-Øns‚ am{Xw
]c-am-[n-Im-chpw AXv \ncm-I-cn-®m¬
A\n-hm-cy-am-Ip∂ ]c-tem-I-in-£bpw
Du∂n∏d-™p-sIm≠v cmPysØ apgp-h≥
P\-ß-sfbpw kXy-hy-h-ÿ-bn-te°v
£Wn-°p-Is- b-∂Xv Pam-AØv AXns‚
ZuXy-ambn kzbw Gs‰-Sp-Øn-cn-°p-∂p.
kwkv I - c W {ia- ß ƒ
C¥y≥ P\- X - b psS apºn¬
Ckvemans\ {]Xn-\n-[o-Ic- n-°p-∂Xv Chn-
SsØ apkv-enw-I-fm-Wv. \n¿`m-Ky-h-im¬
\ne- h n- e p≈ apkv e nw kap- Z mbw
Ckv e mans‚ bYm¿Y- am- X r- I - b - √ .
in¿°p-]c- a- mb hnizm-kß - ƒ, Bcm-[\m
sshIr-X-߃, BNmc sshI-ey-߃,
A\n-kvem-anI ]mc-º-cy-߃, kmº-
ØnI Ip‰-߃, kmaqly Xn∑-Iƒ kmw-
kvIm-cnI Po¿W-XI - ƒ, [m¿an-IØ- I - ¿®,
cmjv{Sob ]mX-I-߃ XpS-ßn-b-h-bn¬
\ns∂m∂pw apkvenw-Ifpw C∂v ap‡-c-
√. AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ Ckvemans\
cmPy-\n-hm-kn-If - psS apºn¬ kXy-k‘ - -
ambn ka-¿∏n°m≥ kap-Zm-b-Øn-\n∂v
km[n-°p-∂n-√. F∂-√, Pohn-°p∂ \ma-
am{X apkvenw ktlm-Z-c-߃°n-S-bn¬
Ckvemans\ kw_-‘n®v Kpcp-X-c-amb
sX‰n-≤m-c-W-Ifpw shdp∏pw hntZz-jhpw
]pOhpw hf¿Øm≥ CS-h-cp-Øp-Ibpw
sNøp-∂p.
C¥y-bnse CkvemanI {]ÿm-\-
Øn\v kz¥w kap-Zm-b-Ønse Cu ]cn-
Xm-hÿ I≠n-s√∂v \Sn°pI km[y-a-
√. AXn-\m¬ apkvenw-I-fpsS PohnXw
CkvemanImSn-Ød- I - f
- n¬ ]p\x- w-hn-[m-
\n-°p∂ kwkvIc- W {]h¿Ø-\ß - ƒ°v
(C-kvem-lv) Pam-AsØ Ckveman apJy-
ÿm\w I¬]n-®n-cn-°p-∂p. apkvenw-I-
fn¬ \ne-\n¬°p∂ F√m-hn[ A\n-
kvem-anI \S-]-Sn-Ifpw Ah-km-\n-∏n-°m-
\m-WXv {ian-°p-∂-Xv. kap-Zm-b-Ønse
GsX-¶nepw Nne hi-ß-fn¬ am{Xw
{i≤tI{µo-Ic- n®v {]h¿Øn-°p-Ib - m-sW-
¶n¬ AXv `mKnIamb kwkv I - c W
{]h¿Ø-\ta Bhp-I-bp-≈q. DZm-l-
cWambn, apkvenw-I-fnse ]en-i-sbbpw
Icn-©¥- s- bbpw ssI°q-en-sbbpw kmaq-
ly-Xn-∑-Isfbpw cmjv{Sob ]mX-I-ß-
sfbpw Ah-K-Wn®v A‘-hn-izm-k-ß-
sfbpw A\m-Nm-c-ß-sfbpw FXn-¿°pI-
bm- s W- ¶ n¬ AXpw kwkv I - c - W - { ]-
h¿Ø\w (Ckv e m- l v ) Xs∂- b - m Wv .
]t£, XnI®pw `mKn-Iw. C{]-Im-cw-Xs∂
kmº-ØnI taJ-eb - ntem hnZym`ymk-cw-
KtØm am{Xw Du∂ns°m≠p≈
{]h¿Ø-\-ßfpw kwkvI-c-W-{i-a-߃
Xs∂. F∂m¬ C¥y-bnse ka-Im-eo\
apkvenw kap-Zm-b-Øn¬ \S-t°-≠Xv
kºq¿W-amb kwkvIc- W - k - w-cw-`ß - f- m-
Wv. ImcWw kap-Zmb-Øns‚ apgp-PohnX
taJ-e-I-sfbpw Pmln-en-øØpw Po¿W-
Xbpw _m[n-®n-´p-≠v. ip≤-amb aX-
k¶¬]-Øn-\p-t]mepw t]md-te-‰n-cn-°p-
∂p. hnizm-k-Ønse hnip≤n hn\-jvS-
am-bn-cn-°p∂p. `uXnI kn≤m-¥-ßfpw
Nn¥m-K-Xn-Ifpw PohnX ho£-W-Øn¬
If- ¶ hpw Im]- S yhpw Ie¿Øn- b n- c n-
°p∂p. C°m-c-W-ß-fm-se-√mw C¥y≥
apkvenw-Iƒ apgp-Po-hnX irwe-I-fnepw
kwkvIcWw Bh-iy-s∏-Sp-∂p. Pam-
AsØ Ckveman B ZuXy-\n¿h-l-W-
Øn\v Bhpw-hn[w {ian-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-
Ibpw sNøp-∂p.
`uXnI {]tXy-bi - m-k{v X-ßf- p-sSbpw
{]ÿm-\ß - f- p-sSbpw s]men-ab - n¬ h©n-
X-cmb kap-Zmb t\Xm-°fpw aX-]-fin-
X-∑mcpw A]-I¿j-t_m-[Ø - n-∂Sns∏´p.
AXn- \ m- e - h ¿ ]cm- P nXa\- k v I - c mbn
£am-]W ssien-tbmsS kwkm-cn-°m≥
XpS-ßn. CXv apkvenw P\-km-am-\y-Øn¬
ISpØ \ncm-ibpw COm-`w-Kh - p--ap-≠m-°n.
AXn\m-h¿ Iq´-tØmsS `uXnI {]ÿm-
\-ß-fn-te°v {]h-ln-°m≥ XpS-ßn. Cu
{]Xn- I qe ]cn- X - ÿ n- X n- b n- e mWv
PamAsØ Ckveman cwK-Øp-h-∂-Xv.
AXv `uXnI {]tXybimkv{X-ß-fpsS
s]m≈-Ø-c-ßfpw Zu¿_-ey-ßfpw Xpd-
∂p-Im-Wn-®p. apXemfnØw, Iayq-Wnkw
tkmjy-en-kw, \mj-We - nkw t]mep-≈-
hbv°v a\p-jy-cm-insb c£n-°m-\m-hn-
s√∂ hkvXpX tkmZm-l-cWw hc-®p-
Im-Wn-®p. AtXm-sSm∏w as‰√m hyh-ÿ-
I-tf-°mfpw anIhpw XnI-hp-ap≈ {]tXy-
b-im-kv{X-sa∂ \ne-bn¬ Ckvemans\
]cn-Nb- s- ∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw sXfn-bn-®p-Im-Wn-
°p- I bpw sNbv X p. At\- I m- b ncw
apkvenw bphm-°sf \nco-iz-c, \n¿a-X,
`uXnI {]ÿm-\ß - f- psS ]nSn-bn¬\n∂v
c£n- ° m≥ CXp- h gn Pam- A sØ
Ckveman°v km[n-®p. AtXm-sSm∏w a]-
fin-X∑ - m-cnepw kap-Zmb t\Xm-°f - nepw
Bflm-`n-am\ t_m[hpw Hu∂n-Xy-t_m-
[hpw hf¿Øm\pw Cu Zri{ia-߃hgn
Pam-A-Øn\v ku`mKyw kn≤n-®p.
hn`-P-\m-\-¥cw C¥y-bn¬ Ah-ti-
jn® apkvenw-Isf ]nSn-Iq-Snb `oXnbpw
\ncm-ibpw A]-I¿j-t_m-[hpw Ah-
P.C. AºXmw hm¿jnI ]Xn∏v
km-\n-∏n®v Ah-cn¬ ss[cyhpw Bfl-
hn-izm-khpw hf¿Øm\pw Pam-AØv \nc-
¥cw {ian-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. DØ-tc-¥y≥
apkvenw-Iƒ kz¥w kwkvIm-c-Ønepw
hnizm-km-Z¿i-Ønepw Dd-®p-\n¬°m≥
Pam-A-Øns‚ CØcw {ia-߃°v Ign-
™n-´p-≠v.
kmap-Zm-bnI {]iv\-߃
hn`-P\w Chn-SpsØ apkvenw-Iƒ°v
I\Ø BLm-X-am-tW¬]n-®-Xv. \n¿`m-
Ky-I-c-amb B kw`hw `qcn-]£ kap-
Zm- b - Ø n¬ cmPysØ kw_- ‘ n®
{]tXyI AhIm-i-t_m[w hf¿Øn.
apkvenw-I-fn¬ B]¬°-c-amb A]-
I¿j- N n¥bpw AXp- ≠ m- ° n. ssZh-
Øns‚ `qan ssZh-Zm-k-∑m¿°p-≈-Xm-
sW∂pw AXns‚ taep≈ Ah-cpsS
AhImiw tNmZyw-sN-øm≥ B¿°pw
A[n- I m- c - a n- s √- ∂ pap≈ i‡- a mb
BZ¿i-t_m-[-Øns‚ A`mhw AXn\v
B°w Iq´p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Cu {]Xn-
Iqe ]cn- X - ÿ nXn {]Xn- t em- a - i - ‡ n-
Iƒ°v apkv e nw- I - f psS Akv X nXzw
tNmZyw sNøm\pw Ah-Im-iß - ƒ \ntj-
[n-°m\pw Bcm-[m-e-b-߃ Itødm\pw
kmwkvIm-cnI Nn”-߃ \in-∏n-°m\pw
If- s am- c p- ° n. C¥ybn- e n∂v Znt\- \ -
sb∂hÆw \nc-h[n apkvenw-I-fpsS
Poh\pw kzØpw A\ym-b-ambn l\n-°-
s∏- ´ p- s Im- ≠ n- c n°p∂p. Ah- c psS
kmwkvIm-cnI ÿm]-\-߃ ISpØ
sh√p-hn-fn-Iƒ t\cn-Sp-∂p. aX-ÿm-]-\-
ßfpw Bcm-[\ - m-eb- ß - fpw A\y-h¬°-
cn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p. ico-A-Øns‚ `mK-ambn
Ah-ti-jn-°p∂ hy‡n-\n-ba- ß - ƒ `oj-
Wn-Iƒ°v hnt[-ba- m-bn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-∂p.
\n mc Imcy-ß-fpsS t]cn¬ Ahsc
am\-kn-Iambpw imco-cn-Ia- mbpw ]oUn-∏n-
°p- ∂ - X n¬ hym]r- X - c m- b n- c n- ° p- ∂ p
cmPysØ h¿Kob ^mjnÃv i‡n-Iƒ.
\m´n¬ \ne-\n¬°p-∂- hn-]¬°-c-
amb Cu kml- N - c y- Ø n¬ kz¥w
AkvXn-Xzhpw hy‡n-Xzhpw ]cn-c-£n-
°m≥ apkvenw kap-Zm-bsØ k÷-cm-
t°≠Xv A\n- h m- c y- a m- s W∂v Pam-
AsØ Ckveman a\- n-em-°p-∂p. AXv
Ckv e manI {]h¿Ø- \ - ß - f p- s Sbpw
Zo\ns‚ kwÿm-]\ - {- i-aß
- f- p-sSbpw A`n-
hmPy `mK-a-s{X. AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂
kz¥w kap-Zm-b-Øns‚ AkvXn-Xzhpw
hy‡n-Xzhpw \ne-\n¿Øm-\mbn C¥y-
bnse apgp-h≥ apkvenw-I-sfbpw Htc-th-
Zn-bn¬ AWn-\n-c-Øm≥ Pam-AØv {ian-
®p- s Im- ≠ n- c n- ° p- ∂ p. Bƒ C¥ym
apkvenw aPvensk apim-hd, t]¿k-W¬
temt_m¿Uv , _m_cn akv P nZv
tIm˛Hm¿Un-t\-j≥ IΩn‰n t]mep≈
apkvenw-I-fpsS s]mXp-th-Zn-I-fpsS cq]o-
I-c-W-Ønepw {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fnepw Pam-
AØv \n¿Wm-b-I-amb ]¶v hln-®n-´p-
≠v. Cu thZn-Ifnse√mw Ct∏m-gp-aXv
kPoh ]¶m-fnØw hln-°p-∂p.
A[m¿an- I - X - s °- X nsc
PmXn-˛-aX t`Zat\y apgp-h≥ C¥y-
°m-scbpw _m[n® alm-hym-[nbmWv
hym]-Ia- mb [¿a-Nyp-Xn. apgp-h≥ PohnX
taJ-e-I-sfbpw A[m¿Ωn-IX AS°n
hmgp- I - b m- W v . h¿§ob Iem]- ß -
fpƒs]sS cmPy- a - ` n- a p- J o- I - c n- ° p∂
AJne {]iv\ß - f - p-sSbpw ASn-ÿm-\I - m-
cWw P\-Po-hn-XsØ ap®qSw _m[n®
[¿a-{`w-is- a-s{X. AXn-\n-Sh - c- p-Øn-btXm
Cuiz-c-hn-izm-kØn-s‚bpw ]c-tem-I-
t_m- [ - Ø n- s ‚bpw A`m- h - h pw. Cu
hkvXpX C¥y≥P-\-Xsb t_m[y-s∏-
Sp-Øm≥ Pam-AsØ Ckveman Xo{h-{iaw
\S-Øn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-∂p. apX-em-fn-Øw,
kmº-ØnI Nqj-Ww, sFØw, D®-\o-
N-Xzw, A{I-aw, A\o-Xn, aX˛-`mjm˛{]m-
tZ-inI ]£-]m-Xß - ƒ, GIm-[n-]X - y-˛k- -
a-{Km-[n-]Xy {]-h-W-X-Iƒ, kmwkvI-cm-
cn-I-amb IS-∂m-{I-a-Ww, F∂n-h-s°-Xn-
cnepw Pam- A Øv P\- ß sf t_m[-
h¬°-cn-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂p. hnizm-k-
kzm-X-{¥yw, aX-kzm-X-{¥yw, A`n-{]mb
kzmX-{¥yw, kmº-Øn-I\ - o-Xn, kmaq-lnI
ka-Xzw, a\p-jy-km-tlm-Zcyw F∂o aqey-
ß-fpsS {]Nm-c-W-Øn\pw ]nt∂m-°-hn-
`m-K-ß-fpsS D≤m-c-W-Øn\pw sXmgn-em-
fn-If- p-sSbpw I¿j-Ic- p-sSbpw {]iv\ß - ƒ
]cn-l-cn-°p-∂-Xn\pw Zmcn-{Zyhpw \nc-£-
c-Xbpw C√m-Xm-°p-∂X - n\pw Pam-AsØ
Ckveman AXns‚ Ign-h-\p-k-cn®v {ian-
®p-h-cp-∂p.
a‰v kwL-S-\-I-tfm-Sp≈ kao-]\w
C¥y≥ Pam-AsØ Ckveman a‰p
apkvenw kwL-S\ - I- t- fmSp kzoI-cn-°p∂
kao-]\w kl-I-c-Wm-fl-Ihpw Ckvem-
anI kmtlm-Z-cy-Øn-e-[njvv-Tn-X-hp-am-Wv.
Ah \n¿h-ln-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂Xpw
Zo\ns‚ kwÿm-]-\-Øn\v (C-Jm-a-Øp-
±o-\n-\v) klm-bI - a- mb Imcy-߃ Xs∂-
bm-sW∂v AXv a\- n-em-°p-∂p.
apkvenw-I-fn¬ A≈n-∏n-Sn® A‘-
hn-izm-kß - fpw A\m-Nm-cß - fpw Ah-km-
\n-∏n-°m≥ {ian-°p∂-h¿ PamAsØ
CkvemanbpsS {]h¿Ø-\] - c- n-]m-Sn-bn-se-
c≠masØ C\-amb apkvenw-I-fpsS
kºq¿W kwkvI-c-W-Øn-s‚ Hcp hi-
Øn-\mWv Du∂¬ \¬Ip-∂-Xv. AXp-
sIm≠v AXns\ Pam-AØv Gs‰-SpØ
e£y-]q¿Øo-I-c-W-Øn\v AXv klm-
b-I-am-Wv. AXn-\m¬ Cu cwKØv Ah-
tcmSv kl-I-cn-°m\pw HsØm-cp-an®v
{]h¿Øn°m\pw Pam-AØv k∂-≤-am-
Wv. F∂m¬ C¥y-bnse CkvemanI
kaqlw \n¿h- l n- t °≠ Npa- X - e ,
X߃ \S- Ø n- s °m- ≠ n- c n- ° p∂
Ckvemlo {]h¿Ø\w am{X-am-sW∂v
[cn-°p-Ibpw AXn¬ Xr]vXn-b-S™v
]q¿W-_m-[yX Gs‰-SpØv \S-Øp-∂-
hsc FXn¿°p-Ibpw \in-∏n-°m≥ {ian-
°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂-sh-∂-XmWv tJZ-I-c-
amb hkvXp-X. Xß-fpsS {]h¿Ø-\-
߃ ]q¿W-ambn hnP-bn-®m¬t]mepw
Ckvemlo {]h¿Ø\w ]q¿Øn-bm-hp-I-
bn-s√∂pw apkvenw-Iƒ DØa kap-Zm-
bhpw amXr-Im-k-aq-l-hp-ambn amdp-I-bn-
s√∂pw \n¿`m-Ky-hi - m¬ Cu hn`mKw a\-
 n- e m- ° p- ∂ n- √ . IpSpw- _ , kmaq- l y,
kmº-Øn-I, kmwkvIm-cn-I, cmjv{So-b, `c-
W-cwKßfn-se√mw Ckvem-anI ]mX
]n¥p-S¿∂v ]cn-ip-≤-Po-hnXw \bn-®m-e-
√msX, A‘-hn-izm-k-ßfpw A\m-Nm-c-
ßfpw Ah-km-\n-∏n-®-me-√msX Bflo-
b-hiw kwkvIc- n-°p-∂X - p-sIm-≠p-am{Xw
apkvenw-Iƒ A\p-I-c-Wo-b-cmbn AwKo-
I-cn-°-s∏-Sp-I-bn-√.
C{]-Im-cw-Xs∂ apkvenw-Isf Bcm-
[-\m-\p-jvTm-\-ß-fn¬ \njvT-bp-≈-h-cm-
°m≥ bXv\n-°p-∂hcpw kap-Zm-bØ - ns‚
hnZym-`ym-k-]p-tcm-K-Xn°v ]cn-{i-an-°p-∂-
hcpw kmº-ØnI hf¿®°v ]cn-{i-an-°p-
∂-hc- p-sa√mw ]cn-jvIc- W - {- ]-h¿Ø-\ß - -
fpsS Nne hi-߃°v Du∂¬ \¬Ip-
I-bmWv sN-øp-∂-Xv. Ch-sbms° hnP-
bn- ® m¬ am{Xta CJm- a - Ø p- ± o≥
]q¿Wm¿Y-Øn¬ km[y-am-hp-I-bp-≈q.
AXn-\m¬ CØcw {ia-ßsf \n m-ctam
AK-Wytam Bbn Pam-AØv Icp-Xp-∂n-
√. apkvenw kap-Zm-b-Øns‚ \ymb-amb
Ah-Im-i-ß-fpsS kwc-£-W-Øn\pw
kmkvIm-cn-Ia- mb AkvXzn-Xzhpw hy‡n-
Xzhpw ImØp-kq-£n-°m\pw \S-Ø-s∏-
Sp∂ {ia-ß-fp-sS -t\-sc-bp≈ kao-]-
\hpw CXp-Xs- ∂. Ah \ntj-[m-flI - tam
i{Xp-Xm-]c- tam BhmsX cN-\m-flI - hpw
^e-{]-Zh - p-am-bn-Øo-cW - s- a∂v Pam-AØv
Bflm¿Y-am-bm-{K-ln-°p-∂p. AXn-\m¬
hyXn-bm-\-ßfpw hogvN-Ifpw kw`-hn-°p-
tºmƒ KpWImw£m]q¿hw,kvt\l-
_p≤ym Nq≠n°m°mWn- ° p- I bpw
sNøp-∂p. ]t£, \n¿`m-Ky-h-im¬ Pam-
A-Øns‚ Cu \ne-]mSv ktlmZ-c-kw-
L-S-\-Iƒ th≠-hn[w a\- n-em-°msX
Kpcp-X-c-amb sX‰n-≤m-c-W-Iƒ sh®p-]p-
e¿Øp-Ib - m-Wn-∂pw.
khn- t i- j - X - I ƒ
Pam- A sØ Ckv e man°v a‰p
apkvenw kwL-S-I-fn¬\n∂v hyXy-kvX-
ambn \nc-h[n khn-ti-jX - I- f
- p-≠v. Ah-
bn¬ AXn-{]-[m-\-am-bh am{Xw Xmsg
Ipdn-°p-∂p.
1. apgp-Po-hn-X-ta-J-e-I-fnepw \nb-a-
\n¿am-WØ - ns‚ ]c-am-[n-Imcw A√m-lp-
hn\v am{X-am-sW-∂v-D-d®v hniz-kn-°p-
Ibpw Xpd∂p ]d-bp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. -
A-Xn-\m¬ ssZh-Øns‚ ]c-am-[n-Imcw
\ncm-I-cn®v AXv a\p-jy¿ I¬]n-°p∂
`uXnI {]ÿm- \ - ß - f n¬ tN¿∂v
P.C. AºXmw hm¿jnI ]Xn∏v
{]h¿Øn-°m≥ Pam-A-Øv, AXns‚
AwK-ßsf A\p-h-Zn-°p-∂n-√. AtXm-
sSm∏w kaq-l-Po-hn-XsØ ssZhn-I-]-c-
am-[n-Im-c-Øn\v hnt[-b-am-°m≥ ]c-am-
h[n {ian-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.
2. Ckvemw tIhew BNm-cm-\p-jvTm-
\- ß - f psS kap®ba- s √∂pw adn®v
kºq¿W Pohn-X-hy-h-ÿ-bm-sW-∂pw
Pam-AØv D¬tLm-jn-°p-∂p. AXn-\m¬
kmaq-ly, kmºØnI, cmjv{So-b, `c-W-
cw-K-ß-fn-se√mw Ckvem-an-Im-[ym-]-\-
߃ \S-∏m-°m≥ {ian-t°-t≠-≠Xv
apkvenw-I-fpsS \n¿_‘ _m[y-X-bm-
sW∂v AXv D¬t_m-[n-∏n-°p-∂p.
3. apgp-h≥ {]hm-N-I-∑mcpw Xß-
fpsS {]t_m- \ - { ]- h ¿Ø- \ - ß ƒ hgn
e£yw-sh® Zo\ns‚ kºq¿W kwÿm-
]\w (C-JmaXp±o≥) e£y-am-bw-Ko-Ic- n®
C¥y-bnse GI Ckvem-anI {]ÿm-\-
amWv Pam-AsØ Ckveman. AXp-hgn
Pam-AØv Jp¿-Bs‚ imk\ inc-km-
h-ln-°p-Ib - mWv sNøp-∂Xv: ""\qln-t\mSv
A\p-im-kn-®n-´p-≠m-bn-cp-∂Xpw Znhy-k-
tµ-iw-hgn Ct∏mƒ \n\°v Ah-X-cn-∏n-
®n-´p-≈Xpw C{_m-lnw, aqkm, Cukm
F∂n-h-tcmSv A\p-im-kn-®n-cp-∂-Xp-amb
AtX Zo\ns\Xs∂ \n߃°p \nb-
an®p X∂n-cn-°p-∂p; Cu Zo\ns\ \ne-
\n¿Øp-hn≥, AXn¬ `n∂n-°-cpXv F∂
Xm°o-tXm-Sp-Iq-Sn.'' (A-»qdm: 13)
4. Xß-fpsS PohnXw ]q¿W-ambn
A√m-lp-hn\v ka¿∏n-°p-∂-h-cm-Wt√m
apkvenw-Iƒ. Znt\\ \s∂-®p-cp-ßn-b-Xv
A©pt\cw C°mcyw A√m-lp--thmSv Xpd-
∂p-]bp-Ibpw sNøp∂p. F∂men∂v
apkvenw-If - ne[n-It- ]cpw Xß-fpsS kmaq-
ly, kmº-Øn-I, cmjv{So-b-Po-hnXw
A√mlphn-\√ ka¿∏n-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv;
`uXnI {]ÿm-\ß - ƒ°m-Wv. {]kvXpX
taJ-eI - f- n-sems° `uXn-Ik - n-≤m-¥ß - ƒ
\S-∏m-°m≥ \nbp-‡-amb {]ÿm-\-ß-
fn-em-W-h¿ tN¿∂v {]h¿Øn-°p-∂-Xv.
AXn-\m¬ AØcw cwK-ßf- n¬ Ah¿°v
D]-tZ-i\ - n¿tZ-iß- fpw DØ-ch - p-Ifpw \b-
\n-e-]m-Sp-Ifpw \¬Ip-∂Xv aX-t\-Xr-Xz-
a√; adn®v _lp-ssZ-h-hn-izm-kn-Ifpw
atX-X-c-∑mcpw `uXn-I-hm-Zn-I-fp-sam-s°-
bm-Wv. H∂pIqSn sXfnbn®p ]d-™m¬
_lp-`q-cn-`mKw apkvenw-I-fp-sSbpw Pohn-
X-Øn-en∂v aXt\Xr-Xz-Øn\v \nb-{¥-
Wm-[n-Im-chpw kzm[o-\-hp-ap-≈Xv Nne
Bcm-[-\m-\p-jvTm-\-ß-fp-sSbpw BNm-c-
ß- f p- s Sbpw Imcy- Ø n¬ am{X- a m- W v .
cmjv{So-b, `c-W-cw-KØv Bsc A\p-Iq-
en- ° - W w, Bsc {]Xn- I q- e n- ° - W w,
B¿°p-th≠n hmZn-°-Ww, B¿s°-
Xnsc X¿°n- ° - W w, Xt≈- ≠ Xpw
sImt≈-≠Xpw sImSp-t°-≠Xpw sImSp-
°m-Xn-cn-t°-≠Xpw B¿°p-th-≠n-bm-bn-
cn-°Ww F∂n-XymZn Imcy-ß-sf√mw
Xocp-am-\n-°p-∂Xv atX-X-c-∑mcpw `uXn-
I-hm-Zn-Ifpw _lp-ssZ-hh - n-izm-kn-If
- p-am-
Wv. bYm¿Y-Øn-enXv CkvemanI kaq-
l-Øn\v Xo¿Øpw A\yhpw A]-cn-Nn-
X-hp-a-s{X.
AXn-\m¬ Pam-AsØ Ckveman
AXns‚ {]h¿Ø-It- cmSv apgp-Po-hn-Xhpw
CkvemanI t\Xr-Xz-Øns‚ \n¿tZ-i-
߃°- \ p- c q- ] - a m°n am‰m≥ A\p-
imkn°p-∂p. Cu GI t\Xr-Xz-sa-∂Xv
CkvemanI {]ÿm-\-Øns‚ FSp-Øp-]-
d-b-Ø° khn-ti-j-X-bm-Wv. hnhn[
Pohn-Xta-Je - I
- f - n¬ hyXykvX t\Xr-Xz-
sa-∂Xv AXn\v Xo¿Øpw AkzoImcy-a-
s{X. Jp¿-B≥ Bh-iy-s∏-Sp-∂Xpw AXp-
X-s∂. "hniz-kn-®-h-tc, \n߃ A√m-
lp-hns\ A\p-k-cn-°p-hn≥; Ahs‚
ZqX-s\bpw A\p-k-cn-°p-hn≥. \nß-
fn¬\n-∂p≈ ssIIm-cy-I¿Øm-°s- f-bpw.
GsX-¶nepw Imcy-Øn¬ \n߃°n-S-
bn¬ X¿°-ap-≠m-bm¬ AXns\ A√m-
lp-hn-te°pw ZqX-\n-te°pw aS-°p-hn≥.
\n߃ A√m- l p- h nepw A¥y- Z n- \ -
Ønepw bYm¿Y-Øn¬ hnizm-kn-°p-∂p-
s≠-¶n¬ CXmWv G‰hpw icn-bmb
am¿Kw. A\- ¥ - c - ^ ew ]cn- K - W n- ° p-
tºmgpw CXp-Xs∂ G‰w DØ-aw.'' (A-
∂n-km-Av: 59)
`uXnI {]ÿm-ß-fpsS t\Xr-Xz-aw-
Ko-Ic- n®v Ah-bn¬ tN¿∂p {]h¿Øn°p-
∂-h¿°v hnhm-Zh - n-jb- ß- f- n¬ Xocp-am-\-
sa-Sp-°m≥ A√mlphnte°pw Ahs‚
ZqX-\n-te°pw aS-ßpI km[y-a-√-t√m.
{]h¿Ø\ ]cn- ] m- S n- I ƒ
Hcn- k v e m- a nI BZ¿i {]ÿm- \ -
sa∂ \ne°v Pam-AsØ Ckveman
AXns‚ {]h¿Ø- \ - ß - f neJnew
[m¿anI ]cn-[n-Iƒ ]men-°m≥ {]Xn-
⁄m- _ - ≤ am- W v . e£yw am{X- a - √ ,
am¿Khpw hnip- ≤ - a m- b n- c n- ° - W - s a∂v
AXn\v \n¿_-‘-ap-≠v. kmam-[m-\-]-c-
amb {]Nm- c - W w, kv t \l- ] q¿h- a mb
t_m[h¬°- c - W w, CXmWv Pam- A -
Øns‚ {]h¿Ø\am¿Kw. _e-{]-tbmKw
AXn\v Xo¿Øpw A\y-am-Wv. A´n-a-dn-
bntem h¿Ko-b, hn`m-Kob {]h¿Ø-\-
ß-fntem AXv hniz-kn-°p-∂n-√. ImcWw
]cn-ip-≤-amb {]hm-N-I-∑m-cpsS {]t_m-
[\ ssien-bmWv PamAØv XpS-cp-∂-
Xv.
hy‡n-kw-`m-jW - ß - ƒ, ÃUo-¢m-kp-
Iƒ, s]mXp-tbm-Kß - ƒ, N¿®mktΩ-f\-
߃, kntºm-kn-b-߃ XpS-ßnb ]cn-
]m-SI
- f - mWv BZ¿i-{]-NmcWØn\v Pam-
AsØ Ckveman apJy-ambpw Ah-ew-
_n-°p-∂-Xv. IqSmsX C¥y≥ `c-W-L-
S\ AwKo-I-cn® GXm≠v F√m `mj-I-
fnepw ]pkvX-I-ßfpw {]kn-≤o-I-c-W-
ßfpw ]pd-Øn-d-°p-∂p. lnµn, Cw•o-jv,
D¿Zp, _wKm-fn, Bkm-ao-kv, ]©m-_n,
KpP-dm-Øn, adm-Tn, sXep-¶v, I∂-S, Xangv, ]c- a m- h [n klm- b - k - l - I - c - W - ß ƒ {]-h¿Ø-\ß - f - nse as‰m-cn-\w. Pam-AØv
ae-bmfw F∂o `mj-If - n¬ Pam-AØ - n\v \¬In-h-cp-∂p. 1969˛se Al-Ω-Zm-_mZv {]h¿Ø-I¿ \S-Øp∂ GXm\pw Bip-
]pkvXI {]kn-≤o-I-c-Wm-e-b-ß-fp-≠v. Iem-]-Øn¬ A\m-Ycpw \ncm-ew-_-cp-am- ]-{Xn-I-fn∂v tIc-f-Ønepw C¥y-bpsS
ae- b m- f - Ø nse G‰hpw henb b-h¿°v th≠n 10 e£w cq] sNe-hn¬ CX-c-`m-K-ß-fn-ep-ap-≠v.
CkvemanI {]kn-≤o-I-c-Wm-e-b-amb Pam-AØv Hcp tImf\n \n¿an®p sImSp- ISmsX ]en- i - c - l nX \n[n- I ƒ
CkvemanIv ]ªn-jnwKv lukv CXn- °p-I-bp-≠m-bn. 1984˛se Bkmw Iem- ÿm]n®pw dneo^v ^≠p-Iƒ kzcq-
\Ipw sNdpXpw hep-Xp-amb \q‰-º- ]-Ønse ]oUn-X¿°pth≠n 40 e£w ]n®pw P\-ßsf kmº-ØnI hnj-a-
tXmfw ]pkvX-I-߃ {]kn-≤o-I-cn-®n-´p- cq]-bpsS Bizmk {]h¿Ø-\-ßfpw ßfn¬\n∂pw Nqj-W-ß-fn¬\n∂pw
≠v. Ah-bn¬ hniz-{]-i-kvX-cmb ]e 1967˛se aod‰v Iem-]-_m-[n-X¿°v 60 c£n-°m≥ Pam-AØv AXns‚ ]cn-an-X-
]fin-X-∑m-cp-sSbp _rl-Zv{K-Ÿ-ßfpw e£w cq]-bpsS klm-b-kw-c-`-ßfpw amb Ign-h\ - p-kc- n®v {ian-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-
Dƒs]-Sp-∂p. Pam-AØv \S-Øn. `K¬]q¿ Iem-]- ∂p. kImØpw ^nX¿ kImØpw ]ncn-
ZAvhØv (D-dp-Zp, ss{XZn-\w) A¬ Ønse Zpcn-X-_m-[n-X¿°v Hcp tImSn-bn- s®-SpØv kmaq-ly-ambpw hyh-ÿm-]n-X-
aok-m≥ (A-d_n amkn-I) Im¥n (lnµn tesd sNe-h-gn-°m≥ A√m-lp-hns‚ ambpw hnX-cWw sNøm≥ Pam-A-Øn\v
hmcn- I ) ankm≥ (_w- K mfn hmcn- I ) A\p-{K-lØ - m¬ C¥y-bnse CkvemanI ^e-{]-Z-amb kwhn-[m-\-ß-fp-≠v.
inlm≥ (Kp-Pd- mØn hmcn-I) im¥n-am¿Kv {]ÿm- \ - Ø n\v km[n- ® p. IqSmsX Cßs\ aln-X-amb BZ¿i-Øn-ep-
(a-dmTn hmcn-I) k∑m¿K (I-∂S hmcn- P_¬]q¿, Pwj-Sv]q¿, dq¿°-e, dm©n, d- ® p- \ n- ∂ p- s Im- ≠ v hy‡amb e£y-
I) KoXp-cmbn (sXep¶p hmcn-I) ka- I¬°-Ø, `oh-≠n, aod-Øv, Aeo-K¿, tØmsS \n¿Wn-X-amb I¿a-]-cn-]m-Sn-I-
ckw (X-angv amkn-I) {]t_m-[\w (a-e- Ae-lm-_m-Zv, sslZ-cm-_mZv, Xe-t»cn, tfmsS C¥ym D]- ` q- J - fi - Ø n¬
bm- f w- hm- c n- I ) F∂nh Pam- A sØ Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw t]mep≈ Iem-]-_m- {]h¿Øn-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p∂ Pam-AsØ
CkvemanbpsS B\p-Im-enI {]kn-≤o-I- [nX {]tZ- i - ß - f n- s e√mw PamAØv Ckveman IS-∂p-t]m∂ hgn-Iƒ A`n-am-
c-Wß - f - m-Wv. IqSmsX U¬ln-bn¬\n∂v h≥tXm-Xn¬ dneo^v {]h¿Ø-\-߃ \-I-c-am-Wv. F¶nepw AXn\v t\Sm-\n-cn-
{]kn-≤o-Ic- n-°p∂ Cw•ojv hmcn-Ib - mb kwL-Sn-∏n°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. °p∂ e£yw Gsd hnZq-c-a-s{X. k©-
"tdUn-b≥kv', tIc-f-Øn¬ {]kn-≤o-Ir- A\mY ime-If - pw, Bip-]{- Xn-If - pw, cn-°m-\p≈ ]mX kpZo¿L-hpw. H∏w
X-am-hp∂ "am[yaw' (Zn-\-]-{Xw) Bcmaw Unkvs]≥k-dn-Ifpw G¿s]-Sp-Øp-bmWv Xs∂ Zp¿L-S-hpw. A√mlp A\p-{K-ln-
(h-\nXm amkn-I) ae¿hmSn (ssZz-hm-cn- Pam-AsØ CkvemanbpsS P\-tk-h-\- °p-am-dm-h-s´.
I) F∂n-hbpw Pam-AØv {]h¿Ø-I¿
ap≥ssIsbSpØv \S-Øp-∂-h-bm-Wv.
sse{_-dn, doUnwKv dqw, htbm-P\
¢mkp-Iƒ XpS-ßnb am¿K-ßf - n-eq-sSbpw
Pam-AØv hn⁄m-\-{]-Nm-c-W-Øn¬
{i≤n-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂p.
aX-]-chpw euIn-I-hp-amb hn⁄m-
\-ßsf ka-\z-bn-∏n®v \gvkdn apX¬
tImtf-PvXew hsc-bp≈ \nc-h[n hnZym-
`ymk ÿm]- \ - ß ƒ Pam- A sØ
Ckveman t\cn´pw A√m-sXbpw \S-Øn-
s°m-≠n-cn-°p-∂p. tIc-fØ - n¬ aPven-kp-
Ø-A-eo-an¬ Ckveman (CkvemanI
hnZym-`ymk kan-Xn)bmWv hnZym-`ymk
ÿm]-\ß - ƒ°v ta¬t\m´w hln-°p∂-
Xv . ]fin- X - c mb Ckv e manI
{]t_m[Isc hm¿sØ-Sp-°pI F∂
e£y-tØmsS 1990 apX¬ tIc-f-Øn¬
ZAvhm tImtfPpw {]h¿Øn®phcp-∂p.
Bflob kwkvIc- W - Ø
- n\pw Bcm-[\m
I¿a-ßf- nse \njvT°pw Gsd {]m[m\yw
I¬∏n- ° p∂ Ckv e manI {]ÿm\w
Bh-iyhpw km[y-X-bp-a-\p-k-cn®v ]≈n-
Iƒ \n¿an®v ]cn- ] m- e n- ° p- ∂ - X n¬
{]tXyIw {i≤-]-Xn-∏n-°p-∂p.
P\-tk-h\ cwKØpw Pam-AØv
AXns‚ Ignhpw km[y-X-bp-a-\p-k-cn®v
Xm¬]-cy-]q¿hw {]h¿Ø-\ß - ƒ kwL-
Sn-∏n-®p-sIm≠ncn-°p-∂p. cmPy-Øns‚
\m\m-`m-K-ß-fn¬ \nc-¥cw \S-∂p-sIm-
≠n-cn-°p∂ \n¿`m-Ky-I-c-amb h¿Ko-b-I-
em-]-ß-fn¬ sISpXnb\p-`-hn-°p∂
hyXykv X PmXn- a - X - ÿ - c mb P\-
e£ßƒ°pw {]Ir-Xn-hn-]Ø - p-Iƒ°n-c-
bm-hp-∂-h¿°pw CkvemanI {]ÿm\w
P.C. AºXmw hm¿jnI ]Xn∏v