2019-1223 - Geometric Design of Highways-pptLec-JVUTE58-C1 PDF

K58.
CTGTDT(V-N) University of Transport & Communications

GTC201.2-2-19(QT01) MSc. HOÀNG Thanh Thuý
GEOMETRIC DESIGN OF HIGHWAYS

• Lecturer: MSc. HOÀNG Thanh Thuý
• Office: Room 202 – Building B7
• Mobile: +84(0) 989 619 305
• Email: hoangthanhthuy0810@utc.edu.vn
• Major: Transport Construction Engineering
• Specialty: JV Urban Transport Engineering
• Class: 58
• Period: 23rd Dec 19 to 04th Apr 20
• Schedule: 10th to 12th hours every Wednesday
except 1st Jan 20
• Venue: 508 - A8 (301 - A8 on 31st Dec 19)

SUMMARIZED CONTENTS:
1. Concepts and fundamental design principles of
geometric elements of rural and urban highways
including horizontal & vertical alignments, and
cross-sections.
2. Concepts and fundamental landscape principles
of rural and urban highways.
3. Concepts and fundamental geometric design
principles of at-grade intersections and
interchanges.

ACADEMIC TASKS OF STUDENTS:
1. Attend all theoretical and discussion lectures
2. Seriously take autodidactic lessons in order to
summarize, to make specialized knowledge systematic,
to study profoundly, and to broaden students’ horizons;
3. Fulfill exercises and/or assignments if any;
4. Accomplish all the mid-term tests if any and the final
examination of the course.
ASSESSMENT METHODS:
1. Assessments of studying process makes up 30%, which
include a half accounting for industriousness and the
other half for the mid-term test;
2. Assessments of final examination make up 70% of the
total results
3
2019-2020 Academic Year _ 2nd Semester Chapter 1 - 1

K58.CTGTDT(V-N) University of Transport & Communications
OFFICIAL REFERENCES
1. Lecture on Geometric
Design of Highways;
MSc. HOÀNG Thanh Thuý
2. “Thiết kế yếu tố hình học đường ô

tô” – GS. TS. Bùi Xuân Cậy & TS.
Nguyễn Quang Phúc – Nhà xuất
bản Giao thông Vận tải” – 2006;
OPTIONAL REFERENCES
1. Current Specifications 2. National Technical
(TCVN 4054-05, TCVN Regulation of Road
5729-97, 22TCN 273-01, & Signs and Signal
etc.) QCVN
41:2012/BGTVT
3. Highway Design – Volumes 1 & 4

– Prof. Dr. Nguyễn Xuân Trục, Prof.
Dr. Đỗ Bá Chương, Prof. Dr. Dương
Học Hải – National University of
Civil Engineering;
4. Handbook of Highway Design –

Volumes 1, 2 & 3 (Prof. Dr. Nguyễn
Xuân Trục, Prof. Dr. Đỗ Bá Chương,
Prof. Dr. Dương Học Hải – National
University of Civil Engineering);

CHAPTER1: OVERALL CONCEPTS
CHAPTER 2: VEHICULAR MOTIONS ON
RURAL AND URBAN ROADS
CHAPTER 3: HORRIZONTAL ALIGNMENTS
DESIGN
CHAPTER 4: VERTICAL ALIGNMENTS DESIGN
OF RURAL AND URBAN ROADS
CHAPTER 5: CROSS-SECTIONS DESIGN OF
RURAL AND URBAN ROADS
CHAPTER 6: LANDSCAPE DESIGN OF
RURAL & URBAN HIGHWAYS
CHAPTER 7: INTERSECTIONS DESIGN

CHAPTER 1
OVERALL CONCEPTS
1. OVERALL CONCEPTS
1.1. ROLES OF RURAL & URBAN ROADS IN
TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM
1.2. OVERALL CONCEPTS OF RURAL ROADS AND
THEIR ELEMENTS
1.3. CONCEPTS OF URBAN HIGHWAY AND ITS
ELEMENTS
1.4. HIERARCHY OF RURAL AND URBAN ROADS
1.5. DESIGN VEHICLES, DESIGN TRAFFIC
VOLUMES AND DESIGN SPEED OF RURAL
AND URBAN ROADS
1.6. METHODS USED TO COLLECT TRAFFIC DATA
1.1. ROLES OF RURAL & URBAN ROADS IN TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM
1.1.1. Transportation Industry

• does not make use-values of freight increased
during manufacture
• take logistical function
• have got various modes
➢ Highways are the only intermediate
transportation mode of the others
➢ Highways are the direct or “door-to-door”
transportation

10

➢ Advantages of Highways
❖ mobile and flexible (vertical grades even
up to 11% or more)
❖ operated for mixed traffic flows
❖ constructed with lower investment costs
and less dependent on mountainous
terrains
❖ operated at higher speeds
❖ operated with lower costs
10
11

➢ Disadvantages of Highways
❖ high ratio of staffs to quantity of freight
per kilometre
❖ high ratio of vehicle’s weight to freight’s
weight
❖ traffic accidents
❖ pollution (air, noise, vibration)
11
12
1.1.2. Four-Element in Highway Design

1. criteria or specifications for
highway design & design
MOTORISTS solutions satisfying kinetic
requirements on vehicular
VEHICLES motions
2. location of highways and
ROADS
technical measures
PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT 3. psycological, safe and

convenient driving conditions
4. traffic safety and operation

costs
12

13
1.2. OVERALL CONCEPTS OF RURAL ROADS AND THEIR ELEMENTS

A HIGHWAY NETWORK
A ROAD = Works + Facilities & Equipment  Types of vehicles + Pedestrians
➔ Operation = {Safety, Convenience & Economization}
motored vehicles
RURAL ROADS & HIGHWAYS
HIGHWAYS
URBAN ROADS: Densities of Inhabitants & Civil Works
Heavy vehicles, smooth traffic, high speed, safety & no traffic conflicts
RURAL EXPRESSWAYS
EXPRESSWAYS
URBAN EXPRESSWAYS
FREEWAYS
Cultural Centers Political Centers Economic Centers
Residential areas Traffic nodes
Industrial Parks Agricultural Parks
13
14

➢ Development of a Highway Network
❖ highway network density (km per
1000km2)
❖ total length (km per 1000 heads)
❖ length of highways (meters per vehicle)
❖ land use area for dead and live transport
❖ structures, facilities, and etc.
14
15

HIGHWAY SEGMENT = Line connecting transversal centers = Spatial segment
HORRIZONTAL ALIGNMENT CROSS-SECTIONS

VERTICAL ALIGNMENT
15

16
CROSS-SECTIONS = Sections {perpendicular to the centerline + extends to

limits of right-of-way}
A TYPICAL RURAL CROSS-SECTION
Fore Slope Center
Reinforced shoulder
Design altitude
Cross-fall rate
Stairs Back Slope

Total shoulder
Soil Roadside ditch
shoulder
Traveled way
Existing
subgrade Central Median????? Lateral median?????
Right-of-way
16
17
17
18
1.3. OVERALL CONCEPTS OF URBAN ROADS AND THEIR ELEMENTS
1.3.1. Urban Areas

• density and types of land use
• density of street and highway networks
• nature of travel patterns
• development of infrastructure, facilities
and equipment
• PUBLIC TRANSPORATION SYSTEM
18

19
1.3.1. Urban Areas

• general or specialized center
• total population of at least four thousand people
• suitable population density to size, nature, and
characteristics of the area
• non-agricultural labor rate  65%
• synchronous and sustainable development of
social and engineering infrastructure systems
• urban architecture management
• public space and works
• environment and landscape
19
20
1.3.2. Urban Roads

CROSS-SECTIONS = Sections at all positions will be designed in details
A TYPICAL URBAN CROSS-SECTION
Collector Road Cycle way
Traveled Lanes
Residence
Safety Strip
limit
Marking
Line
Greenery Strip Central Median

Greenery Strip Gutter
Median strip
Lateral Median and
Curb
Traveled way
Sidewalk
Right-of-way boundaries ≡ Residence Limits
20
21
21

22
22
23
23
24
24

25
DESIGN - Establish logical &

systematical networks
CONSULTANTS
➔Effective management
- Determine service levels
INVESTORS CONTRACTORS & qualities of
construction, operation, &
CLASSIFIED maintenance ➔Effective
HIGHWAYS investment
- Set up highway systems
INSPECTORS corresponding to their
ROAD-USERS functions ➔Relations
between counterparts
INSTITUTIONS OF
- Establish bases of
OPERATION, financial requirement,
MAINTENANCE & expected service levels, &
MANAGEMENT expansion of the systems
25
26

- Similar usability
Functionally Functional
ROADS - Similar traffic characteristics
Classified classes
- Similar construction features
- Investors
Administratively Administrative - Managers
ROADS
Classified systems - Technicians
- Planners
- The same design speed

- Similar construction
Technically Design characteristics
ROADS
Classified types - Similar usability, safety level,
and socio-economic efficiency
26
27
27

28

1. Freeways
• access-controlled & divived highways
•  04 lanes for both directions
• interchanges used to control access
2. Expressways
• high traffic volumes and safety and high operation
speeds (100 km/h in common)
• grade separations at intersections
• Parking, loading and unloading of goods and
passengers are not allowed
• Pedestrians, cyclists, and even motorcyclists are also
prohibited on expressways.
28
29

3. Highways
• superior type of roads in the country
• rural highways and urban highways
4. Arterials
• primarily meant for through traffic usually on
continuous routes
• generally divided highways with fully or partially
access-controlled
• Parking, loading and unloading activities are usually
restricted and regulated on arterials
• Pedestrians are allowed to cross only at intersections
or designated pedestrian crossings
29
30

5. Locals
• primarily intended for accessibility to residence,
business or abutting areas or properties
• not normally carry large traffic volumes but also
alllows unrestricted parking and pedestrian
movements
6. Collectors
• intended for traffic collection from and distribution to
locals, and also for provision of accessibility to
arterials
• normally provide full accessibility
• few parking restrictions except during peak hour
30

31

❖Functional Classification of Highways
• functions in terms of the service
• systematic development & logical assignment of
responsibilities
• type of land use and population density influencing
travel patterns → urban or rural roads
31
32

❖Functional System of Urban Roads
1. principal arterial
2. minor arterial
3. collector street
4. local street
32
33

❖Functional System of Rural Roads
1. principal arterial
2. minor arterial
3. major collector
4. minor collector
5. local road
33

34

DEDICATED TCXDVN 104-07
ROADS ROADS URBAN ROADS
or 22TCN 273 -01
TCVN 4054 - 2005
PC OF TOWNS
OR CITIES
EXPRESSWAYS CATEGORY I C II C III C IV CV C VI
TCVN 5729-1997
NATIONAL DISTRICT-
HIGHWAYS GRADED ROADS
TYPE A TYPE B PROVINCIAL COMMUNE-GRADED
MINISTRY OF HIGHWAYS ROADS
TRANSPORT
DEPARTMENT
OF TRANSPORT
PEOPLE COMMITTEE
OF DISTRICTS
PEOPLE COMMITTEE
OF COMMUNE
34
35
1.5. DESIGN VEHICLES, DESIGN TRAFFIC

VOLUMES AND DESIGN SPEED
1.5.1. Design Vehicles
1.5.2. Design Traffic Volume
• Definition of Traffic Volume
• Average Daily Traffic Volume (ADT)
• Design Hourly Volume (DHV)
1.5.3. Design Speeds
• Design speed
• Operating speed
• Running speed
35
36
1.5.1. DESIGN VEHICLES

are the selected vehicles
with representative weight, dimensions, and operating
characteristics, which will be used to establish
highway design controls for suitable vehicles of
designated classes.
Distance
Design Overall Overall Overall Front Rear
between
vehicle type length width height overhang overhang
axles
Passenger
6.00 1.80 2.00 0.80 1.40 3.80
car
Truck 12.00 2.50 4.00 1.50 4.00 6.50
Trailer 16.50 2.50 4.00 1.20 2.00 4.00 + 8.80
Note: Design vehicle dimensions in meters pursuant to TCVN 4054-2005
36

37
turning radius
Overall Overhang
Minimum
Design vehicle
WB1
WB2
WB3
Height (h)
Width (w)
T
Front (f)
Rear (r)
Symbol
type
Length
(L)
Passenger car PCU 1.3 2.1 5.8 0.9 1.5 3.4 7.3
Single-unit truck SU 4.1 2.6 9.1 1.2 1.8 6.1 12.8
Bus BUS 4.1 2.6 12.1 2.1 2.4 7.6 12.8
Articulated bus A-BUS 3.2 2.6 18.3 2.6 2.9 5.5 1.2 6.1 11.6
WB-12 4.1 2.6 15.2 1.2 1.8 4.0 8.2 12.2
Intermediate WB-15 4.1 2.6 16.7 0.9 0.6 6.1 9.1 13.7
semitrailer or
Semitrailer WB-19 4.1 2.6 21.0 1.2 0.9 6.1 12.8 13.7
WB-20 4.1 2.6 22.5 1.2 0.9 6.1 14.3 13.7
Double-trailer WB-35 4.1 2.6 35.9 0.6 0.6 6.7 12.2 0.6 18.0 13.4 18.3
37
38
1.5.1. DESIGN VEHICLES

1. Passenger-car: category determination
and geometric design
2. Bus: geometric design of intersections
and turning paths
3. Truck: design of pavement structures,
intersections and turning paths
4. Two-wheeler: design of cycle lanes and
cycle paths
5. Recreational vehicles
6. Motorcycles
38
39
1.5.2. DESIGN TRAFFIC VOLUMES

• indicate the need for construction or improvement of
a given highway
• directly affect the geometric and structural design
features (number of lanes, widths, alignments,
grades, and roadbed-pavement structures)
• is a total number of vehicles passing a given cross-
section during a time interval being usually a day or
an hour
𝑚
𝑁𝑐 = ෍ 𝑎𝑖 𝑁𝑖 𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑣𝑒ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡

1
𝑛−1
𝑁𝑒 = 𝑁𝑐 1 + 𝑞
39

40
1.5.2. DESIGN TRAFFIC VOLUMES

❖Average Daily Traffic Volume
• the most basic measure of the traffic demand of a
rural or urban road
• the total traffic volumes in the whole days during a
given time period, which is greater than one day and
less than one year, divided by the number of days in
that time period
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑑𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑
𝐴𝐷𝑇 = , 𝑣𝑒ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠
• highway category determination, geometric elements

calculation, roadbed-pavement structures design, or
investment expenditure proposal
40
41
❖ Peak-hour Traffic Volume

➢ reflect the operating
conditions
• maximum peak-hour
traffic that occurs
during the year
• average hourly
traffic volume
• the 30th highest
hourly volume of the
year
• representative
percentage to the
ADT
41
42
1.5.3. DESIGN SPEEDS

• Is a selected speed used to determine the various
geometric design features, affordable roadbed-pavement
structures, and the other traffic facilities and/or devices of
a given rural or urban highway.
• Has the assumed value that should be a logical one with
respect to the topography, anticipated operating speed,
the adjacent land use, and the functional classification of
the highway.
• Should be used as high as practical to attain a desired
degree of safety, mobility, and efficiency within the
constrains of environmental quality, economics,
aesthetics, and social or political impacts except for local
streets where speed controls are frequently included
intentionally.
42

43
1.5.3. DESIGN SPEEDS

• Operating speed is the speed at which drivers are observed
operating their vehicles during free-flow conditions. The 85th
percentile of the distribution of observed speeds is the most
frequently used measure of the operating speed associated
with particular location or geometric feature.
• Running speed is the speed at which an individual vehicle
travels over a rural or urban highway section. The running
speed is the length of the highway section divided by the
running time required for the vehicle to travel through the
section. The average running speed of all vehicles is the most
appropriate speed measure for evaluating level of service and
road-user costs. The average running speed is the sum of the
distances traveled by vehicles on a highway section during a
specified time period divided by the sume of their running
times
43
44

1.6.1. Traffic Volume Counts 1.6.2. Travel Demand Forecast
1. Manual Traffic Volume 1. Simple Extrapolated

Count Method Observation Methods
2. Automatic Traffic 2. Sophisticated
Volume Count Method computerized Methods
involving extensive data
gathering and mathematical
models
▪ Urban Travel Demand
Forecast
▪ Inter-city Travel Demand
Forecast
44
45

Manual Volume Counts Automatic Volume Count
• Determine every type of • Determine different traffic

vehicles of traffic stream features with respect to
various hours, days, and
• Determine traffic volumes seasons.
of traffic flows and
directions • Determine development
trends of urban travel demand
• Determine pedestrian
volume • Estimate yearly changeable
traffic parameters
USED DEPENDING ON VARIOUS CONDITIONS OF

DIFFERENT CITIES OR PROVINCES
45

46

1.6.1. Traffic Volume Counts
1. Communicate with other staff/departments
Prepare 2. Review historical data trends
3. Review citizen input
4. Request traffic control
1. Select the proper location

Select location 2. Plan the data collection preparations
3. Complete the pre-study document
1. Collect the data

Complete Study 2. Evaluate the data
3. Calculate the traffic volume trends
1. Finalize the report

Document 2. File the report
3. Communicate the results
46
47

1.6.1.1. Manual Traffic Volume Counts
▪ Tally Sheets
▪ Tally Counters
▪ Tally Boards
47
48

1.6.1.2. Automatic Traffic Volume Counts
▪ Portable Counting
▪ Permanent Counters
▪ Videotape
48

49

1.6.2. Travel Demand Forecast
1. Where to go? = Trip purpose
2. How to go? = Trip route
3. What to go? = Trip mean
4. When to go? = Trip volume
(passenger/ km/ hour)
49
50

1.6.2. Travel Demand Forecast
1. Decision
2. Destination choice
3. Mode choice
4. Route choice
50
51
QUESTION AND ANSWERS
1. Present main geometric

design steps of a highway?
2. What are fundamental
geometric elements which
must be proposed to
geometrically design a
highway?
51

52
EXERCISE No.1:
1.1. Propose an applicable standard and specification
for highway design in Vietnam including the reasons of
application.
1.2. Determine values of the main geometric elements
of a given highway having the following technical
features:
• Design speed is 60 kilometers per hour.
• The highway is located in urban area and plain
terrain.
• Public urban transport mode is bus and parking is
prohibited.
52
53
EXERCISE No.2:
Determine values of the main geometric elements of a
given urban road having the following functional and
technical features pursuant to TCXDVN 104:2007
(Urban Roads – Specifications for Design):
• The given urban road is classified as a local road.
• Its design speed is 40 kilometers per hour.
• It is located within mountainous terrain area.
• Land acquisition and resettlement are not restricted.
• Parking lanes will be utilized as travelled lanes in
case of increase in traffic volumes.
53

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K58.

CTGTDT(V-N) University of Transport & Communications

GEOMETRIC DESIGN OF HIGHWAYS

GEOMETRIC DESIGN OF HIGHWAYS

GEOMETRIC DESIGN OF HIGHWAYS

2019-2020 Academic Year _ 2nd Semester Chapter 1 - 1

2. “Thiết kế yếu tố hình học đường ô

3. Highway Design – Volumes 1 & 4

4. Handbook of Highway Design –

GEOMETRIC DESIGN OF HIGHWAYS

2019-2020 Academic Year _ 2nd Semester Chapter 1 - 2

1.1. ROLES OF RURAL & URBAN ROADS IN TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM

1.1.1. Transportation Industry

2019-2020 Academic Year _ 2nd Semester Chapter 1 - 3

1.1.1. Transportation Industry

1.1.1. Transportation Industry

1.1.2. Four-Element in Highway Design

PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT 3. psycological, safe and

4. traffic safety and operation

2019-2020 Academic Year _ 2nd Semester Chapter 1 - 4

1.2. OVERALL CONCEPTS OF RURAL ROADS AND THEIR ELEMENTS

Residential areas Traffic nodes

Industrial Parks Agricultural Parks

1.1.1. Transportation Industry

1.2. OVERALL CONCEPTS OF RURAL ROADS AND THEIR ELEMENTS

HORRIZONTAL ALIGNMENT CROSS-SECTIONS

2019-2020 Academic Year _ 2nd Semester Chapter 1 - 5

1.2. OVERALL CONCEPTS OF RURAL ROADS AND THEIR ELEMENTS

CROSS-SECTIONS = Sections {perpendicular to the centerline + extends to

Stairs Back Slope

1.2. OVERALL CONCEPTS OF RURAL ROADS AND THEIR ELEMENTS

1.3. OVERALL CONCEPTS OF URBAN ROADS AND THEIR ELEMENTS

1.3.1. Urban Areas

2019-2020 Academic Year _ 2nd Semester Chapter 1 - 6

1.3. OVERALL CONCEPTS OF URBAN ROADS AND THEIR ELEMENTS

1.3.1. Urban Areas

1.3. OVERALL CONCEPTS OF URBAN ROADS AND THEIR ELEMENTS

1.3.2. Urban Roads

Greenery Strip Central Median

1.3. OVERALL CONCEPTS OF URBAN ROADS AND THEIR ELEMENTS

2019-2020 Academic Year _ 2nd Semester Chapter 1 - 7

1.3. OVERALL CONCEPTS OF URBAN ROADS AND THEIR ELEMENTS

1.3. OVERALL CONCEPTS OF URBAN ROADS AND THEIR ELEMENTS

1.4. HIERARCHY OF RURAL AND URBAN ROADS

2019-2020 Academic Year _ 2nd Semester Chapter 1 - 8

1.4. HIERARCHY OF RURAL AND URBAN ROADS

DESIGN - Establish logical &

1.4. HIERARCHY OF RURAL AND URBAN ROADS

- The same design speed

1.4. HIERARCHY OF RURAL AND URBAN ROADS

2019-2020 Academic Year _ 2nd Semester Chapter 1 - 9

1.4. HIERARCHY OF RURAL AND URBAN ROADS

1.4. HIERARCHY OF RURAL AND URBAN ROADS

1.4. HIERARCHY OF RURAL AND URBAN ROADS

2019-2020 Academic Year _ 2nd Semester Chapter 1 - 10

1.4. HIERARCHY OF RURAL AND URBAN ROADS

1.4. HIERARCHY OF RURAL AND URBAN ROADS

1.4. HIERARCHY OF RURAL AND URBAN ROADS

2019-2020 Academic Year _ 2nd Semester Chapter 1 - 11

1.4. HIERARCHY OF RURAL AND URBAN ROADS

1.5. DESIGN VEHICLES, DESIGN TRAFFIC

1.5.1. DESIGN VEHICLES