Waves and Sound 897

For constructive interference v 3v

  x  2.5 cm 0.025
4(l1  x) 4(l2  x)
 
x  10  n  (2n  1)  10(n  1, 2, 3....) m.
2 2
8. (c) Frequency of first over tone of closed pipe =
2 10 20 Frequency of first over tone of open pipe
 Wavelength    . The
(2n  1) 2n  1 3v v 3 P 1 P
 
possible wavelength are   4L1 L 2

4L1 1

L2 2
20 20 20 20
20, , , , , …..  P 
3 5 7 9 v  

 20 m , 6.67 m , 4m, 2.85m,
 

2.22 m, ….. 4L1  1 4L 1

 L2  
5. (c) The situation is shown in the fig. 3 2 3 2
Both the source (engine) and the observer
(Person in the middle of the train) have the Mass
9. (b) For string,
same speed, but their direction of motion is Length
right angles to each other. The component of 102
velocity of observer towards source is  m  2.5  10 2kg / m
0.4
v cos45 and that of source along the time
joining the observer and source is also T 16
 Velocity v    8m/ s
v cos45 . There is number relative motion m 2.5  10 2
between them, so there is no change in
For constructive interference between
frequency heard. So frequency heard is 200 Hz. successive pulses.
2l 2(0.4)
tmin    0.1sec
Observer v 8
45°
v
(After two reflections, the wave pulse is in same
45° phase as it was produced since in one reflection
v it’s phase changes by , and If at this moment
45°
Engine next identical pulse is produced, then
v cos 45° constructive interference will be obtained.
10. (d) Frequency of vibration in tight string

p T
n  n T 
6. (b) Velocity of sound increases if the temperature 2l m
increases. So with v  n , if v increases n n T 1
will increase    (4%)  2%
n 2T 2
at 27o C, v1  n , at 31o C , v2  (n  x)  Number of beats =
 2 2
v  RT  n  n  100  2
Now using v  T 100 100
 M 
 
11. (b) When the source approaches the observer
v2 T2 n  x Apparent frequency
 
v1 T1 n  
v  1 
n'  .n  n 
300 x (273 31) 304 300 4 v  vs  1  vs 
   
300 (273 27) 300 300  v 
1
x  4 
1/ 2
 1 4   vs   v 
 1  1   1     x = n1   n1  s 
300  300  2 300  v   v
= 2. (Neglecting higher powers because vS << v)
[(1  x)n  1  nx] When the source recedes the observed
7. (b) Let x be the end correction then according to  v 
question. apparent frequency n  n1  s 
 v
 898 Waves and Sound
2 (330 30)
Given n'n''  n, v  300 m / sec = 660  600Hz
100 330
2  v   v   v   No. of beats = 600 – 596 = 4
 n  n1  s   n1  s   n 2 s 
100  v  v  v 15. (a)

2 v v 300 v 340 340

  2 s  vs    3 m / sec    2m, n'   170 n'  178.9Hz
n 170 340 17
100 v 100 100
. v 340
Now     1.9
12. (a,b,c) Number of waves striking the surface per n 178.9
second (or the frequency of the waves
reaching surface of the moving target )
      2  1.9  0.1

(c  v)  (c  v) 16. (b) n1 = Frequency of the police car horn

n'   observer heard by motorcyclist
 c
n2 = Frequency of the siren heard by
Now these waves are reflected by the moving
target motorcyclist.
(Which now act as a source). Therefore v2 = Speed of motor cyclist
apparent frequency of reflected second
330 v 330 v
n1 =  176 ; n2   165
 c 
n"  n'
 c  v 
330 22 330
 c  v
 
 c  v  n1  n2  0  v  22 m/ s .
The wavelength of reflected wave v
c c(c  v ) v
  17. (a) v  v0 5 . f  6 f  1.2f and
n"  (c  v) n'  .n 
v v 5
The number of beats heard by stationary since the source is stationary, so wave length
listener remains unchanged for observer.
 n"    

c  v 
   
2 v 
 c  v  (c  v)
2h 2  10 1
Hence option (a) (b) and (c) are correct. 18. (d) Time of fall =  
g 1000 50
13. (b) Here vA  72km/ hr  20m/ sec
In this time number of oscillations are eight.
vB  36km/ hr  10m/ sec 1
So time for 1 oscillation =
8 50
 v  vB cos45o 
n'  n o
 Frequency = 8 50 Hz = 56 Hz
 v  vA cos45  19. (a) Density of mixture
vA VO2  O2  VH 2  H 2
A   mix 
45° VO2  VH 2
vA cos 45° vB

V  O2   H 2   O2   H 2
  (since
vB cos 45° B 2V 2
VO2  VH 2  V )
45°
 H 2  16 H 2 1
  8.5 H 2  v
 340 10 / 2  2 
 n'  280
 340 20 /
 298Hz
 2 
Vmix H2 H2 1
14. (b) For observer note of B will not change due to    
VH 2  mxn 8.5 H 2 8
zero relative motion.
Observed frequency of sound produced by A
 Waves and Sound 899

  Using nLast = nFirst + (N – 1)x

20. (c) y1  10 sin 3t  
 3 where N = Number of tuning fork in series
...(i) x = beat frequency between two
successive forks
and y2  5[sin3t  3 cos3t]
 2n = n + (10 – 1)  4  n = 36 Hz
1 3   nFirst = 36 Hz and nLast = 2  nFirst = 72 Hz
 5  2   sin3t   cos3t
 2 2  25. (a) Similar to previous question
 
nFirst = nFirst + (N – 1)x
   
 10 cos sin3t  sin cost 2n = n + (41 – 1)  5
 3 3 
 nFirst = 200 Hz and nLast = 400 Hz
   
 10  sin 3t   ... (ii) n 1 T
  t  26. (a) n  T  
n 2 T
(  sin(A + B) = sinA cosB + cosA sinB) Beat frequency
Comparing equation (i) and (ii) we get ratio of  1 T  1 2
amplitude 1 : 1.  n   n   400 4
 2 T  2 100
21. (a) The given equation can be x written as
27. (c) According to the question frequencies of first
A  4x  A
y cos 4nt   and last tuning forks are 2n and n respectively.
2    2
Hence frequency in given arrangement are as
 1  cos2  follows
cos2   
 2  2 3 21 25
1
A
Hence amplitude  and frequency
2
 4n
   2n
2 2
2n (2n – (2n – (2n – 20  (2n – 24  3) =
2 2  3) 6) 3) n
and wave length    .
k 4 /  2  2n – 24  3 = n  n= 72 Hz
22. (a,b,c,d) In case of sound wave, y can represent So, frequency of 21st tuning fork
pressure and displacement, while in case of an
electromagnetic wave it represents electric n21  (2 72 20 3)  84Hz
and magnetic fields.
(In general y is any general physical quantity 28. (a) Using nLast = nFirst + (N – 1)x
which is made to oscillate at one place and  2n = n + (16 – 1)  8  n = 120 Hz
these oscillations are propagated to other
places also). 1 T
29. (b) Using n  ;
23. (b) In case of interference of two waves resultant 2l m
intensity
As T1  T2  n1  n2 giving n1  n2  6
I  I1  I 2  2 I1I 2 cos
The beat frequency of 6 will remain fixed when
If  varies randomly with time, so
(i) n1 remains same but n2 is increased to a
(cos )av  0
new value (n2  n2  12) by increasing
 I  I1  I 2
For n identical waves, tension T2 .
I  I 0  I 0  ....... n I 0 (ii) n2 remains same but n1 is decreased to a
new value (n1  n1'  12) by decreasing
here I  10I 0 . tension T1.
24. (d) 1 2 3 10 30. (a) According to problem

1 T v
 …..(i)
2L m 4L
4 4 1 T8 3v
nFirst nLast and  ..…(ii)
2L m 4L
 900 Waves and Sound
Dividing equation (i) and (ii),
T 1 2nvvS 2nvvS 2 240 320 4
  T  1N  2 2
  6
T8 3 v  vS (v  vS )(v  vS ) (320 4)(320 4)
31. (b) In condition of resonance, frequency of a.c. will
2v
be equal to natural frequency of wire 34. (c) Open pipe resonance frequency f1 
2L
1 T 1 10 9.8 100 nv
n  3
  50 Closed pipe resonance frequency f2 
2l m 2  1 9.8  10 2 4L
Hz n
f2  f1 (where n is odd and f2  f1 ) n
32. (b) For wire if 4
M = mass,  = density, A = Area of cross =5
section 35. (b) Initially S1M = S2M
V = volume, l = length, l = change in length
Then mass per unit length  Path Difference (x) = S1M  S2M  0 .
M Al S1
m   A
l l
T/A 2m
4m
M
And Young’s modules of elasticity y 
l / l
Y lA
 T . Hence lowest frequency of
l S2
1 T Finally when the box is rotated
vibration n 
2l m
Path Difference  S1M '  S2M ' 
 l  x  5  3  2m
y  A
1  l   1 yl
 2m
2l A 2l l M
S1 S2
1 9  1010  4.9  104 4m
 n  35Hz
2 1 1 9  103
For maxima
33. (a)
Stationary

Path Difference = (Even multiple) 
observer 2

S S x  (2n)
2
vS vS For 5 maximum responses
Receding train Approaching train
  
Frequency of sound heard by the man from  2  2(5)  x  (2n)  
2  2
approaching train
2
 v    0.4m .
  240
320 
na  n     243Hz 5
 v  vs   320 4 
Frequency of sound heard by the man from T
36. (a) v 
receding train  T = Mg
 v  T
  240
320  m
nr  n     237Hz
 v  vs   320 4  M
Hence, number of beats heard by man per sec mg sin 
 na  nr  243 237 6  mg mg
Mg
cos
Short trick : Number of beats heard per sec
For equilibrium Mg  mgsin30  T
 Waves and Sound 901
m For t  2, this becomes
 M  
2 1 1
y 2

[1  (x  2v) ] [1  (x  1)2 ]
Mg M (9.8)
100  
9.8  10 3 9.8  10 3  2v  1 or v  0.5m/ s .

 100   M  10kg and  I 

M (1000
) 40. (c) dB  10log10   ; where I 0  1012Wm2

m  20kg  I0 
37. (d) For not hearing the echo the time interval I  I 4
between the beats of drum must be equal to Since 40  10log10  1   1  10 ....(i)
time of echo.  I0  I0
2d 60 3 I  I
 t1    ......(i) Also 20  10log10  2   2  10
2
....(ii)
v 40 2 I0
 I0 
2(d  90) 60
and t2   1 I2 r2
v 60   10 2  12  r22  100r12  r2  10m
I1 r2
 2d  180  v ......(ii)

3 {r1  1m}
Form (i), we get 2d  v . Substituting in (ii),
2 T
we get 41. (b) Velocity v  ; where T  weight of part
m
3 v of rope hanging below the point under
 v  180  v  180  
2 2 M
1 consideration    xg
v  360ms  L  L, M
2(d) 3
   d  270m . M
360 2   xg x
 L
38. (b) Path difference between the wave reaching at D  v  xg .
M
x  L 2 P  L1 P   
402  92  40  L
 41 40 = 1m
42. (b) When the piston is moved through a distance of
 8.75cm, the path difference produced is
For maximum x  (2n)
2 2 8.75cm 17.5 cm. This must be equal

 
For first maximum (n = 1)  1  2(1)  to for maximum to change to minimum. 
2 2
  1m 
 17.5 cm    35cm 0.35m
v 2
 n  330Hz .
 v 350
So, v  n  n    1000Hz
39. (a) In a wave equation, x and t must be related in  0.35
the form (x  v t) . 43. (c) Frequency of vib. is stretched string
We rewrite the given equations 1 T
1 n
y 2(Length) m
1  (x  v t)2
When the stone is completely immersed in
1 water, length changes but frequency doesn’t (
For t  0, this becomes y , as
(1  x 2 )  unison reestablished)
given
 902 Waves and Sound
Hence length  T  2 1
 2t  2m   t 
3 3
L Tair Vg
  1 4 7 10
l Twater V(  1)g  t , , , ,.... (for m = 0, 1, 2, ..)
3 3 3 3
(Density of stone =  and density of water =1) Hence time interval between two successive
minima is 1 sec so, number of beats per
L  L2
     second = 1
l  1 L2  l 2
Note : PET/PMT Aspirants can remember result
44. (a,c) y  coskx sin t and y  cos( kx   t) only.
represent wave motion, because they satisfies 47. (d) Because the tuning fork is in resonance with
2 2
2  y air column in the pipe closed at one end, the
the wave equation  v .
t2 x2 (2N  1)v
frequency is n  where N = 1, 2,
45. (c) The wave 1 and 3 reach out of phase. Hence 4l
resultant phase difference between them is 3 .... corresponds to different mode of
 . vibration
 Resultant amplitude of 1 and 3 = 10 7 putting n = 340Hz, v = 340 m/s, the length of
=3 m air column in the pipe can be


This wave has phase difference of with 4
2 (2N  1)340 (2N  1) (2N  1)  100
m l  m cm
4  340 4 4
 Resultant amplitude = 32  42  5 m For N = 1, 2, 3, ... we get l = 25 cm, 75 cm,
46. (b) Let n – 1 (= 400), n (= 401) and n + 1 (= 402) 125 cm ...
be the frequencies of the three waves. If a be As the tube is only 120 cm long, length of air
the amplitude of each then column after water is poured in it may be 25
y  a sin2 (n  1)t, y  a sin2nt and cm or 75 cm only, 125 cm is not possible, the
y3  a sin2 (n  1)t corresponding length of water column in the
tube will be (120 – 25) cm = 95 cm or (120 –
Resultant displacement due to all three waves
75) cm = 45 cm.
is y  y1  y2  y3
Thus minimum length of water column is 45
cm.
 a sin2nt  a[sin2 (n  1)t  sin2 (n  1)t]
48. (c) Critical hearing frequency for a person is
 a sin2nt  a[2 sin2ntcos2t] 20,000Hz.
 CC C  D If a closed pipe vibration in N th mode then
UsingsinC  sinD  2 sin 2 cos 2 
  frequency of vibration

 y  a (1  cos2t) sin2nt (2N  1)v

n  (2N  1)n1
This is the resultant wave having amplitude 4l
 (1  cos2t)
(where n1  fundamental frequency of
For maximum amplitude cos 2t = 1  2t = vibration)
2m where m = 0, 1, 2, 3, ...
Hence 20,000  (2N  1)  1500 
 t = 0, 1, 2, 3 ...
Hence time interval between two successive N  7.1  7
maximum is 1 sec. So beat frequency = 1
Also, in closed pipe
Also for minimum amplitude (2cos 2t) = 0
Number of over tones = (No. of mode of
1 vibration) –1
 cos2t  
2 = 7 – 1 = 6.
49. (c) Frequency of vibration of string is given by
 Waves and Sound 903

p T
n  p T  constant 
2l m

p1 T2

p2 T1

4 T2
Hence  
6 (50  15)gm- force
T2  28.8 gm- f
Hence weight removed from the pan

 T1  T2  65 28.8  3.62gm-force =

0.036 kg-f.
50. (c) Frequency of reflected sound heard by driver

 v  vO 
n  n 

 v  vS 
vO = vCar vS = vCar

v Echo sound

It is given that n  2n
 v  vcar 
Hence, 2n  n   vcar  v / 3.

 v  vcar 
51. (c) Suppose d = distance of epicenter of Earth
quake from point of observation
vS = Speed of S-wave and vP = Speed of P-
wave then d  vP tP  vS tS or 8 tP  4.5 tS

45
 tP  tS , given that tS  tP  240
8
4.5
 tS  tS  240 
8
240 8
tS   548.5 s
3.5
 d  vS tS  4.5  548.5
 2468.6  2500km